The diagnosis of automation systems in an existing production system through the analysis of the interoperability level between its components represents the first step in its evaluation for improving it towards alignment with Industry 4.0. The analysis of the level of interoperability finds in the multi-criteria decision making methods an auxiliary tool to evaluate and classify the solution. This work uses the AHP method for this evaluation, drawing criteria from the literature and expert experience. The application of the method is illustrated, showing that it can direct investment decisions.
Using OPC technology to support the study of advanced process controlISA Interchange
OPC, originally the object linking and embedding (OLE) for process control, brings a broad communication opportunity between different kinds of control systems. This paper investigates the use of OPC technology for the study of distributed control systems (DCS) as a cost effective and flexible research tool for the development and testing of advanced process control (APC) techniques in university research centers. Co-simulation environment based on Matlab, LabVIEW and TCP/IP network is presented here. Several implementation issues and OPC based client/server control application have been addressed for TCP/IP network. A nonlinear boiler model is simulated as OPC server and OPC client is used for closed loop model identification, and to design a model predictive controller (MPC). The MPC is able to control the NOx emissions in addition to drum water level and steam pressure.
Software engineering in industrial automation state of-the-art reviewTiago Oliveira
This document summarizes recent developments in software engineering for industrial automation systems. It discusses how software is becoming increasingly important and complex in industrial automation, representing 40% of system costs in some cases. The document reviews key areas of software engineering as they relate to industrial automation, including requirements, design, construction, testing, maintenance, and standards/norms. It provides an overview of typical automation system architectures and software functions.
This document proposes an automatic reaction strategy for critical infrastructure SCADA systems. It defines a three-layer metamodel for modeling SCADA components and two types of policies (cognitive and permissive) that govern component behavior. It then presents a two-phase method for identifying these policies from the SCADA architecture and formalizing them to support an automatic reaction strategy. This strategy is modeled as an integral part of the SCADA architecture using the defined metamodel and policy identification method. It includes organizational and application layers with main actors, strategies, and components that realize the reaction policies based on expected automation levels.
IRJET- Use of Simulation in Different Phases of Manufacturing System Life CycleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of simulation throughout the manufacturing system life cycle, from conceptual design to operations planning. It provides examples of how simulation can be used to design modular assembly systems and optimize production capacity and operations planning. The key benefits of simulation include shortened design time, improved system design quality, faster sales cycles, and better training of personnel. Simulation allows experimenting with different configurations before implementing real systems and helps identify bottlenecks and optimize performance.
An Empirical Study of the Improved SPLD Framework using Expert Opinion TechniqueIJEACS
Due to the growing need for high-performance and low-cost software applications and the increasing competitiveness, the industry is under pressure to deliver products with low development cost, reduced delivery time and improved quality. To address these demands, researchers have proposed several development methodologies and frameworks. One of the latest methodologies is software product line (SPL) which utilizes the concepts like reusability and variability to deliver successful products with shorter time-to-market, least development and minimum maintenance cost with a high-quality product. This research paper is a validation of our proposed framework, Improved Software Product Line (ISPL), using Expert Opinion Technique. An extensive survey based on a set of questionnaires on various aspects and sub-processes of the ISPLD Framework was carried. Analysis of the empirical data concludes that ISPL shows significant improvements on several aspects of the contemporary SPL frameworks.
Una plataforma de software para control de procesos en el sector agroindustrialSergio Mancera
This document discusses a software framework for process control in agroindustrial applications. It proposes using the Internet Communications Engine (ICE) middleware to meet requirements such as flexibility, adaptability, and timely information sharing. The framework is intended to support growing system complexity and heterogeneity. A prototype application has been implemented based on this framework to test its effectiveness for agroindustrial process control.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CUSTOM CHANGE MANAGEMENT WORKFLOW TEMPLATES AND HAN...ijcax
A large no. of automobile companies finding a convinient way to manage design changes with the use of
various PLM techniques. Change in any product is something that should occur on timely basis to match
up with customer requirement and cost reduction. The change made in the vehicle designs directly affects
various concerned agencies. Automobile Vehicle structures contains thousands of parts and if there is any
change is occurring in child parts then it becomes important to track that impacted part, propose a solution
on that part and release a new assembly structure with feasible changes such that all efforts need to be
done for cost reduction.
This document describes an efficient student faculty management system that was developed to streamline processes like personnel management, class scheduling, student results analysis, and communication between faculty and students. The system provides functionalities for viewing and updating staff, student, and course details securely through a web-based interface. It aims to reduce paperwork and allow for easy information sharing compared to traditional manual methods. The system was designed with input, output, and database components following common principles of system design. It was implemented in stages including planning, training, testing and transitioning to production use.
Using OPC technology to support the study of advanced process controlISA Interchange
OPC, originally the object linking and embedding (OLE) for process control, brings a broad communication opportunity between different kinds of control systems. This paper investigates the use of OPC technology for the study of distributed control systems (DCS) as a cost effective and flexible research tool for the development and testing of advanced process control (APC) techniques in university research centers. Co-simulation environment based on Matlab, LabVIEW and TCP/IP network is presented here. Several implementation issues and OPC based client/server control application have been addressed for TCP/IP network. A nonlinear boiler model is simulated as OPC server and OPC client is used for closed loop model identification, and to design a model predictive controller (MPC). The MPC is able to control the NOx emissions in addition to drum water level and steam pressure.
Software engineering in industrial automation state of-the-art reviewTiago Oliveira
This document summarizes recent developments in software engineering for industrial automation systems. It discusses how software is becoming increasingly important and complex in industrial automation, representing 40% of system costs in some cases. The document reviews key areas of software engineering as they relate to industrial automation, including requirements, design, construction, testing, maintenance, and standards/norms. It provides an overview of typical automation system architectures and software functions.
This document proposes an automatic reaction strategy for critical infrastructure SCADA systems. It defines a three-layer metamodel for modeling SCADA components and two types of policies (cognitive and permissive) that govern component behavior. It then presents a two-phase method for identifying these policies from the SCADA architecture and formalizing them to support an automatic reaction strategy. This strategy is modeled as an integral part of the SCADA architecture using the defined metamodel and policy identification method. It includes organizational and application layers with main actors, strategies, and components that realize the reaction policies based on expected automation levels.
IRJET- Use of Simulation in Different Phases of Manufacturing System Life CycleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of simulation throughout the manufacturing system life cycle, from conceptual design to operations planning. It provides examples of how simulation can be used to design modular assembly systems and optimize production capacity and operations planning. The key benefits of simulation include shortened design time, improved system design quality, faster sales cycles, and better training of personnel. Simulation allows experimenting with different configurations before implementing real systems and helps identify bottlenecks and optimize performance.
An Empirical Study of the Improved SPLD Framework using Expert Opinion TechniqueIJEACS
Due to the growing need for high-performance and low-cost software applications and the increasing competitiveness, the industry is under pressure to deliver products with low development cost, reduced delivery time and improved quality. To address these demands, researchers have proposed several development methodologies and frameworks. One of the latest methodologies is software product line (SPL) which utilizes the concepts like reusability and variability to deliver successful products with shorter time-to-market, least development and minimum maintenance cost with a high-quality product. This research paper is a validation of our proposed framework, Improved Software Product Line (ISPL), using Expert Opinion Technique. An extensive survey based on a set of questionnaires on various aspects and sub-processes of the ISPLD Framework was carried. Analysis of the empirical data concludes that ISPL shows significant improvements on several aspects of the contemporary SPL frameworks.
Una plataforma de software para control de procesos en el sector agroindustrialSergio Mancera
This document discusses a software framework for process control in agroindustrial applications. It proposes using the Internet Communications Engine (ICE) middleware to meet requirements such as flexibility, adaptability, and timely information sharing. The framework is intended to support growing system complexity and heterogeneity. A prototype application has been implemented based on this framework to test its effectiveness for agroindustrial process control.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CUSTOM CHANGE MANAGEMENT WORKFLOW TEMPLATES AND HAN...ijcax
A large no. of automobile companies finding a convinient way to manage design changes with the use of
various PLM techniques. Change in any product is something that should occur on timely basis to match
up with customer requirement and cost reduction. The change made in the vehicle designs directly affects
various concerned agencies. Automobile Vehicle structures contains thousands of parts and if there is any
change is occurring in child parts then it becomes important to track that impacted part, propose a solution
on that part and release a new assembly structure with feasible changes such that all efforts need to be
done for cost reduction.
This document describes an efficient student faculty management system that was developed to streamline processes like personnel management, class scheduling, student results analysis, and communication between faculty and students. The system provides functionalities for viewing and updating staff, student, and course details securely through a web-based interface. It aims to reduce paperwork and allow for easy information sharing compared to traditional manual methods. The system was designed with input, output, and database components following common principles of system design. It was implemented in stages including planning, training, testing and transitioning to production use.
Towards predictive maintenance for marine sector in malaysiaConference Papers
This research uses machine learning on sensor data from ships to predict failures of components and their remaining useful life. Interviews with marine experts identified significant maintenance items to prioritize for ship supply chains. The results were analyzed to provide recommendations to a government company on implementing predictive analytics and supply chain strategies for ship maintenance in Malaysia.
Development of a Practical ERP Pre – Implementation Assessment Model for Orga...IRJET Journal
This document presents a proposed model for assessing the pre-implementation of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system in organizations in Tanzania. ERP implementation is complex, costly, and challenging, especially in developing countries. The model aims to help organizations prepare for and increase the chances of success of an ERP implementation. The document provides background on ERP technology, implementation processes, enterprise architecture, strategic planning, and critical success factors. It argues that ERP pre-implementation assessment requires a decision-making approach that considers multiple interrelated factors. A practical pre-implementation assessment model could help Tanzanian organizations better implement ERP systems and realize benefits like improved productivity and competitiveness.
2016 state of industrial internet application development.
Study Highlights
This study, carried out in collaboration with GE Digital,
surveyed the existing industrial developer landscape, to better
understand who industrial developers are, how they allocate their time and resources when developing applications, the challenges faced in the development process, and the technological opportunities available to them. The study, a survey of over 1,200 industrial developers, concludes that there is a need within the industrial developer community for focused tools and that these developers would receive significant benefit from using PaaS and infrastructures such as Predix. Relevant findings include the following:
An Algorithm Based Simulation Modeling For Control of Production SystemsIJMER
This document describes an algorithm-based simulation approach for modeling and controlling flexible production systems. The approach models both the physical production system and the control system to evaluate their integrated performance. Key features include:
1) The approach integrates control system design into the physical simulation to evaluate their combined impact.
2) The algorithm-based design is extensible and allows modeling of different control programs and production system designs.
3) Finite automata formalism provides a mathematical foundation for logical and quantitative analysis of the system.
4) The framework facilitates robust controller models that can resolve issues like deadlocks and accommodate failures.
5) Analysts can evaluate how different control programs and production system designs impact
FUNCTIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL MODEL OF EXPERT SPECIALIZATION USING IDEF STANDARDMandar Trivedi
For process of modeling are developed suitable CASE tools. In the course of
building this process a standard is used for functional modeling of IDEF0 realized through
BPWin tool. Family of integrated IDEF methods presents basic tool of some modern
strategies and methodologies of business process improvement, like for example: BPR, CPI,
IPD, TQM etc. In paper is given functional and informational model of ″Process of expert
specialization of employees in education″ using graphical language IDEF0 that is, CASE
Bpwin tool.
This document provides an introduction to industrial automation and control. It defines key terms like industry, automation, and control. It explains how automation improves various factors that affect industrial profitability like production cost, volume, and quality. Automation is discussed in the context of different types of production systems and the life cycle of industrial products. Different classes of automation systems are described that are suitable for continuous flow processes, mass production, batch production, and job shops. The concepts of economy of scale and economy of scope are also introduced in relation to industrial automation.
Product Safety Assessments for Cosmetic Products, the EU Recast63galaxie
Cosmetic Safety Assessments and Product Information Files need automated report writers to streamline authoring these large Product Dossiers. Web based curating tools allow anyone with cosmetic data to construct their own personalized Safety Assessments and PIFs.
This document presents a testing methodology for integrations between autonomous workflow systems. It outlines major phases of requirement gathering, configuration, coding, validation, and multiple levels of testing. By implementing an iterative testing strategy involving both manual and automated testing, one company achieved a 10-20% reduction in cost and schedule over several years by detecting bugs earlier. The methodology emphasizes standardizing requirements, reusing test cases, and automating regression and integration testing to find issues quickly and reduce human error and expense.
This paper discusses an automated approach to database change management throughout the companies’ development workflow. By using automated tools, companies can avoid common issues related to manual database deployments. This work was motivated by analyzing usual problems within organizations, mostly originated from manual interventions that may result in systems disruptions and production incidents. In addition to practices of continuous integration and continuous delivery, the current paper describes a case study in which a suggested pipeline is implemented in order to reduce the deployment times and decrease incidents due to ineffective data controlling.
Presenting an Excusable Model of Enterprise Architecture for Evaluation of R...Editor IJCATR
The document presents a method for creating an executable model of enterprise architecture diagrams to evaluate reliability. It transforms UML collaboration diagrams into colored Petri nets using an algorithm. This allows simulation of the diagrams to identify potential reliability issues early in the planning process. It aims to avoid high costs of implementation by improving architectural artifacts. The key steps are:
1) Using C4ISR framework and UML diagrams to describe enterprise architecture.
2) Transforming collaboration diagrams to colored Petri nets using a algorithm that represents messages as transitions and senders/receivers as places.
3) Annotating the Petri net model with reliability data to enable simulation and evaluation of reliability.
MVC Architecture from Maintenance Quality Attributes PerspectiveCSCJournals
This paper provides an explanatory study on MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture from the perspective of maintenance. It aims to answer a knowledge question about how MVC architecture supports the maintainability quality attributes. This knowledge boosts the potential of utilizing the maintainability of MVC from several sides. To fulfill this purpose, we investigate the main mechanism of MVC with focusing on maintainability quality attributes. Accordingly, we form and discuss MMERFT maintainability set that consists of Modifiability, Modularity, Extensibility, Reusability, Flexibility, and Testability. Besides investigating the mechanism of MVC regarding MMERFT quality attributes, we explain how MVC supports maintainability by examining measures and approaches such as: complexity of code by using a cyclomatic approach, re-engineering process, use of components, time needed to detect bugs, number of code lines, parallel maintenance, automation, massive assignment, and others. Therefore, this paper is dedicated to providing a concrete view of how MVC gets along with maintainability aspects in general and its several attributes particularly. This view helps to maximize the opportunity of taking advantage of MVC's maintainability features that can encourage reconsidering the maintenance decisions and the corresponding estimated cost. The study focuses on maintainability since software that has high maintainability will have the opportunity to evolve, and consequently, it will have a longer life. Our study shows that MVC generally supports maintainability and its attributes, and it is a recommended choice when maintenance is a priority.
The IT-GRC platform is a solution that is based on
the paradigm of distributed systems, based on multi-agent systems
(MAS) in its different parts namely the user interface, the static
and dynamic configuration of the organization management
profiles, the choice of the best repository and the processing of
processes, it takes advantage of the autonomy and learning aspect
of ADMs as well as their high-level communication and
coordination. However, these technological components are
difficult to manipulate, or users lack the necessary skills to use
them correctly. In this situation, the modeling of a communication
architecture is necessary, in order to adapt the functionalities of
the platform to the needs of the users. To help achieve these goals,
it is necessary to develop a functional and intelligent
communication architecture, adaptable and able to provide a
support framework, allowing access to system functionalities
regardless of physical and time constraints.
Importance of step in the integration of manufacturing activitieseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses product line architecture and the separation of concerns. It introduces the concept of a separation continuum, which separates architectural elements based on their use and applicability both vertically and horizontally. Vertically, elements are separated based on levels of abstraction from business models to implementation. Horizontally, elements are separated based on whether they are customer-facing or infrastructure-facing. The document argues that applying the separation continuum to a product line architecture can help achieve high levels of reuse and productivity when developing product lines by clearly separating concerns.
This document presents a hardware benchmarking application that was developed to test various aspects of computer performance. The application measures performance on single and multi-core CPUs, graphics processing, and RAM computation speed. It uses standard benchmark tests to provide a score that indicates a system's relative performance compared to reference databases of other configurations. The application aims to help users and manufacturers evaluate computer hardware performance objectively.
Multi-objective optimization for preemptive and predictive supply chain opera...IJECEIAES
At present, the manufacturing industry has undergone a tremendous change in its operating principle with respect to the supply chain management system where the demands of consumers are dynamically and exponentially rising. Although Industry 4.0 offers a significant solution to this principle with the aid of its predictive automated operating process, till date there is less number of fault tolerant model that can effectively meet the standard demands of supply chain planning. Therefore, the proposed system introduces an analytical model where predictive optimization is carried out towards bridging the gap between supply and demands in supply chain 4.0. An analytical framework is a design from constraints derived from practical environment in order to offer better applicability of it. The study outcome shows that the proposed model could offer better performance in comparison to the existing optimization method with respect to the better budget control system for offering predictive and preemptive model design.
Continuity in the development of seamless mobility: An approach for a system-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses approaches to enable continuity and traceability in interdisciplinary product development for systems-of-systems (SoS) environments. It addresses the challenges of developing complex, interconnected systems where independent teams use various tools and methods.
The document presents three approaches: 1) A classification of four dimensions of continuity in product engineering to address consistency across levels of detail, temporal changes, different projects, and partial models. 2) The KaRDF and Vitruvius methods for consistently modeling heterogeneous development artifacts using semantic technologies. 3) A methodology based on SPALTEN problem-solving processes to support management of changes in distributed development.
Integrating these approaches would support distributed development of seamless mobility systems with high consistency
Industry 4.0 refers to the fourth industrial revolution involving the integration of advanced manufacturing and digital technologies. The document discusses nine pillars that form the building blocks of Industry 4.0: big data and analytics, autonomous robots, simulation, system integration, the industrial internet of things, cybersecurity, cloud computing, additive manufacturing, and augmented reality. These pillars will transform production from isolated cells to fully integrated and automated systems, improving efficiency. The goal of Industry 4.0 is to fulfill increasingly individualized customer needs through connected and data-driven manufacturing.
Using OPC technology to support the study of advanced process controlISA Interchange
This document discusses using OPC technology to support the study of advanced process control techniques. It presents a co-simulation environment integrating MATLAB, LabVIEW, and an OPC server to simulate a nonlinear boiler model in real-time over a TCP/IP network. An MPC controller is designed using the OPC client to control the boiler's drum water level, steam pressure, and NOx emissions. The setup provides a cost-effective tool for academic research on advanced process control and networked control systems.
Information security management guidance for discrete automationjohnnywess
This document summarizes guidance for establishing an information security management program for industrial automation departments. It finds that while standards and guidance are now readily available, implementing a comprehensive security program requires extensive cross-functional collaboration. None of the publications can be implemented alone by automation departments due to their complexity and need for interdepartmental expertise in areas like risk assessment and network segmentation. Effectively addressing vulnerabilities will require integrating security practices with existing organizational processes and acquiring new technical knowledge across roles.
FROM PLM TO ERP : A SOFTWARE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING INTEGRATIONijseajournal
The present paper on three related issues and their integration Product lifecycle management , Enterprise Planning resources and Manufacturing execution systems. Our work is how to integrate all these in a unified systems engineering framework. As most company about two third claim to have integrate ERP to PLM, ; we still observe some related problems as also mentioned by Aberdeen group. In actual global data sharing, we have some options to also integrate systems best practices towards such objective. Such critical study come with solution by reverse engineering, revisiting requirement engineering steps and propose a validation and verification for the success factors of such integration.
Designing, implementation, evolution and execution of an intelligent manufact...ijmech
This paper shows a framework of the different techniques for the design of the planning and governing components, implementation, Evolution and execution of an intelligent manufacturing system. Architecture of a modern manufacturing industry is presented, which makes possible to create specific manufactrons system for the specific tasks, depending on the self-operated analysis of its essential characteristics. The manufactronic industry concept helps in the integration of intelligence and to increase flexibility at the maximum level of the manufacturing system as well as at the minimum level of the particular machine. This concept is implemented & demonstrated in the automobile and aeronautical industries, but can be simply applied to nearly all manufacturing industries. Implementation of manufactronic techniques in the industries helps to forecast and to fulfill the rapidly varying customer requirements, to produce high
quality products in sufficient quantities with reduction in costs. The Modern Intelligence Technologies are
also presented in this paper.
Towards predictive maintenance for marine sector in malaysiaConference Papers
This research uses machine learning on sensor data from ships to predict failures of components and their remaining useful life. Interviews with marine experts identified significant maintenance items to prioritize for ship supply chains. The results were analyzed to provide recommendations to a government company on implementing predictive analytics and supply chain strategies for ship maintenance in Malaysia.
Development of a Practical ERP Pre – Implementation Assessment Model for Orga...IRJET Journal
This document presents a proposed model for assessing the pre-implementation of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system in organizations in Tanzania. ERP implementation is complex, costly, and challenging, especially in developing countries. The model aims to help organizations prepare for and increase the chances of success of an ERP implementation. The document provides background on ERP technology, implementation processes, enterprise architecture, strategic planning, and critical success factors. It argues that ERP pre-implementation assessment requires a decision-making approach that considers multiple interrelated factors. A practical pre-implementation assessment model could help Tanzanian organizations better implement ERP systems and realize benefits like improved productivity and competitiveness.
2016 state of industrial internet application development.
Study Highlights
This study, carried out in collaboration with GE Digital,
surveyed the existing industrial developer landscape, to better
understand who industrial developers are, how they allocate their time and resources when developing applications, the challenges faced in the development process, and the technological opportunities available to them. The study, a survey of over 1,200 industrial developers, concludes that there is a need within the industrial developer community for focused tools and that these developers would receive significant benefit from using PaaS and infrastructures such as Predix. Relevant findings include the following:
An Algorithm Based Simulation Modeling For Control of Production SystemsIJMER
This document describes an algorithm-based simulation approach for modeling and controlling flexible production systems. The approach models both the physical production system and the control system to evaluate their integrated performance. Key features include:
1) The approach integrates control system design into the physical simulation to evaluate their combined impact.
2) The algorithm-based design is extensible and allows modeling of different control programs and production system designs.
3) Finite automata formalism provides a mathematical foundation for logical and quantitative analysis of the system.
4) The framework facilitates robust controller models that can resolve issues like deadlocks and accommodate failures.
5) Analysts can evaluate how different control programs and production system designs impact
FUNCTIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL MODEL OF EXPERT SPECIALIZATION USING IDEF STANDARDMandar Trivedi
For process of modeling are developed suitable CASE tools. In the course of
building this process a standard is used for functional modeling of IDEF0 realized through
BPWin tool. Family of integrated IDEF methods presents basic tool of some modern
strategies and methodologies of business process improvement, like for example: BPR, CPI,
IPD, TQM etc. In paper is given functional and informational model of ″Process of expert
specialization of employees in education″ using graphical language IDEF0 that is, CASE
Bpwin tool.
This document provides an introduction to industrial automation and control. It defines key terms like industry, automation, and control. It explains how automation improves various factors that affect industrial profitability like production cost, volume, and quality. Automation is discussed in the context of different types of production systems and the life cycle of industrial products. Different classes of automation systems are described that are suitable for continuous flow processes, mass production, batch production, and job shops. The concepts of economy of scale and economy of scope are also introduced in relation to industrial automation.
Product Safety Assessments for Cosmetic Products, the EU Recast63galaxie
Cosmetic Safety Assessments and Product Information Files need automated report writers to streamline authoring these large Product Dossiers. Web based curating tools allow anyone with cosmetic data to construct their own personalized Safety Assessments and PIFs.
This document presents a testing methodology for integrations between autonomous workflow systems. It outlines major phases of requirement gathering, configuration, coding, validation, and multiple levels of testing. By implementing an iterative testing strategy involving both manual and automated testing, one company achieved a 10-20% reduction in cost and schedule over several years by detecting bugs earlier. The methodology emphasizes standardizing requirements, reusing test cases, and automating regression and integration testing to find issues quickly and reduce human error and expense.
This paper discusses an automated approach to database change management throughout the companies’ development workflow. By using automated tools, companies can avoid common issues related to manual database deployments. This work was motivated by analyzing usual problems within organizations, mostly originated from manual interventions that may result in systems disruptions and production incidents. In addition to practices of continuous integration and continuous delivery, the current paper describes a case study in which a suggested pipeline is implemented in order to reduce the deployment times and decrease incidents due to ineffective data controlling.
Presenting an Excusable Model of Enterprise Architecture for Evaluation of R...Editor IJCATR
The document presents a method for creating an executable model of enterprise architecture diagrams to evaluate reliability. It transforms UML collaboration diagrams into colored Petri nets using an algorithm. This allows simulation of the diagrams to identify potential reliability issues early in the planning process. It aims to avoid high costs of implementation by improving architectural artifacts. The key steps are:
1) Using C4ISR framework and UML diagrams to describe enterprise architecture.
2) Transforming collaboration diagrams to colored Petri nets using a algorithm that represents messages as transitions and senders/receivers as places.
3) Annotating the Petri net model with reliability data to enable simulation and evaluation of reliability.
MVC Architecture from Maintenance Quality Attributes PerspectiveCSCJournals
This paper provides an explanatory study on MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture from the perspective of maintenance. It aims to answer a knowledge question about how MVC architecture supports the maintainability quality attributes. This knowledge boosts the potential of utilizing the maintainability of MVC from several sides. To fulfill this purpose, we investigate the main mechanism of MVC with focusing on maintainability quality attributes. Accordingly, we form and discuss MMERFT maintainability set that consists of Modifiability, Modularity, Extensibility, Reusability, Flexibility, and Testability. Besides investigating the mechanism of MVC regarding MMERFT quality attributes, we explain how MVC supports maintainability by examining measures and approaches such as: complexity of code by using a cyclomatic approach, re-engineering process, use of components, time needed to detect bugs, number of code lines, parallel maintenance, automation, massive assignment, and others. Therefore, this paper is dedicated to providing a concrete view of how MVC gets along with maintainability aspects in general and its several attributes particularly. This view helps to maximize the opportunity of taking advantage of MVC's maintainability features that can encourage reconsidering the maintenance decisions and the corresponding estimated cost. The study focuses on maintainability since software that has high maintainability will have the opportunity to evolve, and consequently, it will have a longer life. Our study shows that MVC generally supports maintainability and its attributes, and it is a recommended choice when maintenance is a priority.
The IT-GRC platform is a solution that is based on
the paradigm of distributed systems, based on multi-agent systems
(MAS) in its different parts namely the user interface, the static
and dynamic configuration of the organization management
profiles, the choice of the best repository and the processing of
processes, it takes advantage of the autonomy and learning aspect
of ADMs as well as their high-level communication and
coordination. However, these technological components are
difficult to manipulate, or users lack the necessary skills to use
them correctly. In this situation, the modeling of a communication
architecture is necessary, in order to adapt the functionalities of
the platform to the needs of the users. To help achieve these goals,
it is necessary to develop a functional and intelligent
communication architecture, adaptable and able to provide a
support framework, allowing access to system functionalities
regardless of physical and time constraints.
Importance of step in the integration of manufacturing activitieseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses product line architecture and the separation of concerns. It introduces the concept of a separation continuum, which separates architectural elements based on their use and applicability both vertically and horizontally. Vertically, elements are separated based on levels of abstraction from business models to implementation. Horizontally, elements are separated based on whether they are customer-facing or infrastructure-facing. The document argues that applying the separation continuum to a product line architecture can help achieve high levels of reuse and productivity when developing product lines by clearly separating concerns.
This document presents a hardware benchmarking application that was developed to test various aspects of computer performance. The application measures performance on single and multi-core CPUs, graphics processing, and RAM computation speed. It uses standard benchmark tests to provide a score that indicates a system's relative performance compared to reference databases of other configurations. The application aims to help users and manufacturers evaluate computer hardware performance objectively.
Multi-objective optimization for preemptive and predictive supply chain opera...IJECEIAES
At present, the manufacturing industry has undergone a tremendous change in its operating principle with respect to the supply chain management system where the demands of consumers are dynamically and exponentially rising. Although Industry 4.0 offers a significant solution to this principle with the aid of its predictive automated operating process, till date there is less number of fault tolerant model that can effectively meet the standard demands of supply chain planning. Therefore, the proposed system introduces an analytical model where predictive optimization is carried out towards bridging the gap between supply and demands in supply chain 4.0. An analytical framework is a design from constraints derived from practical environment in order to offer better applicability of it. The study outcome shows that the proposed model could offer better performance in comparison to the existing optimization method with respect to the better budget control system for offering predictive and preemptive model design.
Continuity in the development of seamless mobility: An approach for a system-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses approaches to enable continuity and traceability in interdisciplinary product development for systems-of-systems (SoS) environments. It addresses the challenges of developing complex, interconnected systems where independent teams use various tools and methods.
The document presents three approaches: 1) A classification of four dimensions of continuity in product engineering to address consistency across levels of detail, temporal changes, different projects, and partial models. 2) The KaRDF and Vitruvius methods for consistently modeling heterogeneous development artifacts using semantic technologies. 3) A methodology based on SPALTEN problem-solving processes to support management of changes in distributed development.
Integrating these approaches would support distributed development of seamless mobility systems with high consistency
Industry 4.0 refers to the fourth industrial revolution involving the integration of advanced manufacturing and digital technologies. The document discusses nine pillars that form the building blocks of Industry 4.0: big data and analytics, autonomous robots, simulation, system integration, the industrial internet of things, cybersecurity, cloud computing, additive manufacturing, and augmented reality. These pillars will transform production from isolated cells to fully integrated and automated systems, improving efficiency. The goal of Industry 4.0 is to fulfill increasingly individualized customer needs through connected and data-driven manufacturing.
Using OPC technology to support the study of advanced process controlISA Interchange
This document discusses using OPC technology to support the study of advanced process control techniques. It presents a co-simulation environment integrating MATLAB, LabVIEW, and an OPC server to simulate a nonlinear boiler model in real-time over a TCP/IP network. An MPC controller is designed using the OPC client to control the boiler's drum water level, steam pressure, and NOx emissions. The setup provides a cost-effective tool for academic research on advanced process control and networked control systems.
Information security management guidance for discrete automationjohnnywess
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This research aims to gain a detailed understanding of data producers, data consumers and format/flow of the data within automotive industry for defining and using Bill of Process (BoP) for engine assembly lines. The focus remained on the real industrial challenge of rapid constraint evaluation for designing
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Conference: IEEE 16th International Conference on
Industrial Informatics (INDIN2018).
Porto, Portugal – July 18-20, 2018
Title of the paper: Towards the Adoption of Cyber-
Physical Systems of Systems Paradigm in Smart
Manufacturing Environments
Authors: Borja Ramis Ferrer, Gerardo Beruvides,
Wael M. Mohammed, Alberto Villalonga, Jose L.
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Haber
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Enjoy the reading!
Find us at http://www.itris-automation.com/
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2. 1838 Maicon Saturno et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 1837 – 1845
1. Introduction
The industrial automation area is responsible for joining technology suppliers and end-consumers concerned
about the continuous reduction of costs and losses in order to contribute to a company’s production of goods or
provision of services. The convergence of Automation Technology (AT) and Information Technology (IT) boosted
the development of these new solutions offering more flexibility and facilitating the integration of systems
composed by several manufacturers. This integration among different systems needs a set of interoperable
equipment and efficient inter communication to allow reliability and security in the planned system [1].
The objective of this study is to evaluate interoperability among systems within an existing automation platform
compared to a standard solution composed by an integrated system in a connected industry (Industry 4.0). The ISA
95 standard is used as a background pattern to help formulate the definitions that are evaluated in a consistent
automation system. This way, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods are used to increase the credibility
and assertiveness of the solution [2, 3]. The criteria to be evaluated were identified using the concept of intelligent
and integrated solutions in which complex decisions are needed and the MCDM methods are used as an important
support tool for these decisions. The evaluation of interoperability among different automation systems goes toward
the implementation of new technological solutions and, according to Keith Nosbusch (2015), “the first step is to
have a standardized network with open protocols, sensors and intelligent instruments”.
Section 2 of this paper presents the literature review focused on interoperability and Industry 4.0. In sections 3
and 4, the AHP method is presented as a proposed evaluation model of automation systems. Its decision hierarchy
and the final results are also shown in these sections. Conclusions and future research can be found in section 5.
2. Interoperability and industry 4.0
2.1. ISA 95 Automation Framework: AT versus IT convergence
The codes and standards for technologies in the area of industrial automation are fundamental for choosing
criteria to evaluate an automation system. There is a great variety of technological solutions and manufacturers in
the market, and choosing them is a challenge for company’s investment, particularly considering all the different
advantages that each one offers to the customer. To ensure that the automation of a plant is aligned with the
company’s business strategy, the technological evolution and extensibility must be a requirement when evaluating
the existing system [4].
a) b)
Fig. 1. (a) ISA Activity Levels, (b) Interoperability between AT and IT
The ANSI/ISA 95 standard presents an architecture split into five levels of activities in a manufacturing
organization. The control and automation part is represented by levels 1 and 2. Manufacturing operations
management systems (MES, LIMS, WMS) are represented by level 3. Level 4 represents the Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) systems. All these representations are shown in Fig. 1(a).
The convergence between AT and IT systems has narrowed the distance between new technological evolutions,
consequently, decreasing the interoperability barriers and allowing an integration between these technologies. Fig.
3. 1839
Maicon Saturno et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 1837 – 1845
1(b) shows the space between AT and IT groups where convergence has increased interoperability between the
systems. The proposed evaluation method to measure the potential of interoperability between AT and IT levels
helps in decision-making that aims at the evolution of installed technology.
2.1.1. Industry 4.0: Elements of Evaluation
According to Weyer [5], standardization is the crucial challenge for highly modular production systems with lots
of suppliers. The central aspects of Industry 4.0 can be specified through three models: Smart Product, Smart
Machine and Enhanced Operator. The idea behind Smart Product model is to extend the role of a tool in the work
environment to an active part of the system. Products receive a memory in which the operational data and
requirements are stocked as an individual construction plan. This way, the product demands the necessary resources
and manages the production processes to finalize itself. This is a pre-requisite to allow self-configuration processes
in highly modular production systems.
Inside the vision of these three models as central aspects of Industry 4.0, Weyer provides, in his study, some of
the main elements to construct a technological model organized as Industry 4.0:
i) Plug and produce – Modules that can be easily removed or added during plant operation. Interfaces with
universal standardized connectors for Ethernet, compressed air, on/off power and electrical connections.
ii) Vertical integration – The main technologies to allow the vertical integration inside a factory, with
interaction that is free of problems of different modules beyond the limits imposed by the supplier.
iii) Control architecture – Modulated production lines request decentralized control architectures. Together
with standard PLC control systems, modules that already offer technologies such as SOA (Service Oriented
Architecture) for an efficient, consistent, secure and standardized communication are necessary.
iv) Manual Work Station – The concept follows the Increased Operator model and allows a flexible and
modular integration in automated production lines.
2.1.2. Maturity in Industrial Automation
Industry 4.0 concepts as Internet of Things, Cyber-Physical Systems and Production Based on Cloud face an
undesired obstacle when the necessity of technological evolution comes from an existing automation system. The
proposal of this analysis is to allow the maturity evaluation of the automation components applied to levels 1 and 2
of the ISA 95 model. This way, it will be possible to measure the automation degree of maturity of an installed plant
classifying the existing elements in comparison with the technological elements of Industry 4.0 [6].
The classification of maturity is divided into three levels, comparing the elements pointed as fundamental for
Industry 4.0. Level 3 (higher level) considers the evaluated elements of the actual system as “adapted” to Industry
4.0 requirements. Level 2 (intermediate level) classifies the evaluated elements as “inclined” to Industry 4.0
requirements. Level 1 (lower level) considers the evaluated elements as “isolated”, meaning it does not satisfy the
requirements necessary for Industry 4.0. The requirements necessary for a solution to meet the concept of Industry
4.0 considered in Level 3 were defined using the current academic literature about Industry 4.0. Levels 1 and 2 of
maturity were defined using the academic literature about automation systems plus the opinion of experienced
specialists of industrial automation. Table 1 presents the classification levels and the requirements necessary for the
proposed evaluation.
2.2. Interoperability with a View to Connected Industry
Interoperability is the capacity of a system or product to work with other systems or products without any special
effort produced by the customer [7]. Interoperability between systems can be measured or evaluated through its
potential, compatibility and performance. This paper approaches interoperability potential of a system to identify the
capacity of the AT level (Levels 1 and 2) to communicate in an interoperable manner with the IT level (Levels 3 and
4) of the ISA 95 model.
4. 1840 Maicon Saturno et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 1837 – 1845
The criteria for evaluation are defined according to the evaluation of the potential of the interoperability
architecture of the systems of the AT level to ensure efficient integration with the IT level. The concepts of Industry
4.0 pointed to an analysis of interoperability in the following areas:
i) Infrastructure – Define a single standard for networks and communication protocols between the
interoperable systems facilitating the communication between different suppliers for the same solution.
ii) Architecture standard – An architecture that meets the international standards, with the application of
open protocols and easy of access to decrease the complexity and barriers in the integration of this
architecture.
iii) Software platform – Flexible software platforms with easy remote access and availability of access by
Web Services.
iv) Technology update – Define the potential of future integration with other systems. Software updates
facilitated and hardware components exchange occurs in a modular way.
Table 1. Levels of automation maturity and requirements.
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The evaluation of the interoperability potential is proposed in a division of three levels of maturity. This
evaluation considers Industry 4.0 requirements for interoperability of systems. Level 3 (higher level) considers the
integration between systems of the current platform as “adapted” to Industry 4.0 requirements. Level 2 (intermediate
level) classifies the integration between systems of the current platform as “inclined” to the Industry 4.0
requirements. Level 1 (lower level) considers the integration between systems of the current platform as “isolated”,
in other words, it does not allow interoperability between AT and IT. Level 3 represents the requirements that are
necessary for a solution to meet the concept of Industry 4.0 and to make the system interoperable. This level was
defined on the basis of the scientific literature about automation systems plus opinions of experienced specialists in
industrial automation. Table 2 presents the classification levels and the requirements for evaluation of the
interoperability between AT and IT levels.
3. Application methods
3.1. Definition of the method
For support in decision-making where many elements are to be analyzed, Multi-Criteria Decision Making
(MCDM) methods can be used as a complementary strategic alternative. As the Multi-Criteria Decision Making
9. 1841
Maicon Saturno et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 11 (2017) 1837 – 1845
methods are diverse and vary among themselves in the areas of application, it is important to evaluate the best
method for each situation [2].
The AHP method was firstly developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s [2]. It is considered the most used
method among scientists and professionals of the management area. To apply AHP, one must first determine the
objective to be reached, then, identify the available alternatives to solve the problem, the criteria and sub criteria that
will assist in the choice of the best alternative, determine the weights of each criterion regarding the ideal solution,
compare the criteria or sub criteria pair to pair following the pre-defined scale from 1 to 9 provided by Saaty and,
finally, calculate the Consistency Index for the comparisons, making sure that the Index has a value lower than 10%
[8]. This way, in the end, the alternative that receives the highest weight will be considered the best alternative to
solve the problem under analysis.
Table 2. Levels of interoperability potential between AT and IT levels.
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The evaluation of automation and interoperability maturity of systems in the automation technology environment
will be carried through the application of the AHP method. The AHP method was chosen to evaluate the defined
criteria, since its evaluation technique allows a comparison of pairs between the elements analysed. In this first step,
this comparison is understood as the most appropriate option to analyse the existing components, providing a more
direct view of the elements in comparison with each other.
3.2. Evaluation Criteria
The ISA 95 standard and the concepts of Industry 4.0 were used in the definition of the evaluation criteria. Levels
1 and 2 of the ISA 95 model that correspond to Automation Technology (AT) were used in the evaluation of the
degree of automation maturity. The result of this evaluation of automation maturity collaborates with a second
evaluation regarding interoperability between AT and IT levels. Industry 4.0 puts face to face the consistent ISA 95
standard with the growing necessity of an industry that is increasingly integrated and flexible, allowing easy access
to information in all levels with open protocols and independent systems.
The matrices were generated with the organization of the group of evaluation criteria and sub criteria (4 criteria)
and alternatives (3 for each goal) to support the construction of the decision hierarchy. The pairwise comparison is
fulfilled in every item through the matrix inside the same hierarchical level of the AHP method. The value of global
priority for each criterion in the hierarchy was calculated according to the method presented by Saaty (1997).
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According to Saaty's method, the values are applied in a scale of values between 1 and 9, where the value 1 is
considered for items of equal importance. As higher values are applied, they show within the scale the degree of
importance of one item relative to another compared. These values were then used to decide the final priority of
each alternative. So, a process was performed to verify the consistency of the evaluation of priority and, this way, to
reach a conclusion after the end of these three applied methods.
3.3. Application of AHP model – Horizontal evaluation of maturity in automation
The first evaluation proposed by this paper is the degree of maturity of automation systems in a working plant.
This evaluation has as premise the identification of which degree the automation equipment is adapted or with
possibility of inclination to the technological solutions of Industry 4.0. The first evaluation will be performed in the
same level of sensors and actuators (level 1) and a second evaluation in the level of control and automation systems
(level 2) of architecture ISA 95.
The diagrams of Fig. 2(a) and (b) present the structure of evaluation divided into the levels according to ISA 95
standard. The evaluation criteria were defined according to the concepts of Industry 4.0 and the barriers were
defined according to the maturity stages showed in table 1. The first level in each structure shows the objective of
evaluation, it means that this level classifies in which state the criteria are inside each cluster (level) to evaluate the
degree of maturity in automation between the systems of a working automation platform. The second and third level
represent the perspectives (criteria) and barriers (attributes) related to the subject of this evaluation. The evaluation
of maturity of the automation devices and systems in a horizontal way compares the areas of Plug and Produce,
Vertical Integration, Control Architecture and Manual Work Station allowing to have a clearer vision of availability
of components inside the automation level to interact with higher levels.
a) b)
Fig. 2. AHP model: maturity evaluation - Level 1 (a) and Level 2 (b)
The results supplied by this evaluation have the intention of evaluating the actual degree of maturity of a plant in
order to identify the flexibility of this architecture in meeting the requirements of Industry 4.0. The evaluation will
contribute as a support to decision-making, orienting future investments that aim the technological improvement in
AT levels.
3.4. Application of the AHP model – Vertical evaluation for interoperability potential
The interoperability between the AT and IT levels inside the industrial environment raised interest with the
arrival of the concepts of Industry 4.0. The evaluation of automation maturity inside the levels 1 and 2 of ISA 95
model proposed on the last section becomes a significant support for the evaluation of the interoperability potential
of the AT level for integration with the IT level for presenting the barriers and technological aspects of equipment in
inclination to the interoperability potential.
The vertical evaluation analyses the interoperability potential of the AT level that is responsible for the control
and automation of the process for integration with the IT level responsible for the monitoring of operational data and
business processes. An example of vertical integration is Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) that integrates the
dynamics of physical processes with network software. Computer systems and intelligent networks monitor physical
processes in an integrated way in a loop that feeds them with real-time information again. Innovative abstraction
) )
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approaches and architectures that enable seamless integration of control, communication and computation for the
rapid design and deployment of CPS [4] should be developed. Fig. 3 shows an example of interoperability between
systems oriented to Industry 4.0.
Fig. 3. Example of interoperability in Industry 4.0
The evaluation criteria (concerns) were defined according to the concepts of Industry 4.0 and the barriers were
defined according to the stage of interoperability shown in Table 2. The first level in this structure presents the
objective of evaluation. This means that this level classifies in which state the criteria are inside each cluster (level)
to evaluate the interoperability potential between the AT and IT levels of a working architecture. The second and the
third level represent the perspectives (criteria) and barriers (attributes) related to the subject of this evaluation. The
choice of criteria has its basis on concepts of Industry 4.0 with orientation to the areas related to the concept of
interoperability between systems.
Fig. 4 presents the evaluation structure of the AHP method divided into the levels oriented through the ISA 95
architecture for interoperability of AT systems and IT industrial and corporative systems. The standardization of the
model for the criteria Infrastructure, Architecture Standard, Software Platform and Technology Update in an
automation platform is because these criteria advance the efficiency of communication with the higher IT levels.
Fig. 4. AHP model: Assessment of interoperability potential
The results supplied by this evaluation have the intention of contributing with the targeting of investments in the
automation environment of an existing platform. Evaluating the degree of interoperability allows the identification
of existing potential points for integration between the systems and the detection of deficiencies (barriers) to be
overcome. This evaluation will contribute for the development of a strategic plan for the evolution of factory
technology in order to plan interoperability according to the concepts of the connected industry. The development of
this investment plan does not make part of the area of analysis of this paper.
4. Results and analysis
The evaluation script was constructed with the software Super Decision, used to apply the AHP method. The
vertical evaluation of potential was elaborated for application in the area of AT in the industrial environment. This
way, this study is not supported in any specific section of process or product. The use of evaluation methods was
applied to evaluators with professional experience and specialist profiles of the industrial automation area. The
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evaluation criteria and the construction of the evaluation structure were organized according to the answers collected
in the interview phase. Fig. 5 below shows the result of this evaluation extracting the potential degree in each
criterion of interoperability according to Industry 4.0 requirements.
Fig. 5. Results of the evaluation of interoperability potential
Fig. 5. Result of potential degree of interoperability for each criteria.
The evaluation shows the limitations of the architecture of a running plant through the analysis of the criteria
raised in the previous steps considered necessary to support the evolution to Industry 4.0. Looking at the graphs you
can see the main barriers of a plant to evolve into a smart factory. The interoperability potential is measured by
comparing the current plant stage between the Infrastructure, Architecture Standard, Software Platform and
Technology Update criteria. The obtained results show the potential of the four criteria to meet Industry 4.0
requirements in the current automation systems architecture. Although the criterion Software Platform is in level 2
(intermediate), it is closer to level 3 (adapted). On the other hand, the criterion Infrastructure is more distant from
level 3 (adapted). Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the starting point for this architecture will be the
investment in Infrastructure to increase the potential level of interoperability of this solution.
5. Conclusions
Interoperability between several systems and devices that compose an automation architecture is the fundamental
link for the evolution of the AT environment with respect to intelligent industry.
To support and offer more reliability in the process of evaluation of an automation plant, the AHP method was
used in the construction of this application. The use of this MCDM method has as an important factor the integration
of the ISA 95 architecture and the concepts of Industry 4.0 for evaluation of a given automation system. The
application of the AHP method was realized in two phases. On the first phase for evaluation of maturity in
automation inside Levels 1 and 2 of AT in the ISA 95 model. On the second phase for evaluation of the
interoperability potential of AT levels with the industrial IT levels. Both evaluations are linked, as orienting the
evolution of maturity in automation has direct influence with the increase of interoperability potential between
systems. Forecasting an integrated architecture between all the levels of a plant considering the requirements that
must be met within an intelligent industry context is the main objective in an evaluation of an industrial automation
plant. This was the explored objective in this paper. Future research can be conducted for classification of the
requirements of Industry 4.0 criteria using other Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods.
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Fig. 5. Results of the evaluatio
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