The document provides an overview of mobile commerce, detailing its wireless applications, cellular network structure, and various technologies involved. It covers generations of wireless communication from 1G to 5G, highlighting security issues, portals, and human resource management systems related to mobile commerce. Various modules of HRIS are also discussed, emphasizing the need for efficient management of human resources in organizations.

1. MS. NEETHU TRESSA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
MOBILE COMMERCE

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Mobile Commerce
 Wireless Applications
 Cellular Network
 Technologies for Mobile Commerce
 Wireless Technologies
 Different Generations in Wireless Communication
 Security Issues Pertaining to Cellular Technology
 Portals
 Human Resource Management
 Various HRIS Modules

3. INTRODUCTION
 Mobility – key factor which help business thrive
 Make business a real-time organization

4. MOBILE COMMERCE
 Wireless business – exchanging internet contents with mobile
network via wireless devices
 Scope – hardware, software, suppliers, end wireless user
 Wireless content – primary value in a wireless business
 Instantaneous feedback
 Earn income via transactions, subscriptions or traffic

5. WIRELESS APPLICATIONS
 Wireless application – software that runs on a wireless device
that exchanges content over a wireless network
 Types:
 Web Phones(internet-ready cellular phone)
 Wireless handhelds(message and micro browser, work
offline)
 Two-way Pagers(send and receive message, micro browser)
 Voice Portals(conversation with an information service)
 Communicating Appliances(electronic devices with
wireless technology such as wireless camera, watches, pen
etc.)
 Web PCs(internet connected personal computers)

6. CELLULAR NETWORK
 Cellular/Mobile Network – radio network distributed over land
areas called Cells, each served by at least one fixed-location
transceiver, called cell site/base station
 Each cell uses different set of frequencies to avoid interference
 Provide radio coverage when cells are joined
 Can reuse a channel once outside the range of a radio
transmitter/receiver
 Its difficult to define exact edge of a cell (there may be overlap or
hole)

7. CELLULAR NETWORK (Contd..)
 Mobile phone systems are comprised of:
 Network of cells – each with radio transmitter at its center
 Radio signals – to carry digital voice and data
 Base stations – connected with each other via high-speed fiber and then
to public phone system and internet
 Responsibilities:
 Route calls to and from mobile phones
 Enable calls to be maintained while moving between cells
 Enable access to network, billing, security etc.

8. CELLULAR NETWORK (Contd..)

9. • Basic Cellular Network Structure:
– Base Transceiver Station(BTS) - direct communication with mobile
phones
– Base Station Controller (BSC) – route calls and select best base station
– Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) – Coordinate BSC actions, provide
overall control, act as a switch and connection to PSTN
– Link to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) – route calls and
interfaces to land line based PSTN
• Advantages:
– Flexible
– Increased Capacity
– Reduced Power use
– Larger coverage area
– Reduced interference from other signals
CELLULAR NETWORK (Contd..)

10. TECHNOLOGIES FOR MOBILE
COMMERCE
 Wireless Spectrum
 WAP

11. WIRELESS SPECTRUM

12. WIRELESS SPECTRUM
 Electromagnetic spectrum – entire range over which
communicating devices transmit energy waves called airwaves
with a transceiver
 Dedicated frequency range for each transceiver measured in
hertz(Hz)
 Broadcasters prefer lower frequency that costs less to transmit
a signal and carries farther
 Agencies like FCC break up the spectrum to bands
 Restricts bands of coverage to prohibit interference from
neighboring transmitter
 Band owner should get an FCC license
 Unlicensed sections of the spectrum are open to any
transmitting device

13. WAP
 Wireless Application Protocol
 Invented by WAP Forum – a group formed by Nokia, Ericsson,
Motorola and Phone.com in 1997
 Standard method of specification to wireless access of internet-
based content and services
 Mobile device - embedded browser, operator’s network
connected to WAP Gateway, makes requests in form of URL
 Content for wireless devices – stored on web server, formatted
suitably, written in WML (Wireless Markup Language)

14. WAP TRANSACTION MODEL

15. WAPARCHITECTURE

16.  WAP Application Environment (WAE) – Application layer
encompassing the devices, content-development languages, the
telephony APIs and content formats
 Wireless Session Protocol (WSP) – Session layer interfacing to
connection oriented and connectionless services such as creating
and releasing connection, exchanging data and suspending and
releasing sessions
 Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP) – Transaction layer
providing transaction services such as handling acknowledgments,
retransmission of unsuccessful transactions and removal of
duplicate transactions. Transactions supported are unreliable and
reliable one-way requests and reliable two-way requests
WAPARCHITECTURE (Contd..)

17.  Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS) – Security layer
protecting data with data integrity, privacy, authentication and
denial-of-service protection
 Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP) – Transport layer
providing consistent interface to higher layers of WAP
architecture, also data error correction
 Wireless Communications Networks (Bearers) – lowest level
WAPARCHITECTURE (Contd..)

18. WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
 AMPS and European Analog Cellular
 TDMA
 CDMA
 GSM
 CDPD

19.  AMPS AND EUROPEAN ANALOG CELLULAR
 Advanced Mobile Phone Service – voice-only analog support
 Operates at 800 MHz
 TDMA
 Time Division Multiple Access – digital transport
 Frequency range divided to series of channels
 Each channel divided to time slots
 Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) – overlay of TDMA over AMPS to create
hybrid analog/digital network
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES (Contd..)

20.  CDMA
 Code Division Multiple Access – digital transport
 CDMA transmitter assigns a unique code for each connection before
broadcast
 Receiver decode the conversation using the unique code
 CDMA can also be overlaid on top of AMPS to create hybrid
analog/digital networks
 Advantages over TDMA:
 Enables simultaneous usage
 Uses less power
 More secure
 Fewer dropped calls
 Better voice quality
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES (Contd..)

21.  GSM
 Global System for Mobile communications
 Provides the following data services:
 Direct-connect internet access without requiring a modem
 Mobile Fax capabilities
 Short Message Service (SMS)
 CDPD
 Cellular Digital Packet Data
 TCP/IP based mobile data-only service that runs on AMPS networks
 Requires a modem to convert TCP/IP-based data to analog
 CDPD offers:
 Analog voice
 Circuit-switched data
 Packet data services
 Not suitable for short, fast data communications
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES (Contd..)

22. DIFFERENT GENERATIONS IN WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
 The First Generation (1G)
 The Second Generation (2G)
 The Third Generation (3G)
 The Fourth Generation (4G)
 The Fifth Generation (5G)

23. The First Generation (1G)
 Used AMPS based analog technology
 Technical Specifications:
 Bandwidth : 30KHz
 Frequency Range : 824-894 MHz
 Multiple Access Method : FDM
 832 full-duplex channels, each consisting of a pair of 30KHz wide
simplex channels
 Suffers from high level of echo and signal distortion
 Channels categorized into:
 Control (base to mobile)
 Paging (base to mobile)
 Access (bidirectional)
 Data (bidirectional)

24. The Second Generation (2G)
 Used digital technology supported by D-AMPS, GSM, CDMA, PDC
(Personal Digital Cellular)
 Technical Specifications of GSM
 Require Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card for operation
 Mobile Frequency Range : Rx: 925-960 MHz; Tx: 880-915 MHz
 Multiple Access Method : TDMA/FDM
 Duplex method : FDD
 Number of channels : 124
 Channel Spacing : 200 KHz
 Technical Specifications of CDMA or IS-95
 Mobile Frequency Range : Rx: 869-894 MHz; Tx: 824-849 MHz
 Multiple Access Method : CDMA/FDM
 Duplex method : FDD
 Number of channels : 20
 Channel Spacing : 1250 KHz

25. The Third Generation (3G)
 High transmission speeds and performance than previous
generations
 3G models of CDMA: CDMA 2000 and WCDMA (Wideband
CDMA)
 WCDMA proposed by Ericsson
 CDMA 2000 proposed by QUALCOMM
 Designed for multimedia communication

26. The Fourth Generation (4G)
 High Speed data transfer
 Uninterrupted connectivity
 Benefits:
 Easy Installation
 Faster Speed
 Better Signal
 Wider Coverage
 Better Security
 Flexible Plans
The Fifth Generation (5G)
 Perfection level of wireless communication

27. SECURITY ISSUES PERTAINING TO
CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY
 Security issues include:
 Eavesdropping or hacking into mobile conversations
 Denial of service
 Identity theft
 Data piracy
 jamming

28. PORTALS
 Sites and services organized about some common theme
 Library of categorized and personalized content
 2 types of e-commerce portals:
1. B2B portals
2. B2C portals
 The portals should be:
 Attractive
 Display of real-time relevant information
 Horizontal portals – aggregate information on a broad range of
topics (e.g. search engines)
 Vertical portals – information relating to a single area of interest
 PDK – Portal Development Kit – to customize and extend
services and business content

29. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
 HRIS – Human Resource Information System
 Definition:
System of collecting, recording, classifying, presenting, processing,
storing and disseminating information, required for efficient and
effective management of human resources in an organization
 Purposes:
1. Planning human resource requirements of organization
2. Employee training & development to increase efficiency
3. Formulation of policies and programs relating to human resource

30. VARIOUS HRIS MODULES
1. Record Keeping – standardized recording of all relevant
employee information
2. Payroll Module – automate employee pay process along with
the financial management of the company
3. Benefits Administration Module – monitor all benefit
programs and to notice any potential deficiencies
4. Training Module – administer and track employee training
and development efforts
5. Performance Management – continuous monitoring and
evaluation of the organization
6. Employee Self-Service Module – allow employees to manage
employee’s database together with professionals in HR
department