This presentation was created by Ioanna Leontiou and it is intended as a creative and flexible tool for students on Biological sciences who focus on the chromosome segregation. It is created to facilitate students performing research projects in our lab (especially during Covid restrictions), but it is suitable for every student who wants to learn more about chromosomes and the molecular mechanism controlling chromosome segregation. The presentation includes a generic overview of the cell division, illustrates the chromosome structure and provides molecular details of the spindle assembly checkpoint, an important pathway that ensures high fedility of chromosome segregation through mitosis. It also includes an introduction to some of the molecular biology techniques used in a yeast lab and incoporates some fluorescent microscopy images/videos. At the end of the presentantion there is a list of open access scientific publications for further reading on the the molecular mechanism of spindle checkpoint and some links of some very interesting sites, which include a range of videos on laboratory molecular biology techniques, research talks and guided papers. The purpose of this presentantion is to create a piece of work that students could return to when needed. Diagramms and illustrations are also encouranged to be used by scientists, science communicators and educators.
This presentation is licensed under a Creative Common Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0), unless otherwise stated on the specific slide.
1. The lab experiment involved using pop beads to simulate the phases of mitosis and meiosis in plant cell division. Students observed onion root tip cells under a microscope to identify the phases of mitosis.
2. Data was collected on the number of cells observed in each phase of mitosis and the percentage of time a cell spends in each phase was calculated. A line graph of the results was made.
3. Key differences between mitosis and meiosis were identified through the pop bead simulations and microscope observations, such as the number of resulting cells and chromosomes after each type of cell division.
The document summarizes an experiment observing cells at various stages of the cell cycle and mitosis using microscopy. It includes tasks examining mouse bone marrow cells to identify chromosomes and phases of mitosis in onion root tip cells. The results show mouse cells have 40 chromosomes, mostly telocentric, and counts of onion root tip cells in different mitotic phases are unequal with most in prophase. The document also provides background information on techniques like fluorescence activated cell sorting used in the experiments.
This document provides a review of key concepts from chemistry of life, cell biology, genetics, and evolution. It defines organic compounds and the six elements that make up living things. It describes the four major categories of organic molecules and their structures and functions. It also reviews cell structures, organelles, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Genetic concepts like DNA, genes, mutations, and Mendelian genetics are summarized. Finally, it defines evolution by natural selection and provides evidence to support the theory of evolution.
This document provides a review of key concepts from chemistry of life, cell biology, genetics, and evolution. It defines organic compounds and the six elements that make up living things. It describes the four major categories of organic molecules and their structures and functions. It also reviews cell structures, organelles, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Genetic concepts like DNA, genes, mutations, and Mendelian genetics are summarized. Finally, it defines evolution by natural selection and provides evidence to support the theory of evolution.
Experiment 2 The Importance of Cell Cycle Control Some environm.docxSANSKAR20
Experiment 2: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
Some environmental factors can cause genetic mutations which result in a lack of proper cell cycle control (mitosis). When this happens, the possibility for uncontrolled cell growth occurs. In some instances, uncontrolled growth can lead to tumors, which are often associated with cancer, or other biological diseases.
In this experiment, you will review some of the karyotypic differences which can be observed when comparing normal, controlled cell growth and abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth. A karyotype is an image of the complete set of diploid chromosomes in a single cell.
Materials
*Computer Access
*Internet Access
*You Must Provide
Procedure
1. Begin by constructing a hypothesis to explain what differences you might observe when comparing the karyotypes of human cells which experience normal cell cycle control versus cancerous cells (which experience abnormal, or a lack of, cell cycle control). Record your hypothesis in Post-Lab Question 1.
Note: Be sure to include what you expect to observe, and why you think you will observe these features. Think about what you know about cancerous cell growth to help construct this information
2. Go online to find some images of abnormal karyotypes, and normal karyotypes. The best results will come from search terms such as “abnormal karyotype”, “HeLa cells”, “normal karyotype”, “abnormal chromosomes”, etc. Be sure to use dependable resources which have been peer-reviewed
3. Identify at least five abnormalities in the abnormal images. Then, list and draw each image in the Data section at the end of this experiment. Do these abnormalities agree with your original hypothesis?
Hint: It may be helpful to count the number of chromosomes, count the number of pairs, compare the sizes of homologous chromosomes, look for any missing or additional genetic markers/flags, etc.
4. Take a picture of your results. Include a note with your name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here.
Data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Experiment 1: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement through Meiosis
In this experiment, you will model the movement of the chromosomes through meiosis I and II to create gametes.
Materials
2 Sets of Different Colored Pop-it® Beads (32 of each - these may be any color)
8 5-Holed Pop-it® Beads (used as centromeres)
Procedure:
Part 1: Modeling Meiosis without Crossing Over
As prophase I begins, the replicated chromosomes coil and condense…
1. Build a pair of replicated, homologous chromosomes (Figure 3). 10 beads should be used to create each individual sister chromatid (20 beads per chromosome pair). Two five-holed beads represent each centromere. To do this...
Figure 3:Bead set-up. The blue beads represent one pair of sister chromatids and the black beads represent a second pair of sister chromatids. The black and blue pair are homologous.
a. Start with 20 beads of the same color to create your first sister chrom ...
Cell size is limited by the ratio of surface area to volume. As cells grow, their volume increases more rapidly than their surface area, making it difficult to supply nutrients and remove waste. The cell cycle, which involves growth and division, prevents cells from becoming too large. Mitosis and cytokinesis allow cells to accurately divide their DNA and contents between two daughter cells. Checkpoints in the cell cycle monitor for errors to maintain genetic integrity. Cancer occurs when cells lose cell cycle regulation and divide uncontrollably. Apoptosis and stem cells are also important cellular processes related to growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues.
This document provides an overview of science 101 and key concepts in cell biology and biochemistry. It begins with defining science and the different disciplines within biomedical health sciences. It then covers cells and their components, the central dogma of DNA transcription and RNA translation, and the molecular architecture of DNA, RNA and proteins. Specific topics discussed include eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, organelles, the nucleus and DNA packaging, RNA structures and functions, amino acids, protein folding and secondary structures.
This presentation was created by Ioanna Leontiou and it is intended as a creative and flexible tool for students on Biological sciences who focus on the chromosome segregation. It is created to facilitate students performing research projects in our lab (especially during Covid restrictions), but it is suitable for every student who wants to learn more about chromosomes and the molecular mechanism controlling chromosome segregation. The presentation includes a generic overview of the cell division, illustrates the chromosome structure and provides molecular details of the spindle assembly checkpoint, an important pathway that ensures high fedility of chromosome segregation through mitosis. It also includes an introduction to some of the molecular biology techniques used in a yeast lab and incoporates some fluorescent microscopy images/videos. At the end of the presentantion there is a list of open access scientific publications for further reading on the the molecular mechanism of spindle checkpoint and some links of some very interesting sites, which include a range of videos on laboratory molecular biology techniques, research talks and guided papers. The purpose of this presentantion is to create a piece of work that students could return to when needed. Diagramms and illustrations are also encouranged to be used by scientists, science communicators and educators.
This presentation is licensed under a Creative Common Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0), unless otherwise stated on the specific slide.
1. The lab experiment involved using pop beads to simulate the phases of mitosis and meiosis in plant cell division. Students observed onion root tip cells under a microscope to identify the phases of mitosis.
2. Data was collected on the number of cells observed in each phase of mitosis and the percentage of time a cell spends in each phase was calculated. A line graph of the results was made.
3. Key differences between mitosis and meiosis were identified through the pop bead simulations and microscope observations, such as the number of resulting cells and chromosomes after each type of cell division.
The document summarizes an experiment observing cells at various stages of the cell cycle and mitosis using microscopy. It includes tasks examining mouse bone marrow cells to identify chromosomes and phases of mitosis in onion root tip cells. The results show mouse cells have 40 chromosomes, mostly telocentric, and counts of onion root tip cells in different mitotic phases are unequal with most in prophase. The document also provides background information on techniques like fluorescence activated cell sorting used in the experiments.
This document provides a review of key concepts from chemistry of life, cell biology, genetics, and evolution. It defines organic compounds and the six elements that make up living things. It describes the four major categories of organic molecules and their structures and functions. It also reviews cell structures, organelles, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Genetic concepts like DNA, genes, mutations, and Mendelian genetics are summarized. Finally, it defines evolution by natural selection and provides evidence to support the theory of evolution.
This document provides a review of key concepts from chemistry of life, cell biology, genetics, and evolution. It defines organic compounds and the six elements that make up living things. It describes the four major categories of organic molecules and their structures and functions. It also reviews cell structures, organelles, and the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Genetic concepts like DNA, genes, mutations, and Mendelian genetics are summarized. Finally, it defines evolution by natural selection and provides evidence to support the theory of evolution.
Experiment 2 The Importance of Cell Cycle Control Some environm.docxSANSKAR20
Experiment 2: The Importance of Cell Cycle Control
Some environmental factors can cause genetic mutations which result in a lack of proper cell cycle control (mitosis). When this happens, the possibility for uncontrolled cell growth occurs. In some instances, uncontrolled growth can lead to tumors, which are often associated with cancer, or other biological diseases.
In this experiment, you will review some of the karyotypic differences which can be observed when comparing normal, controlled cell growth and abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth. A karyotype is an image of the complete set of diploid chromosomes in a single cell.
Materials
*Computer Access
*Internet Access
*You Must Provide
Procedure
1. Begin by constructing a hypothesis to explain what differences you might observe when comparing the karyotypes of human cells which experience normal cell cycle control versus cancerous cells (which experience abnormal, or a lack of, cell cycle control). Record your hypothesis in Post-Lab Question 1.
Note: Be sure to include what you expect to observe, and why you think you will observe these features. Think about what you know about cancerous cell growth to help construct this information
2. Go online to find some images of abnormal karyotypes, and normal karyotypes. The best results will come from search terms such as “abnormal karyotype”, “HeLa cells”, “normal karyotype”, “abnormal chromosomes”, etc. Be sure to use dependable resources which have been peer-reviewed
3. Identify at least five abnormalities in the abnormal images. Then, list and draw each image in the Data section at the end of this experiment. Do these abnormalities agree with your original hypothesis?
Hint: It may be helpful to count the number of chromosomes, count the number of pairs, compare the sizes of homologous chromosomes, look for any missing or additional genetic markers/flags, etc.
4. Take a picture of your results. Include a note with your name and date on an index card in the picture. Insert picture here.
Data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Experiment 1: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement through Meiosis
In this experiment, you will model the movement of the chromosomes through meiosis I and II to create gametes.
Materials
2 Sets of Different Colored Pop-it® Beads (32 of each - these may be any color)
8 5-Holed Pop-it® Beads (used as centromeres)
Procedure:
Part 1: Modeling Meiosis without Crossing Over
As prophase I begins, the replicated chromosomes coil and condense…
1. Build a pair of replicated, homologous chromosomes (Figure 3). 10 beads should be used to create each individual sister chromatid (20 beads per chromosome pair). Two five-holed beads represent each centromere. To do this...
Figure 3:Bead set-up. The blue beads represent one pair of sister chromatids and the black beads represent a second pair of sister chromatids. The black and blue pair are homologous.
a. Start with 20 beads of the same color to create your first sister chrom ...
Cell size is limited by the ratio of surface area to volume. As cells grow, their volume increases more rapidly than their surface area, making it difficult to supply nutrients and remove waste. The cell cycle, which involves growth and division, prevents cells from becoming too large. Mitosis and cytokinesis allow cells to accurately divide their DNA and contents between two daughter cells. Checkpoints in the cell cycle monitor for errors to maintain genetic integrity. Cancer occurs when cells lose cell cycle regulation and divide uncontrollably. Apoptosis and stem cells are also important cellular processes related to growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues.
This document provides an overview of science 101 and key concepts in cell biology and biochemistry. It begins with defining science and the different disciplines within biomedical health sciences. It then covers cells and their components, the central dogma of DNA transcription and RNA translation, and the molecular architecture of DNA, RNA and proteins. Specific topics discussed include eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, organelles, the nucleus and DNA packaging, RNA structures and functions, amino acids, protein folding and secondary structures.
This document describes an experiment to estimate the time spent in each phase of mitosis in plant and animal cells. Students count the number of onion root tip cells and whitefish blastula cells in each mitotic phase and interphase under a microscope. The percentage of time spent in each phase is calculated to compare the cell cycles. Data tables are included showing the number of cells counted in each phase for plant and animal cells.
This document provides an overview of cell division through mitosis and meiosis. It defines key terms like interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. It explains the stages and importance of both mitosis and meiosis. Specifically, mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells through the division of the nucleus, while meiosis reduces chromosome number by half to produce haploid gametes through two divisions. Uncontrolled mitosis can lead to cancer if chromosomes do not separate properly.
This document provides an overview of cell division through mitosis. It begins by defining chromosomes and describing how DNA is packaged within cells. It then explains the stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and its subphases. The document delves into the stages of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. It describes how identical daughter cells are produced and discusses the roles of centrioles, centrosomes and spindle fibers. The document concludes by comparing mitosis in animal and plant cells, focusing on differences in cytokinesis.
Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells through the replication and division of chromosomes. It involves the four main phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Interphase precedes mitosis and involves the S phase where DNA replication occurs, creating two identical copies of DNA that are separated into the two daughter cells during cell division. The process ensures each daughter cell inherits the full complement of chromosomes from the original parent cell.
The document summarizes the cell cycle and different types of cell division. It discusses the stages of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis produces four non-identical haploid gametes through two divisions, including prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I and then prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II and telophase II. The key differences between mitosis and meiosis are also highlighted.
The document provides a review of key biology concepts across several topics:
1) It begins with an outline of topics including cell biology, genetics, evolution, microscopy, and ecology.
2) It then presents vocabulary terms and their definitions related to these topics, such as organic compounds, ATP, osmosis, and active transport.
3) The document concludes by listing additional review concepts and questions to test understanding of the material.
Mitosis is the process by which cells divide to produce genetically identical daughter cells. It involves five key stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for division. Mitosis ensures that each new cell contains the full set of chromosomes needed for normal cell functioning.
This document provides instructions for a lab to observe mitosis in onion root tip cells. Students will examine prepared slides of onion root tips under a microscope to identify and count the number of cells in each stage of mitosis. This includes making a pie chart to calculate the relative duration of each mitotic phase. The hypothesis is that interphase will be the most commonly observed phase since cells spend most of their time in interphase.
Eukaryotic cell structures for Advanced BiologyStephanie Beck
The document provides information about the organelles and structures found within eukaryotic cells. It begins by describing the nucleus, which contains the cell's DNA and controls most cell functions. It then discusses other major cell structures involved in protein production and transport, including ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and cell membrane. It explains that these structures make up the endomembrane system, whose primary role is protein production and secretion. The document also mentions other organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and vacuoles, as well as cytoskeletal structures.
1) The chapter discusses the cellular basis of reproduction and inheritance. It covers topics like cell division, the cell cycle, meiosis, and alterations in chromosome structure.
2) The key stages of the cell cycle are described, including interphase and the phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). Cytokinesis is the final step that divides the cytoplasm.
3) Meiosis is introduced as reducing the number of chromosomes by half to form gametes, while mitosis replicates chromosomes to form body cells. Homologous chromosomes pair and may exchange genetic material.
The document summarizes key properties and structures of cells. It discusses that all living things are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and some of the major organelles in plant and animal cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membrane, cytoskeleton etc. It explains their functions and importance for cellular processes.
Somatic cells are the main building blocks of living creatures and can be observed under a microscope. A human body contains approximately 220 different types of somatic cells that perform various functions. Somatic plant cells contain additional structures like chloroplasts which enable photosynthesis and produce oxygen vital for human survival. The lesson introduces students to the main parts of somatic cells like the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria and describes their functions. It compares somatic cells to plant cells, highlighting additional structures in plant cells. Finally, the lesson explains the process of cell division through mitosis and has students identify the phases of mitosis using 3D models.
This lab report summarizes the results of observing mitosis in whitefish and onion root tip cells under a microscope. The four stages of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - were clearly seen. Interphase was also observed, where the cell prepares for cell division by growing in size and replicating its chromosomes. The stages of mitosis allow the cell to accurately distribute identical copies of its genetic material to two new daughter cells.
This document discusses the cell cycle and its two main phases: interphase and mitosis. It describes the stages of interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases) and the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase). It also discusses meiosis, which involves two nuclear divisions that produce four haploid cells and results in genetic variation. The document provides comparisons of mitosis and meiosis and their importance. It notes that errors in the cell cycle can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.
This document outlines the syllabus for an Advanced Animal Cell Culture course. It lists the topics that will be covered in each class, including introductions to cell culture, stem cells, transgenic and knockout animals, and genome engineering. It also provides details about some of the topics, such as commonly used cell lines and model organisms, cell culture techniques like subculture and cryopreservation, and research methods using cultured cells like microscopy, staining, and molecular biology techniques. The document emphasizes that cultured cells can serve as useful model systems to study specific cell types and biological phenomena while avoiding complications from whole organisms.
Cell biologists have several options for delivering exogenous molecules into cells, including chemical and physical transfection methods as well as viral vectors. Recently, new products have targeted difficult to transfect cell types. Exo-Fect transfects isolated exosomes with nucleic acids, which are then delivered to cells. Cellsqueeze is a microfluidic system that mechanically deforms cells to form transient pores for molecule entry without toxicity. Both aim to more efficiently transfect hard-to-transfect cells like stem cells and primary cells.
1
Phylogenetic Analysis Homework assignment
This assignment will be completed on your own and turned in the week of 11/8-11/10.
Introduction
Molecular evolution is the study of how proteins and nucleic acids evolve. Included in this
field are studies of mutations and chromosomal rearrangements, the evolutionary process,
the identification of sequence patterns conferring function in proteins and nucleic acids,
and the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of organisms and the molecules that
they make. All of these studies rely on comparisons of nucleotide or amino acid sequences.
In this tutorial, you will be introduced to some of the fundamental principles of molecular
evolution and the types of bioinformatics tools that are used in evolutionary studies. We
will begin by carrying out a manual sequence comparison, so that the basic concepts can
be introduced, and the remainder of the project will be carried out at The Biology
Workbench, a set of bioinformatics analysis programs managed by The San Diego
Supercomputing Center at the University of California, San Diego.
Objectives
• To introduce the principles of molecular evolution
• To acquaint you with the tools that are available to compare nucleotide and
amino acid sequences
• To learn about the use of protein sequences in reconstructions of evolutionary history
Project
Branching evolution occurs when one ancestral species gives rise to two or more progeny
species. However, speciation events don't involve the vast majority of the genes in a
genome. That is, for most genes, both of the progeny species inherit identical genes from
the ancestor. Following speciation, these genes evolve independently in the separate
lineages. Studies of molecular evolution therefore rely heavily on comparisons of related
sequences from different organisms.
Shown below is an alignment of two homologous sequences that we will use as a starting
place. Homologous sequences are sequences that have descended from a common
ancestral sequence. You can't meaningfully compare sequences unless they are
homologous. This alignment uses the single letter amino acid code, in which G represents
glycine, Q represents glutamine, etc. The aligned proteins have been shown to be involved
in the metabolism of similar, but different, toxic compounds. As you can see, these amino
acid sequences are very similar and it is easy to recognize that they are related by common
descent.
2
dntAc: KMGVDDEVIVSRQNDGSVR
nahAc: KMGIDDEVIVSRQSDGSIR
An expanded version of this alignment is shown below. In this expanded alignment, both
the amino acids and the corresponding DNA nucleotides are shown. For ease of analysis,
the codons have been broken into separate entries in a table.
Alignment of nahAc and dntAc sequences.
K M G V D E V I V
dntAc AAA ATG GGC GTC GAT GAA GTC ATC GTC
nahAc ...
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE Chester & Wayne is a regional .docxannandleola
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE
Chester & Wayne is a regional food distribution company. Mr. Chester, CEO, has asked your
assistance in preparing cash-flow information for the last three months of this year. Selected
accounts from an interim balance sheet dated September 30, have the following balances:
Cash $142,100 Accounts payable $354,155
Marketable securities 200,000 Other payables 53,200
Accounts receivable $1,012,500
Inventories 150,388
Mr. Wayne, CFO, provides you with the following information based on experience and
management policy. All sales are credit sales and are billed the last day of the month of sale.
Customers paying within 10 days of the billing date may take a 2 percent cash discount. Forty
percent of the sales is paid within the discount period in the month following billing. An
additional 25 percent pays in the same month but does not receive the cash discount. Thirty
percent is collected in the second month after billing; the remainder is uncollectible. Additional
cash of $24,000 is expected in October from renting unused warehouse space.
Sixty percent of all purchases, selling and administrative expenses, and advertising expenses is
paid in the month incurred. The remainder is paid in the following month. Ending inventory is
set at 25 percent of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. The company's gross profit
averages 30 percent of sales for the month. Selling and administrative expenses follow the
formula of 5 percent of the current month's sales plus $75,000, which includes depreciation of
$5,000. Advertising expenses are budgeted at 3 percent of sales.
Actual and budgeted sales information is as follows:
Actual: Budgeted:
August $750,000 October $826,800
September 787,500 November 868,200
December 911,600
January 930,000
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
Questions (use of spreadsheet software is recommended):
1. Prepare a cash budget for each month of the fourth quarter and for the quarter in total.
Prepare supporting schedules as needed. (Round all budge.
CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervos.docxannandleola
"CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervosa 1. Repeated binge-eating episodes. 2. Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain. 3. Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months. 4. Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself. (Based on APA, 2013.) Rita was a 26-year-old manager of a local Italian restaurant and lived in the same city as her parents. Her childhood was not a happy one. Her parents divorced when she was about 5 years of age. She and her three older brothers remained with their mother, who often seemed overwhelmed with her situation and unable to run the household effectively. Rita would often refer to her childhood as utterly chaotic, as if no one were in charge. Within a 12-month period, 1 percent to 1.5 percent of individuals will meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa; at least 90 percent of cases occur in females (APA, 2013). She nevertheless muddled through. When her brothers were finally all off to college or beyond, Rita entered high school, and the household seemed more manageable. Ultimately, she developed a close relationship with her mother, indeed too close, Rita suspected. Her mother seemed like her closest friend, at times the entire focus of her social life. They were both women alone, so to speak, and relied heavily on one another for comfort and support, preventing Rita from developing serious friendships. The two often went shopping together. Rita would give her mother an update on the most recent fashion trends, and her mother would talk to Rita about “how important it is to look good and be put together in this day and age.” Rita didn’t mind the advice, but sometimes she did wonder if her mother kept saying that as a way of telling her that she didn’t think she looked good. Rita later attended a local public college, majoring in business. However, she quit after 3 years to take a job at the restaurant. She had begun working in the restaurant part-time while a sophomore and after 2 years was offered the position of daytime manager. It was a well-paying job, and since her interest was business anyway, Rita figured it made sense to seize an attractive business opportunity. Her mother was not very supportive of her decision to leave college, but Rita reassured her that she intended to go back and finish up after she had worked for a while and saved some money. Just before leaving college, Rita began a serious relationship with a man whom she met at school. Their interest in each other grew, and they eventually got engaged. Everything seemed to be going well when out of the blue, her fiancé’s mental state began to deteriorate. Ultimately he manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. As his impairment extended from days to months and then to more than a year, Rita finally had to end the engagement; she had to pick up the pieces and go on without him. She felt .
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This document describes an experiment to estimate the time spent in each phase of mitosis in plant and animal cells. Students count the number of onion root tip cells and whitefish blastula cells in each mitotic phase and interphase under a microscope. The percentage of time spent in each phase is calculated to compare the cell cycles. Data tables are included showing the number of cells counted in each phase for plant and animal cells.
This document provides an overview of cell division through mitosis and meiosis. It defines key terms like interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. It explains the stages and importance of both mitosis and meiosis. Specifically, mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells through the division of the nucleus, while meiosis reduces chromosome number by half to produce haploid gametes through two divisions. Uncontrolled mitosis can lead to cancer if chromosomes do not separate properly.
This document provides an overview of cell division through mitosis. It begins by defining chromosomes and describing how DNA is packaged within cells. It then explains the stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and its subphases. The document delves into the stages of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. It describes how identical daughter cells are produced and discusses the roles of centrioles, centrosomes and spindle fibers. The document concludes by comparing mitosis in animal and plant cells, focusing on differences in cytokinesis.
Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells through the replication and division of chromosomes. It involves the four main phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Interphase precedes mitosis and involves the S phase where DNA replication occurs, creating two identical copies of DNA that are separated into the two daughter cells during cell division. The process ensures each daughter cell inherits the full complement of chromosomes from the original parent cell.
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1) It begins with an outline of topics including cell biology, genetics, evolution, microscopy, and ecology.
2) It then presents vocabulary terms and their definitions related to these topics, such as organic compounds, ATP, osmosis, and active transport.
3) The document concludes by listing additional review concepts and questions to test understanding of the material.
Mitosis is the process by which cells divide to produce genetically identical daughter cells. It involves five key stages - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA in preparation for division. Mitosis ensures that each new cell contains the full set of chromosomes needed for normal cell functioning.
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Eukaryotic cell structures for Advanced BiologyStephanie Beck
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3) Meiosis is introduced as reducing the number of chromosomes by half to form gametes, while mitosis replicates chromosomes to form body cells. Homologous chromosomes pair and may exchange genetic material.
The document summarizes key properties and structures of cells. It discusses that all living things are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life. It describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and some of the major organelles in plant and animal cells like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membrane, cytoskeleton etc. It explains their functions and importance for cellular processes.
Somatic cells are the main building blocks of living creatures and can be observed under a microscope. A human body contains approximately 220 different types of somatic cells that perform various functions. Somatic plant cells contain additional structures like chloroplasts which enable photosynthesis and produce oxygen vital for human survival. The lesson introduces students to the main parts of somatic cells like the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria and describes their functions. It compares somatic cells to plant cells, highlighting additional structures in plant cells. Finally, the lesson explains the process of cell division through mitosis and has students identify the phases of mitosis using 3D models.
This lab report summarizes the results of observing mitosis in whitefish and onion root tip cells under a microscope. The four stages of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - were clearly seen. Interphase was also observed, where the cell prepares for cell division by growing in size and replicating its chromosomes. The stages of mitosis allow the cell to accurately distribute identical copies of its genetic material to two new daughter cells.
This document discusses the cell cycle and its two main phases: interphase and mitosis. It describes the stages of interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases) and the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase). It also discusses meiosis, which involves two nuclear divisions that produce four haploid cells and results in genetic variation. The document provides comparisons of mitosis and meiosis and their importance. It notes that errors in the cell cycle can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.
This document outlines the syllabus for an Advanced Animal Cell Culture course. It lists the topics that will be covered in each class, including introductions to cell culture, stem cells, transgenic and knockout animals, and genome engineering. It also provides details about some of the topics, such as commonly used cell lines and model organisms, cell culture techniques like subculture and cryopreservation, and research methods using cultured cells like microscopy, staining, and molecular biology techniques. The document emphasizes that cultured cells can serve as useful model systems to study specific cell types and biological phenomena while avoiding complications from whole organisms.
Cell biologists have several options for delivering exogenous molecules into cells, including chemical and physical transfection methods as well as viral vectors. Recently, new products have targeted difficult to transfect cell types. Exo-Fect transfects isolated exosomes with nucleic acids, which are then delivered to cells. Cellsqueeze is a microfluidic system that mechanically deforms cells to form transient pores for molecule entry without toxicity. Both aim to more efficiently transfect hard-to-transfect cells like stem cells and primary cells.
1
Phylogenetic Analysis Homework assignment
This assignment will be completed on your own and turned in the week of 11/8-11/10.
Introduction
Molecular evolution is the study of how proteins and nucleic acids evolve. Included in this
field are studies of mutations and chromosomal rearrangements, the evolutionary process,
the identification of sequence patterns conferring function in proteins and nucleic acids,
and the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of organisms and the molecules that
they make. All of these studies rely on comparisons of nucleotide or amino acid sequences.
In this tutorial, you will be introduced to some of the fundamental principles of molecular
evolution and the types of bioinformatics tools that are used in evolutionary studies. We
will begin by carrying out a manual sequence comparison, so that the basic concepts can
be introduced, and the remainder of the project will be carried out at The Biology
Workbench, a set of bioinformatics analysis programs managed by The San Diego
Supercomputing Center at the University of California, San Diego.
Objectives
• To introduce the principles of molecular evolution
• To acquaint you with the tools that are available to compare nucleotide and
amino acid sequences
• To learn about the use of protein sequences in reconstructions of evolutionary history
Project
Branching evolution occurs when one ancestral species gives rise to two or more progeny
species. However, speciation events don't involve the vast majority of the genes in a
genome. That is, for most genes, both of the progeny species inherit identical genes from
the ancestor. Following speciation, these genes evolve independently in the separate
lineages. Studies of molecular evolution therefore rely heavily on comparisons of related
sequences from different organisms.
Shown below is an alignment of two homologous sequences that we will use as a starting
place. Homologous sequences are sequences that have descended from a common
ancestral sequence. You can't meaningfully compare sequences unless they are
homologous. This alignment uses the single letter amino acid code, in which G represents
glycine, Q represents glutamine, etc. The aligned proteins have been shown to be involved
in the metabolism of similar, but different, toxic compounds. As you can see, these amino
acid sequences are very similar and it is easy to recognize that they are related by common
descent.
2
dntAc: KMGVDDEVIVSRQNDGSVR
nahAc: KMGIDDEVIVSRQSDGSIR
An expanded version of this alignment is shown below. In this expanded alignment, both
the amino acids and the corresponding DNA nucleotides are shown. For ease of analysis,
the codons have been broken into separate entries in a table.
Alignment of nahAc and dntAc sequences.
K M G V D E V I V
dntAc AAA ATG GGC GTC GAT GAA GTC ATC GTC
nahAc ...
Similar to Mitosis Exploring Cell Division in Plants andAnimalsHands-o.docx (20)
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE Chester & Wayne is a regional .docxannandleola
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE
Chester & Wayne is a regional food distribution company. Mr. Chester, CEO, has asked your
assistance in preparing cash-flow information for the last three months of this year. Selected
accounts from an interim balance sheet dated September 30, have the following balances:
Cash $142,100 Accounts payable $354,155
Marketable securities 200,000 Other payables 53,200
Accounts receivable $1,012,500
Inventories 150,388
Mr. Wayne, CFO, provides you with the following information based on experience and
management policy. All sales are credit sales and are billed the last day of the month of sale.
Customers paying within 10 days of the billing date may take a 2 percent cash discount. Forty
percent of the sales is paid within the discount period in the month following billing. An
additional 25 percent pays in the same month but does not receive the cash discount. Thirty
percent is collected in the second month after billing; the remainder is uncollectible. Additional
cash of $24,000 is expected in October from renting unused warehouse space.
Sixty percent of all purchases, selling and administrative expenses, and advertising expenses is
paid in the month incurred. The remainder is paid in the following month. Ending inventory is
set at 25 percent of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. The company's gross profit
averages 30 percent of sales for the month. Selling and administrative expenses follow the
formula of 5 percent of the current month's sales plus $75,000, which includes depreciation of
$5,000. Advertising expenses are budgeted at 3 percent of sales.
Actual and budgeted sales information is as follows:
Actual: Budgeted:
August $750,000 October $826,800
September 787,500 November 868,200
December 911,600
January 930,000
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
Questions (use of spreadsheet software is recommended):
1. Prepare a cash budget for each month of the fourth quarter and for the quarter in total.
Prepare supporting schedules as needed. (Round all budge.
CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervos.docxannandleola
"CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervosa 1. Repeated binge-eating episodes. 2. Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain. 3. Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months. 4. Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself. (Based on APA, 2013.) Rita was a 26-year-old manager of a local Italian restaurant and lived in the same city as her parents. Her childhood was not a happy one. Her parents divorced when she was about 5 years of age. She and her three older brothers remained with their mother, who often seemed overwhelmed with her situation and unable to run the household effectively. Rita would often refer to her childhood as utterly chaotic, as if no one were in charge. Within a 12-month period, 1 percent to 1.5 percent of individuals will meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa; at least 90 percent of cases occur in females (APA, 2013). She nevertheless muddled through. When her brothers were finally all off to college or beyond, Rita entered high school, and the household seemed more manageable. Ultimately, she developed a close relationship with her mother, indeed too close, Rita suspected. Her mother seemed like her closest friend, at times the entire focus of her social life. They were both women alone, so to speak, and relied heavily on one another for comfort and support, preventing Rita from developing serious friendships. The two often went shopping together. Rita would give her mother an update on the most recent fashion trends, and her mother would talk to Rita about “how important it is to look good and be put together in this day and age.” Rita didn’t mind the advice, but sometimes she did wonder if her mother kept saying that as a way of telling her that she didn’t think she looked good. Rita later attended a local public college, majoring in business. However, she quit after 3 years to take a job at the restaurant. She had begun working in the restaurant part-time while a sophomore and after 2 years was offered the position of daytime manager. It was a well-paying job, and since her interest was business anyway, Rita figured it made sense to seize an attractive business opportunity. Her mother was not very supportive of her decision to leave college, but Rita reassured her that she intended to go back and finish up after she had worked for a while and saved some money. Just before leaving college, Rita began a serious relationship with a man whom she met at school. Their interest in each other grew, and they eventually got engaged. Everything seemed to be going well when out of the blue, her fiancé’s mental state began to deteriorate. Ultimately he manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. As his impairment extended from days to months and then to more than a year, Rita finally had to end the engagement; she had to pick up the pieces and go on without him. She felt .
Case 9 Bulimia Nervosa in Gorenstein and Comer (2014)Rita was a.docxannandleola
Rita is a 26-year-old woman who struggles with bulimia nervosa. She engages in binge eating episodes 2-3 times per week, consuming over 4,000 calories in a single sitting. After binges, she purges through vomiting to avoid weight gain. Rita is preoccupied with her weight and body image. Though her weight is in the normal range, she is highly critical of her body and engages in frequent weighing, clothing comparisons, and mirror checking. Her disordered eating patterns have become more severe over time, further compromising her physical and mental health.
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59Must the a.docxannandleola
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59
“Must the agony of Bosnia-Herzegovina be regarded, with whatever regrets, as somebody else’s trouble?
We don’t think so, but the arguments on behalf of that view deserve an answer. Among them are the
following:
The Balkan conflict is a civil war and unlikely to spread beyond the borders of the former
Yugoslavia. Wrong. Belgrade has missiles trained on Vienna. Tito’s Yugoslavia claimed, by way of
Macedonia, that northern Greece as far south as Thessaloniki belonged under its sovereignty. Those
claims may return. ‘Civil’ war pitting non-Slavic Albanians against Serbs could spread to Albania,
Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece.
The United States has no strategic interest in the Balkans. Wrong. No peace, no peace dividend.
Unless the West can impose the view that ethnic purity can no longer be the basis for national
sovereignty, then endless national wars will replace the Cold War. This threat has appeared in
genocidal form in Bosnia. If it cannot be contained here, it will erupt elsewhere, and the Clinton
administration’s domestic agenda will be an early casualty.
If the West intervenes on behalf of the Bosnians, the Russians will do so on behalf of the Serbs, and
the Cold War will be reborn. Wrong. The Russians have more to fear from ‘ethnic cleansing’ than
any people on Earth. Nothing would reassure them better than a new, post-Cold War Western
policy of massive, early response against the persecution of national minorities, including the
Russian minorities found in every post-Soviet republic. The Russian right may favor the Serbs, but
Russian self-interest lies elsewhere.
The Serbs also have their grievances. Wrong. They do, but their way of responding to these
grievances, according to the State Department’s annual human rights report, issued this past week,
‘dwarfs anything seen in Europe since Nazi times.’ Via the Genocide Convention, armed
intervention is legal as well as justified.
The UN peace plan is the only alternative. Wrong. Incredibly, the plan proposes the reorganization
of Bosnia-Herzegovina followed by a cease-fire. A better first step would be a UN declaration that
any nation or ethnic group proceeding to statehood on the principle of ethnic purity is an outlaw
state and will be treated as such. As now drafted, the UN peace plan, with a map of provinces that
not one party to the conflict accepts, is really a plan for continued ‘ethnic cleansing.’”
Case 8.2 Images, Arguments, and the Second Persian Gulf Crisis, 1990–
1991
The analysis of policy arguments can be employed to investigate the ways that policymakers represent or
structure problems (Chapter 3). We can thereby identify the images, or problem representations, that
shape processes of making and justifying decisions. For example, during times of crisis, the images which
United States policymakers have of another country affect deliberations about the use of peacekeeping
and negotiation, the imposition of economic sanctions, o.
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last La.docxannandleola
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last Laugh!
In August 2009, Facebook turned down job applicant Brian Acton, an experienced engineer who had previously worked at Yahoo and Apple. More than 4 years later, Facebook paid him $3 billion to acquire his 20% stake of WhatsApp, a start-up he had cofounded immediately after Facebook rejected his job application.(1) WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary, cross-platform, instant-messaging subscription service for smartphones and selected feature phones that use the Internet for communication. In addition to text messaging, users can send each other images, video, and audio media messages, as well as their location using integrated mapping features.(2) How could Facebook, a highly successful firm, have made such a drastic mistake?
Back in 2009, Brian Acton was a software engineer who was out of work for what seemed like a very long time. He believed he had what it took to make a difference in the industry, but his career did not work out as planned. Even though he spent years at Apple and Yahoo, he got rejected many times by Twitter and Facebook.(3) Acton described the details of the interview process that he failed to do well in as follows:
First of all, interviewing a person for a job that requires technical skills is difficult for both the interviewer and the interviewee. Facebook is a highly desirable firm to work for and requires the best skills and talents from all of their potential employees. It is therefore not surprising that the selection process rivals, if not tops, any company in the industry. The process starts with an email or a phone call from a recruiter in response to an online application or [to] a recommendation from a friend who may work for Facebook. Sometimes, in the initial chat online, timed software coding challenges are set to find the best performers. If this chat goes well, an applicant will go on to the next level—an initial in-person interview or phone screening.(4)
In this next hurdle, the applicant will have a 45-minute chat with a fellow engineer/potential coworker, [with] whom he or she shares the same area of expertise. They will tell you about their job and what their role is in Facebook; then they ask about the applicant’s résumé, motivation, and interests. Additionally, the applicant will be tested about his or her technical skills, coding exercises, and programming abilities.(5)
If successful, the applicant will be invited for back-to-back interviews. This part of the process is very grueling and stressful since all the interviews take place throughout a single day. The candidate will also be asked to manually write a program on a whiteboard to make sure that the applicant is knowledgeable about program writing. The goal in this final step is to see how one approaches a problem and comes up with a solution [that] is simple enough to solve in 10–30 minutes and can be easily explained.(6)
As a potential coworker, the applicant will be te.
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing SalespersonEd Markham.docxannandleola
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing Salesperson
Ed Markham, the African American sales manager at WCTV, is considering how to handle a problem with one of his salespersons, Jane Folsom, who is White. Ed was promoted to sales manager three months ago after working at WCTV for 2 years. He earned his promotion by exceeding sales goals every month after his first on the job. He developed a research report using secondary data like MRI and the Lifestyle Market Analyst to analyze the market. His former boss praised the report, gave a copy to all salespersons, and included a summary of it in the rate card. When his former boss left for a new job in a larger market, he recommended Ed as his replacement.
Jane has been a salesperson at WCTV for 2 years. For most of that time, she has exceeded sales quotas about as much as Ed had. For the past 3 months, she has not met sales quotas. After his second month as sales manager, Ed talked to Jane about her performance. She attributed her below-average performance to the closing of a major advertiser, Anthony’s Fashions. This local clothing store closed because several major retailers, including JC Penney and Dillard’s, had opened at the local mall.
Ed listened to Jane’s explanation and then suggested ways to obtain new clients. He asked Jane whether she had set personal sales goals, set up a prospect file of new and inactive advertisers as well as existing businesses that were potential clients, come up with research and data on the market to use in presentations and reports to clients, come up with new ideas or opportunities to advertise for clients, or asked her clients about their needs and goals (Shaver, 1995). Jane said no, she simply telephoned or visited her clients regularly to see if they wanted to run ads.
Ed also asked Jane why several of her clients had not paid their bills. He explained that a salesperson must check out a client’s ability to pay before running a schedule. Jane replied that she was not aware of that fact and that no one had ever trained her to sell. She had sold time for a radio station before, but that was all the training she had. Ed’s predecessor had just hired her and cut her loose.
Ed gave Jane a memo after their first meeting a month ago asking her to focus on sales training for the next month. First, she should read Shaver’s (1995) Making the Sale! How to Sell Media With Marketing. He gave her a copy, told her to read it, and asked her to contact him if she had any questions. After reading the book, he told her that she should establish written personal sales goals, begin to develop a prospect file (with two new and two inactive clients), and develop three ideas for new advertising opportunities for existing clients. In the memo, Ed told Jane that he would not hold her to sales performance standards that month. He wanted Jane to focus on doing the background work he assigned to help her improve her future sales performance.
At the meeting a month later, Ed discovered.
Case 5.6Kelo v City of New London545 U.S. 469 (2005)Ye.docxannandleola
Case 5.6
Kelo v City of New London
545 U.S. 469 (2005)
Yes, Actually, They Can Take That Away From You
Facts
In 1978, the city of New London, Connecticut, undertook a redevelopment plan for purposes of creating a redeveloped area in and around the existing park at Fort Trumbull. The plan sought to develop the related ambience a state park should have, including the absence of pink cottages and other architecturally eclectic homes. Part of the redevelopment plan was the city’s deal with Pfizer Corporation for the location of its research facility in the area. The preface to the city’s development plan included the following statement of goals and purpose:
To create a development that would complement the facility that Pfizer was planning to build, create jobs, increase tax and other revenues, encourage public access to and use of the city’s waterfront, and eventually “build momentum” for the revitalization of the rest of the city, including its downtown area.
The affected property owners, including Susette Kelo, live in homes and cottages (15 total) located in and around other existing structures that would be permitted to stay in the area designated for the proposed new structures (under the city’s economic development plan) that would be placed there primarily by private land developers and corporations. The city was assisted by a private, nonprofit corporation, the New London Development Corporation (NLDC), in the development of the economic plan and piloting it through the various governmental processes, including that of city council approval. The central focus of the plan was getting Pfizer to the Fort Trumbull area (where the homeowners and their properties were located) with the hope of a resulting economic boost that such a major corporate employer can bring to an area.
Kelo and the other landowners whose homes would be razed to make room for Pfizer and the accompanying and resulting economic development plan filed suit challenging New London’s legal authority to take their homes. The trial court issued an injunction preventing New London from taking certain of the properties but allowing others to be taken. The appellate court found for New London on all the claims, and the landowners (petitioners) appealed.
Judicial Opinion
STEVENS, Justice Two polar propositions are perfectly clear. On the one hand, it has long been accepted that the sovereign may not take the property of A for the sole purpose of transferring it to another private party B, even though A is paid just compensation. On the other hand, it is equally clear that a State may transfer property from one private party to another if future “use by the public” is the purpose of the taking; the condemnation of land for a railroad with common-carrier duties is a familiar example. Neither of these propositions, however, determines the disposition of this case.
The disposition of this case therefore turns on the question whether the City’s development plan serves a “public purpos.
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF.docxannandleola
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, 379 U.S. 203 (1964).
[After receiving union proposals for contract revisions for the benefit of the maintenance workers at the company’s Emeryville, California, plant, the company advised the union that negotiations for a new contract would be pointless because it had definitely decided to contract out the work performed by the employees covered by the agreement upon the expiration of the agreement. The company planned to replace these employees with an independent contractor’s employees and expected that substantial savings would be effected by this contracting-out of the work. The Board ordered the company to reinstate the maintenance operation with the union employees, reinstate the employees with back pay, and fulfill its statutory bargaining obligation. The court of appeals granted the Board’s enforcement petition, and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.]
WARREN, C. J.... I. Section 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act provides that it shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer “to refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his employees.” Collective bar- gaining is defined in Section 8(d)
as the performance of the mutual obligation of the employer and the representative of the employees to meet at reasonable times and confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment.
“Read together, these provisions establish the obligation of the employer and the representative of its employees to bargain with each other in good faith with respect to ‘wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment....’ The duty is limited to those subjects, and within that area neither is legally obligated to yield. Labor Board v. American Ins. Co., 343 U.S. 395. As to other matters, however, each party is free to bargain or not to bargain....” Labor Board v. Wooster Div. of Borg-Warner Corp., 356 U.S. 342, 349. Because of the limited grant of certiorari, we are concerned here only with whether the subject upon which the employer allegedly refused to bargain— contracting out of plant maintenance work previously performed by employees in the bargaining unit, which the employees were capable of continuing to perform—is covered by the phrase “terms and conditions of employment” within the meaning of Section 8(d).
The subject matter of the present dispute is well within the literal meaning of the phrase “terms and conditions of employment.”
As the Court of Appeals pointed out, it is not necessary that it be likely or probable that the union will yield or supply a feasible solution but rather that the union be afforded an opportunity to meet management’s legitimate complaints that its maintenance was unduly costly.
We are thus not expanding the scope of mandatory bargaining to hold, as we do now, that the type of “contracting out” involved in this case—the replacement of employees in the exi.
Case 4 The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal1. What we.docxannandleola
Case 4:
The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal
1. What were the root causes for Husi’s misbehavior?
2. What are the major challenges faced by the multinationals such as McDonald’s in supply chain management in China?
3. Should McDonald’s be held responsible for the scandal? How could McDonald’s avoid similar situations from happening again?
4. Should OSI be held responsible for the scandal? What should OSI do to prevent similar situations from happening again?
.
Case 3 Neesha Wilson Phoenix Rising Risks, Protective Factors, and.docxannandleola
Neesha Wilson, a 10-year-old African American girl, was referred for assessment by her school due to poor academic performance and behavioral issues. She lives with her mother and older brother, as her father left the family 3 years ago. Testing showed Neesha's intellectual abilities were likely underestimated and her academic skills were well above grade level, though she was repeating 4th grade. Neesha reported worries about school performance and family stressors, and showed signs of anxiety through somatic symptoms like fatigue. While most scores were normal, elevated scales indicated concerns with negative mood, physiological arousal, and somatic complaints.
Case 48 Sun Microsystems Done by Nour Abdulaziz Maryam .docxannandleola
Case 48: Sun Microsystems
Done by: Nour Abdulaziz
Maryam Barifah
Shrouq Al-Jaadi
Balqees Mekhalfi
Yara El-Feki
Introduction
•In 2009, Oracle was planning to acquire Sun Microsystems.
•This acquisition would allow Oracle;
•to further diversify their brand, customers and acquire various new platforms that would be added to their portfolio such as MySQL, Solaris and Java.
•Oracle originally placed an offer of $9.50 per share price which is considerably higher than Sun Microsystem’s price that is $6.69.
•This will cut the production costs and make the company more efficient throughout all the value chain.
•Oracle aimed to capitalize on Sun Microsystem’s decline by getting particular assets or the whole company at the deflated price.
Is Sun Microsystems a good strategic fit for Oracle? Should Oracle acquire Sun Microsystems?
- as it will allow them to achieve their vision of becoming the Apple of the software industry.
- it will allow the company to deliver high-quality customer products by combining both hardware and software components, hence reducing the consumer setup process.
Continue
It will provide Oracle with the needed expansion.
-This acquisition fits Oracle’s overall strategy which is to improve through acquiring and effectively integrating other companies
Worth of Sun Microsystems and Valuation Approaches
To know how much Sun Microsystems worth, we must find the Stand Alone Value of the company.
The Stand Alone value represents the present value of Sun Microsystem individually before factoring the synergy that would be created when Oracle acquires Sun.
Another method is the value of Sun Microsystem with synergies, which after being acquired by Oracle, must be found. This is done to see whether or not the acquisition was a proper strategic decision or not
Another method of valuing the Sun Microsystem is through the comparative company analysis (CCA). That is done through the thorough assessment of rival and peer businesses of similar size and industry.
Finally, the acquisition price, which is the price that is paid to the target when it is first acquired, is also used as a separate method of valuation. The value of the acquisition price ranges between the values of the stand-alone and the synergies.
USING THE DCF
To be able to find the values of both, the Stand Alone and the synergies, we have decided the best way to do so is by calculating the discounted cash flow (DCF) by using the multiples and the perpetuity growth methods and finding the average of both.
DCF Using Multiples MethodDCF Using Perpetuity Growth MethodIt does not consider long-term growth rate or the economics of business.This method seems inaccurate as the company assumes a certain growth rate will remains the same 2014 onwards (forever) which is unrealistic.It is considered a challenging method to use as it is very difficult to identify truly comparable companies.
USING THE WACC
The weig.
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis The immune response turns agai.docxannandleola
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis
The immune response turns against the host.
The specific adaptive immune response can, in rare instances, be mounted
against self antigens and cause autoimmune disease. Injury to body tissues
can result from antibodies directed against cell-surface or extracellular-matrix
molecules, from antibodies bound to circulating molecules that deposit as
immune complexes, or from clones of T cells that react with self antigens. A
special class of autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies against cell
surface receptors (Fig. 42.1). Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis are two
well-studied examples . Graves' disease is caused by autoantibodies against
the receptor on thyroid cells for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), secreted
by the pituitary gland. In this disease, autoantibody binds to the TSH recep
tor; like TSH, it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
In myasthenia gravis, the opposite effect is observed: antibodies against the
acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction impede the binding of
acetylcholine and stimulate internalization of the receptor, thereby block
ing the t ransmission of nerve impulses by acetylcholine (Fig. 42.2). In addi
tion, the presence of autoantibodies at the neuromuscular junction initiates
complement-mediated lysis ofthe muscle endplate and damages the muscle
membrane.
Myasthenia gravis means severe (gravis) muscle (my) weakness (asthenia).
This disease was first identified as an autoimmune disease when an immun
ologist immunized rabbits with purified acetylcholine receptors to obtain
antibodies against this receptor. He noticed that the rabbits developed floppy
ears, like the droopy eyelids (ptosis) that are the most characteristic symptom
of myasthenia gravis in humans. Subsequently, patients with this disease
were found to have antibodies against the acetycholine receptor. In addition,
pregnant women with myasthenia gravis transfer the disease to their newborn
infants. As IgG is the only maternal serum protein that crosses the placenta
fro m mother to fetus, neonatal myasthenia gravis is clear evidence that
myasthenia gravis is caused by an anti-IgG antibody. More recently, patients
with myasthenia gravis have been identified who have autoantibodies against
muscle-specific kinase (MUSK) rather than the acetylcholine receptor.
MUSK is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in clustering acetylcholine
receptors; therefore, these autoantibodies also inhibit signaling through the
neuromuscular junction.
Topics bearing on
this case:
Humoral autoimmunity
Transfer of maternal
antibodies
Mechanisms for
breaking tolerance
This case was prepared by RaifGeha , MD, in collaboration with Janet Chou, MD.
~ Case 42: Myasthenia Gravis
Fig. 42.1 Autoimmune diseases caused
by antibody against surface or matrix
antigens. These are known as type II
autoimmune diseases. Damage by
IgE-mediated responses (type I) does no.
Case 4 JetBlue Delighting Customers Through Happy JettingIn the.docxannandleola
Case 4 JetBlue: Delighting Customers Through Happy Jetting
In the early years, JetBlue was a thriving young airline with a strong reputation for outstanding service. In fact, the low-fare airline referred to itself as a customer service company that just happened to fly planes. But on a Valentine’s Day, JetBlue was hit by the perfect storm, literally, of events that led to an operational meltdown. One of the most severe storms of the decade covered JetBlue’s main hub at New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport with a thick layer of snow and ice. JetBlue did not have the infrastructure to deal with such a crisis. The severity of the storm, coupled with a series of poor management decisions, left JetBlue passengers stranded in planes on the runway for up to 11 hours. Worse still, the ripple effect of the storm created major JetBlue flight disruptions for six more days. Understandably, customers were livid. JetBlue’s efforts to clean up the mess following the six-day Valentine’s Day nightmare cost over $30 million in overtime, flight refunds, vouchers for future travel, and other expenses. But the blow to the company’s previously stellar customer-service reputation stung far more than the financial fallout. JetBlue became the butt of jokes by late night talk show hosts. Some industry observers even predicted that this would be the end
of JetBlue. But just three years later, the company is not only still flying, it is growing, profitable, and hotter than ever. During a serious economic downturn competing airlines were cut routes, retiring aircraft, laying off employees, and lost money. JetBlue added planes, expanded into new cities, hired thousands of new employees, and turning profits.
Truly Customer Focused What’s the secret to JetBlue’s success? Quite simply, it’s an obsession with making sure that every customer experience lives up to the company slogan, “Happy Jetting.” Lots of companies say they focus on customers. But at JetBlue, customer well-being is ingrained in the culture. From the beginning, JetBlue set out to provide features that would delight customers. For example, most air travelers expect to be squashed when flying coach. But JetBlue has configured its seats with three more inches of legroom than the average airline seat. That may not sound like much. But those three inches allow six-foot three-inch Arianne Cohen, author of The Tall Book: A Celebration of Life from on High, to stretch out and even cross her legs. If that’s not enough, for as little as $10 per flight, travelers can reserve one of JetBlue’s “Even More Legroom” seats, which offer even more space and a flatter recline position. Add the fact that every JetBlue seat is well padded and covered in leather, and you already have an air travel experience that rivals first-class accommodations (something JetBlue doesn’t offer). Food and beverage is another perk that JetBlue customers enjoy. The airline doesn’t serve meals, but it offers the best selection of free.
Case 4-2 Hardee TransportationThe Assignment Answer the four .docxannandleola
Case 4-2 Hardee Transportation
The Assignment: Answer the four (4) questions at the end of Case 4-2
Resources: Course Textbook, Appendix 4B, Table 4B-1, Attached worksheet (Word or Excel format)
Acceptable Length:
Show your work for solution to questions 1 and 2
. Well-written responses to question 3 and 4.
Formatting Requirements:
Enter your name and date
Provide well-structured solutions/answers- incomplete answers will receive partial credit
Show your work
2. Answer case questions,
using the attached word template or excel document
. Complete assignment and submit as an attachment using the assignment link when finished.
.
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!1. Descri.docxannandleola
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!
1. Describe the inadequacies in the corporate governance system at Halliburton.
2. Consider the role of KPMG in the case with respect to the accounting and auditing issues. How did the firms’ actions relate to the ethical and professional expectations for CPAs by the accounting profession?
3. The Halliburton case took place before the Dodd-Frank Financial Reform Act was adopted by Congress. Assume Dodd-Frank had been in effect and Menendez decided to inform the SEC under Dodd-Frank rather than SOX because it had been more than 180 days since the accounting violation had occurred. Given the facts of the case would Menendez have qualified for whistleblower protection? Explain.
4. Some critics claim that while Menendez’s actions may have been courageous, he harmed others along the way. His family was in limbo for many years and had to deal with the agony of being labeled a whistleblower and disloyal to Halliburton. The company’s overall revenue did not change; a small amount was merely shifted to an earlier period. Halliburton didn't steal any money, they didn't cheat the IRS, they didn't cheat their customers or their employees. In fact, they lessened their cash flows by paying out taxes earlier than they should have under the rules. How do you respond to these criticisms?
.
Case 3 Ford’s Pinto Fires The Retrospective View of Ford’s Fiel.docxannandleola
Case 3
Ford’s Pinto Fires: The Retrospective View of Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Brief Overview of the Ford Pinto Fires
Determined to compete with fuel- efficient Volkswagen and Japanese imports, the Ford Motor Company introduced the subcompact Pinto in the 1971 model year. Lee Iacocca, Ford’s president at the time, insisted that the Pinto weigh no more than 2,000 pounds and cost no more than $2,000. Even with these restrictions, the Pinto met federal safety standards, although some people have argued that strict adherence to the restrictions led Ford engineers to compromise safety. Some 2 million units were sold during the 10- year life of the Pinto.
The Pinto’s major design flaw— a fuel tank prone to rupturing with moderate speed rear- end collisions— surfaced not too long after the Pinto’s entrance to the market. In April 1974, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to recall Ford Pintos due to the fuel tank design defect. The Center for Auto Safety’s petition was based on reports from attorneys of three deaths and four serious injuries in moderate- speed rear- end collisions involving Pintos. The NHTSA did not act on this petition until 1977. As a result of tests performed for the NHTSA, as well as the extraordinary amount of publicity generated by the problem, Ford agreed, on June 9, 1978, to recall 1.5 million 1971– 1976 Ford Pintos and 30,000 1975– 1976 Mercury Bobcat sedan and hatchback models for modifications to the fuel tank. Recall notices were mailed to the affected Pinto and Bobcat owners in September 1978. Repair parts were to be delivered to all dealers by September 15, 1978.
Unfortunately, the recall was initiated too late for six people. Between June 9 and September 15, 1978, six people died in Pinto fires after a rear impact. Three of these people were teenage girls killed in Indiana in August 1978 when their 1973 Pinto burst into flames after being rear- ended by a van. The fiery deaths of the Indiana teenagers led to criminal prosecution of the Ford Motor Company on charges of reckless homicide, marking the first time that an American corporation
was prosecuted on criminal charges. In the trial, which commenced on January 15, 1980, “Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were prone to catch fire during rear- end collisions but failed to warn the public or fix the problem out of concern for profits.” On March 13, 1980, a jury found Ford innocent of the charges. Production of the Pinto was discontinued in the fall of 1980.
Enter Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Dennis A. Gioia, currently a professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Pennsylvania State University, was the field recall coordinator at Ford Motor Company as the Pinto fuel tank defect began unfolding. Gioia’s responsibilities included the operational coordination of all the current recall
92 Business Ethics
campaigns, tracking incoming information.
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017John D. Var.docxannandleola
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017
John D. Varlaro
Johnson & Wales University
John E. Gamble
Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
Locally produced or regional craft beers caused a seismic shift in the U.S. beer industry during the early 2010s with the gains of the small, regional newcomers coming at the expense of such well-known brands as Budweiser, Miller, Coors, and Bud Light. Craft breweries, which by definition sold fewer than 6 million barrels (bbls) per year, expanded rapidly with the deregulation of intrastate alcohol distribution and retail laws and a change in consumer preferences toward unique and high-quality beers. The growing popularity of craft beers allowed the total beer industry in the United States to increase by 6.7 percent annually between 2011 and 2016 to reach $39.5 billion. The production of U.S. craft breweries more than doubled from 11.5 million bbls per year to about 24.6 million bbls per year during that time. In addition, production by microbreweries and brewpubs accounted for 90 percent of craft brewer growth in 2016.1
The industry had begun to show signs of a slowdown going into 2017, with Boston Beer Company, the second largest craft brewery in the United States and known for its Samuel Adams brand, experiencing a 4 percent sales decline in 2016 that erased two years of of growth. The annual revenues of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA, whose portfolio included global brands Budweiser, Corona, and Stella Artois and numerous international and local brands, remained relatively consistent from 2014 to 2016. However, the sales volume of Anheuser-Busch’s flagship brands and its newly acquired and international brands such as Corona, Goose Island, Shock Top, Beck’s, and St. Pauli Girl allowed it to control 45.8 percent of the U.S. market for beer in 2016.2
Industry competition was increasing as grain price fluctuations affected cost structures and growing consolidation within the beer industry—led most notably by AB InBev’s acquisition of several craft breweries, Grupo Modelo, and its pending $104 billion acquisition of SABMiller—created a battle for market share. While the market for specialty beer was expected to gradually plateau by 2020, it appeared that the slowing growth had arrived by 2017. Nevertheless, craft breweries and microbreweries were expected to expand in number and in terms of market share as consumers sought out new pale ales, stouts, wheat beers, pilsners, and lagers with regional or local flairs.The Beer Market
The total economic impact of the beer market was estimated to be 2.0 percent of the total U.S. GDP in 2016 when variables such as jobs within beer production, sales, and distribution were included.3Exhibit 1 presents annual beer production statistics for the United States between 2006 and 2016.
Year
Barrels Produced (in millions)*
2006
198
2007
200
2008
200
2009
197
2010
195
2011
193
2012
196
2013
192
2014
193
2015
191
2016
189
*Rounded to the nearest million. .
CASE 3.2 Ethics, Schmethics-Enrons Code of EthicsIn Jul.docxannandleola
CASE 3.2 "Ethics, Schmethics"-Enron's Code of Ethics
In July 2000, Enron Corporation published an internal code of ethics docu-
ment that ran 64 pages in length (see the Appendix 1).Page 12 of the document
proudly announced the company's position on business ethics:
Employees of Enron Corp., its subsidiaries, and its affiliated companies
(collectively the "Company") are charged with conducting their business
affairs in accordance with the highest ethical standards. An employee
shall not conduct himself or herself in a manner which directly or indi-
rectly would be detrimental to the best interests of the Company or in
a manner which would bring to the employee financial gain separately
derived as a direct consequence of his or her employment with the Com-
pany. Moral as well as legal obligations will be fulfilled openly, promptly,
and in a manner which will reflect pride on the Company's name.
Products and services of the Company will be of the highest quality and
as represented. Advertising and promotion will be truthful, not exagger-
ated or misleading.
Agreements, whether contractual or verbal, will be honored. No bribes,
bonuses, kickbacks, lavish entertainment, or gifts will be given or received
. in exchange for special position, price or privilege . . . Relations with
the Company's many publics-customers, stockholders, governments,
employees, suppliers, press, and bankers-will be conducted in honesty,
candor, and fairness." .- ~ ~ ~ -
Subsequent investigations into the inner workings of Enron Corp. revealed that
the only time this code of ethics received formal attention (other than, presum-
ably,when it was created and formally accepted) was when the board of directors
voted to waive key provisions of the code in order to allow the off-balance-sheet
partnerships that Chief Financial Officer Andy Fastow ultimately used to hide
over half a billion dollars of debt from analysts and investors.
A more realistic picture of the apparent flexibility of Enron's ethical culture
can be found in the extreme conflict of interest represented in its relationship
with Arthur Andersen. Andersen provided both consulting and auditing ser-
vices for fees running into millions of dollars-money that became so critical to
Andersen's continued growth that its employees were encouraged to sign off on
off-balance-sheet transactions-transactions that were not shown on Enron's
publicly-reported balance sheet-that stretched the limits of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) to their furthest edges. In addition, Enron hired
former Andersen employees to manage the affairs of their former colleagues,
which further strengthened the conflict of interest in a relationship that was
supposed, at the very least, to be at arm's length, and, at best, above reproach.
1. What is the purpose of a code of ethics?
2. Do you think the employees of Enron Corp. were told about the vote to put
aside key elements of the code of ethics? If not, why not? If they had .
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Mitosis Exploring Cell Division in Plants andAnimalsHands-o.docx
1. Mitosis: Exploring Cell Division in Plants and
Animals
Hands-on labs, inc. Version 42-0095-00-01
LAB REPORT
PHOTOS – Include the digital photos with your lab report,
either as separate
attachments to an e-mail or paste into your document.
1. Photo #1 – Take a photo of the setup, including labels, for
the END OF S PHASE
submit only drawings of the others
2. Photo #2 – Take a photo of the setup, including labels, for
the END OF ANAPHASE
3. Photo #3 - Take a photo of the setup, including labels, for the
END OF TELOPHASE
Exercise 1: Modeling Mitosis
Observations:
G1 Phase
5. Questions:
A. What types of cells use mitosis for division? List at least
three types and provide a two- to
three-sentence description of when and why these cells undergo
mitosis.
B. Explain why interphase must precede any type of cell
division.
Exercise 2: observing Mitosis
OMIT
Exercise 3: Time for Cell Replication
Observations:
6. Use the following website to do the procedure instead of the
slides.
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/ce
ll_cycle.html
Fill in FIELD #1, Percent of total cells counted, and
time in each stage.
Data Table 1: Observation data for cellular mitotic cycle.
Sample class data/ actual data will vary. This data was taken
from a large field of view.
Number of Cells
Percent of Total Cells Counted
Time in Each
Stage (min)
Field 1
Field 2
Field 3
Total
interphase
----------
----------
8. Question:
A. Based on the data in Data Table 1, what can be inferred
about the relative length of time an onion root-tip cell spends in
each stage of cell division?
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12. PHOTOS
–
Include
the
digital photos with your lab report, either as separate
attachments to an e
-
mail or paste into your document.
1.
Photo #1
–
Take a photo of the setup, including labels
,
for the END OF S PHASE
submit only drawings of the others
2.
Photo #2
–
Take a photo of
the setup, including labels
13. ,
for the END OF ANAPHASE
3.
Photo #3
-
Take a photo of the setup, including labels
,
for the END OF TELOPHASE
E
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cise 1:
Modeling
Mi
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osis
Observations:
G1
15. Mitosis: Exploring Cell Division in Plants and
Animals
Hands-on labs, inc. Version 42-0095-00-01
LAB REPORT
PHOTOS – Include the digital photos with your lab report,
either as separate
attachments to an e-mail or paste into your document.
1. Photo #1 – Take a photo of the setup, including labels, for
the END OF S PHASE
submit only drawings of the others
2. Photo #2 – Take a photo of the setup, including labels, for
the END OF ANAPHASE
3. Photo #3 - Take a photo of the setup, including labels, for the
END OF TELOPHASE
Exercise 1: Modeling Mitosis
Observations:
G1 Phase
16. End of S Phase
MITOSIS Lab
Below is a listing which will help you to prepare for the quiz
and lab on this
material.
CONTENT TO KNOW:
I. Mitosis - a process of nuclear division which produces
daughter cells that are genetically
identical to the parent DNA. Purpose: growth and development
II. The Cell Cycle – the cell spends 90% of its time in
INTERPHASE; only a small
portion of the time is it undergoing MITOSIS (actual division);
17. interphase consists of
3 phases:
INTERPHASE has 3 stages:
• G1 - growth phase (or GAP)
• S - synthesis phase, DNA duplicated (replicated)
o G2 - growth phase (or GAP), cell gets ready to divide
Click Here for an IMAGE of the Cell Cycle
III. Chromosomes – each chromosome is one molecule of DNA
complexed with
proteins
Click Here for an IMAGE of Chromosomes, duplicating
Diploid Cells – those cells which have PAIRS of chromosomes;
in humans the
total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell = 46 (23 pairs)
Haploid Cells – those cells which have HALF the number (23
in humans)
18. IV. The 4 Stages of Mitosis –
(PMAT)
Prophase-
• DNA condenses (thickens)
Metaphase-
• The chromosomes line up at the spindle equator, aka the
metaphase plate (middle) and
each chromatid is oriented toward opposite poles.
http://www.palmbeachstate.edu/faculty/allenc/bio/cycle.gif
http://www.palmbeachstate.edu/faculty/allenc/bio/DNA2.htm
Anaphase-
o The sister chromatids are separated
Telophase –
o 2 new cells form; new nucleus in both cells; separation
Click Here for IMAGES of Interphase & Prophase
Click Here for IMAGEs of Metaphase, Anaphase & Telophase
Click Here for a VIDEO on Mitosis
19. **Be sure you can identify the stages of mitosis in the pictures;
the major difference between
INTERPHASE and PROPHASE is that in prophase you can
actually see the strands of chromosomes;
they are not visible in Interphase.
http://www.palmbeachstate.edu/faculty/allenc/bio/mitosis1.gif
http://www.palmbeachstate.edu/faculty/allenc/bio/mitosis2.gif
http://media.palmbeachstate.edu/wmroot/instructors/allenc/How
_the_Cell_Cycle_Works.swf
Mitosis: Exploring Cell
Division in Plants and
Animals
Hands-on labs, inc.
Version 42-0095-00-01
Review the safety materials and wear goggles when
working with chemicals. Read the entire exercise
before you begin. Take time to organize the materials
you will need and set aside a safe work space in
which to complete the exercise.
Experiment Summary:
Students will study the phases of mitosis using
chromosome models and learn how to differentiate
between plant and animal mitosis. Students will
view onion root tip and whitefish blastula slides, and
21. matErials
MATERiAlS lABEl oR BoX/BAg: QTy iTEM DESCRiPTioN:
Student Provides 1
1
1
2
2
Microscope
Pencil
Pair of scissors
Sheets of white paper
Sheets of colored construction paper
1 Volunteer (Exercise 4)
1 Straw, plastic
LabPaq Provides
1 Chromosome Kit-BK – 12 Centromeres - 2
Color Bead Set (72 beads) 36 red and 36
yellow beads
Slide Box 1 Slide - Onion Root Tip
1 Slide - Whitefish Blastula
Note: The packaging and/or materials in this LabPaq may differ
26. aniMals
● Metaphase begins as the replicated chromosomes move
toward the center of the cell. This
movement is coordinated by microtubule-based spindle fibers,
which are anchored to the
centromeres and centrioles. Centrioles are not found in plant
cells, but plants still have the
spindle fibers. Microtubules are components of the cell’s
cytoskeleton. By maintaining cellular
shape and enabling various forms of movement and transport,
the cytoskeleton is a dynamic
component of the cell. Metaphase ends with the chromosomes
arranging themselves along
the equatorial plane of the cell.
● During anaphase, the spindle fibers begin to shorten and pull
the sister chromatids apart.
Subsequently, the centromeres break and the replicated
chromatids are separated, creating
two separate and identical chromosomes. As anaphase
progresses, the chromosomes are
pulled further apart.
● Telophase is the last stage of mitosis. The chromosomes
continue to migrate to the poles of
the cells, the nuclear membrane re-forms, the nucleolus
reappears, spindle fibers disintegrate,
and the chromosomes begin to unwind, becoming chromatin
again. At the close of telophase,
cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, finishes the process
of cell division. In an animal
cell, as shown in Figure 3 below, cytokinesis occurs when the
plasma membrane of the cell
30. Figure 6: Sister chromatids
12. Place the sister chromatids in the nucleus and link the sister
chromatids together at the
magnetic centromere.
13. Draw or take a photo of your cell, and label the components.
Title this picture “End of S
Phase” and include it in your lab report.
14. G2 Phase (Replication of organelles,
including centrioles): Place the other two straw pieces
inside the body of the cell, outside of the nucleus.
15. Draw or take a photo of your cell, and label the components.
Title this picture “End of G2
Phase” and include it in your lab report.
Mitosis
Prophase
Note: During this phase, the chromatids become more distinct,
but that is not demonstrated with
this exercise.
16. Move one pair of centrioles to the left side of the cell, and
the other pair to the right side of
the cell. The spindle forms between the centrioles, so imagine
that there is a spindle spanning
from one pair of centrioles to the other. Again note that plant
cells do not have centrioles, but
they would still have the spindle formed between the centrioles
that we will imagine for this
36. 2. Locate a cell in interphase.
Note: To identify this stage, find a clear nucleus.
3. Draw and label the cell in interphase.
4. Locate a cell in early and late prophase.
Note: During late prophase, distinct chromosomes are present
and the nucleoli and nuclear
envelope are absent.
5. Draw and label the cell in early and late prophase.
6. Answer Question B.
7. Identify a cell in metaphase.
Note: Find a cell showing the chromosomes aligned with the
equatorial plane. In the whitefish
blastula, this may appear as a line across the middle of the cell.
The chromosomes in the whitefish
blastula are much smaller than those of the onion.
8. Draw and label the cell during metaphase.
9. Find a cell in either early or late anaphase.
Note: Look for the separation of chromosomes.
10. Draw and label the cell in anaphase.
11. Identify a cell in telophase.
Note: Cells in telophase will have new nuclear membranes
forming which can be used to help