Mitigation strategies for flooding pdf

BY
Dhanashri Mirajkar
Roll No. 609110
M. Arch. 3rd Semester-2016-17
Department of Architecture, JNEC, Aurangabad
ADVANCED BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
An exposition on
MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR FLOODING
Ar. J. C. GogteAr. P. N. Verma
Sign of Faculty Sign of HOD

Special Thanks to :
SATURDAY FORUM TEAM, NASHIK
Mr. Sojwal Pohekar, Florida Ar. P. N. Verma Sir, Auranagabd

Table of Contents
1. Key Words
2. What is Flooding?
3. What contribute to Flooding?
4. What are the most common Flood damages?
5. What are characteristics of a SUCCESSFUL Flood Resist Building Design?
6. How to achieve a good Flood Resistance Building?
7. Illustration upon answers of Q. 5
8. Precedent of New Orlean city, USA
9. Seven Techniques in New Orlean
10. Floating House
11. Examples of Floating Buildings
12. Flood Barrier Water gate vedio
13. My Innovation
14. References

1. Key Words
Molds
Inundation An over spreading of any kind, a great influx
Amphibious Functioning in both land & water
These terms are used to indicate the regulatory
flood and flood elevation used by the community or
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
BFE/DFE
Base Flood Elevation
Design flood Elevation
Debris Any combination of soil, rock, mud, trees, or vegetation usually
transported by debris flow.
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA
Fungi

2. What is FLOODING???
FEMA more specifically defines a flood as
A general and temporary condition of partial
or complete inundation of normally dry land
areas from
(1) the overflow of inland or tidal waters
or
(2) the unusual and rapid accumulation or
runoff of surface waters from any source.
Flooding is the overflow of excess water from a water body onto adjacent lands.
Flood Resistance of the Building Envelope
by Christopher P. Jones, PE

3. What contribute to FLOODING???

3. What contribute to FLOODING???
depending on local topography and hydraulic/hydrologic conditions.
One or more water
bodies can
contribute to
flooding at a given
site
A river
A bay
A stream
Storm
water
A pond
An oceanA lake

4. What are most common Flooding damages??

4. What are most common
flooding damages?
 Degradation of building
materials, either during the
flood or sometime after the
flood, and
 Direct damage during a flood
from inundation, high velocity
flow, waves, erosion,
sedimentation and/or flood-
borne debris,
 Contamination of the
building due to flood-borne
substances or mold.

5. What are characteristics of a SUCCESSFUL Flood
Resist Building Design?

5. What are characteristics of a SUCCESSFUL
Flood Resist Building Design?
"Successful" Building Designs
A "successful" building will resist flood loads and other loads over a
period of decades, and will exhibit the following characteristics:
 any flood damage will be minor and easily repairable
 the foundation will remain intact and fully functional following a
design flood
 any breakaway enclosures below the DFE will break free without
causing damage to the elevated building, the foundation, building
access structures, or utility systems
 the building envelope will remain sound
 utility connections will be intact or easily restorable after a design
flood
 the building will be accessible and usable after a design flood

5. What are characteristics of a
SUCCESSFUL Flood Resist Building Design?
A Successful Flood-resistant design requires the
characterization of flood conditions during the design
flood, including:
source of flooding
flood depth
flood velocity
flood duration
rate of rise and fall
wave effects
flood-borne debris
scour and erosion

 1. Site Development.
 Flood Proofing
 Sealant, Flood shields, Valves
 Flood Resistant Materials
 Levees & Floodwalls
 Flood Openings
 Below BFE Elements

5. How to achieve a good
Flood Resistance Building?
 Site Development
Site
Development:
Practices
and Issues
1. Accessory
structures
Detached
garages
4. Erosion
structures
3. Fences /
privacy
walls
Filling
in site
6. Ground
Elevations
at or above
the BFE
7. Septic
systems
Free of Obstructions, Technical Bulletin 5
Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA

Accessory structures
A low cost & small structure(less than or
equal to 100 sq. ft.
Made up of metal, wood or plastic
should be provided on site
detached from main structure & should
be detachable.
Small accessory structures must be
unfinished on the interior, constructed
of flood damage-resistant materials,
used only
for storage, and, if provided with
electricity, the service
must be elevated above the BFE.
Small accessory structure anchored to
resist displacement by wind made
up of flood proof material

Detached Garages
Garages may be constructed under
elevated buildings and enclosed with
breakaway walls
These structures are not walled and roofed
in the traditional sense, and can be
designed to allow the free passage of
floodwaters and waves through structures.

Fences / privacy walls
Fences and privacy walls (including walls separating one property from
another) may obstruct or divert flood flow and waves.
They must be analyzed for their effects on flood conditions and the effects
of debris generated by fence/wall failure during flood events.
HOMEOWNER’S GUIDE FOR FLOOD, DEBRIS, AND EROSION CONTROL
RIVERSIDE FIRE DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
GUIDED BY PWD, LOS ANGELES

Erosion control structures  Strengthening the soil to resist erosion
Straw or wood chips are effective in
holding the soil in place.
 They have the added value of
increasing the organic content of the
soil.
 Either material should be worked
into the top few inches of the soil.
 Place a covering of chips 1 inch (or
less) as slope and soil conditions indicate
 Woven burlap can be laid on the
slope and tied down with stakes to
prevent lifting by wind or water .
 The burlap will decompose
eventually, but will remain long enough
for vegetation to become well
established
Unprotected
Homes cause
High erosion
Protected
Homes stop
erosion
Burlap
HOMEOWNER’S GUIDE FOR FLOOD, DEBRIS, AND EROSION CONTROL
RIVERSIDE FIRE DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
GUIDED BY PWD, LOS ANGELES

Filling in site
Type of fill.
 Fill placed on sites should be similar to natural soils in the
area.
 In many coastal areas, this will be clean sand or sandy soils,
free of large quantities of clay, silt, and organic material.
 Non-structural fill should not contain large rocks and debris.
If the fill material is truly similar to natural soils, its behavior
under flood conditions should be similar to the behavior of
natural soils, and should not be a subject of debate.

 The buildings must be designed and constructed on pile or column foundations that
are embedded deep into the ground.
 The bottoms of the lowest horizontal supporting members must be at or above the
BFE.
 A 2-feet vertical clearance between the bottom of the lowest horizontal supporting
member and the ground is recommended.
 The soil around such buildings should be graded to drain water away from the
foundations.
Ground elevations at or above the BFE

Septic systems
Septic system tanks must NOT be structurally attached to building
foundations.
Plumbing and piping components must NOT be attached to or pass
through breakaway wall panels.

Below BFE
Elements
2. Foundation
bracing
4. Shear
walls
1. Access stairs
and ramps
3. Grade
beams
5. Slabs

Access stairs and ramps
Stairs and ramps required to:
 Break away during base flood
conditions without causing
damage to the building or its
foundation,
 Resist flood loads and remain in
place during the base flood

Foundation Bracings
Elevated coastal home with
timber cross-bracing,
principally in the shore-
perpendicular direction
Trapping of floating debris by
metal rod cross-bracing

Grade Beams
Grade beams typically are made of reinforced
concrete or wood; they are used to tie together
the foundation piles or columns to provide
additional lateral support.
Grade beams must resist flood, wave, and
debris loads when undermined

Shear Walls
House elevated on shore-perpendicular shear
walls. This design approach is risky for low-rise
buildings since lateral out-of-plane loads (wind
and flood acting on the faces of the shear walls)
can be large and special design considerations
and detailing are required.
Failure of shore-perpendicular
(and shore-parallel) solid foundation
walls, and of beam and floor system
supported by the shore-perpendicular wall

Slabs Frangible Slab; meaning they are designed to
break into smaller pieces when undermined or
struck by violent flood waters, causing the
pieces to sink rather than travel

 Flood proofing
What it Flood proofing??
Matthew M. Linham, University of Southampton
Robert J. Nicholls, University of Southampton
www.climatetechwiki.org/content/flood-proofing
Flood proofing is the process of making a building resistant to flood damage, either by taking the
building out of contact with floodwaters or by making the building resistant to any potential damage
resulting from contact with floodwaters.
ACTIVE
Flood proofing
PASSIVE
Flood proofing
 DRY Flood proofing
 WET Flood Proofing
 DRY Flood proofing
 WET Flood Proofing
Active flood proofing, sometimes known
as contingent (partial) or emergency
(temporary) flood proofing, requires human
intervention to implement actions that will
protect a building and its contents from
flooding. Successful use of this technique
requires ample warning time to mobilize
people and equipment and flood proofing
materials.
Passive flood proofing, sometimes
referred to as permanent flood
proofing, requires no human
intervention—the building (and/or its
immediate surroundings) is designed
and constructed to be flood proof
without human intervention.

 Flood proofingMatthew M. Linham, University of Southampton
DRY WET
ACTIVE •Temporary flood shields
or doors (on building
openings)
•Temporary gates or
panels (on levees and
floodwalls)
•Emergency sand
bagging
•Temporary relocation of
vulnerable contents and
equipment prior to a flood,
in conjunction with use of
flood-resistant materials
for the building
PASSIVE •Waterproof sealants and
coatings on walls and
floors
•Permanently installed,
automatic flood shields
and doors
•Installation of backflow
prevention valves and
sump pumps
•Use of flood-resistant
materials below DFE
•Installation of flood vents
to permit automatic
equalization of water
levels
•Elevation of vulnerable
equipment above DFE
Examples of Flood proofing Methods for Buildings

Examples of Typical DRY Flood proofing Methods for Buildings
Basic dry flood-proofing measures for a residential structure
(Source: Linham and Nicholls, 2010)
Dry-flood proofing requires use of special sealants, coatings, components and/or equipment to render the
lower portion of a building watertight and substantially impermeable to the passage of water

Examples of Typical DRY Flood proofing Methods for Buildings
Wet-flood proofing allows the uninhabited lower portion of a building to flood, but uses materials
that will not be damaged by flooding.
Basic wet flood-proofing measures for a residential structure
(Source: Linham and Nicholls, 2010)

 Sealant, Shields, ValvesFlood Resistance of the Building Envelope
Sealants, Flood Shields and Valves
 A wide variety of materials and devices have been developed to make building walls,
floors, openings, penetrations and utilities watertight during flooding.
 Flood shields, panels, doors and gates are typically used to close medium to large
openings in building walls.
 They can be temporary closures that are installed only when a flood threatens, or they
can be permanent features that are closed manually or automatically.
 Key design parameters of these barriers are their height, their stiffness (and resistance to
hydrostatic forces), their method of attachment or installation, and their seals and
gaskets.
 As a general rule, flood shields, panels, doors and gates should not be attached to
building windows, glazing or doors. Given the potential for large flood loads, they
should be attached to exterior walls or the structural frame.
 Designers planning to incorporate flood shields, panels, doors or gates into a building
design are advised to consult with engineers and vendors experienced with the design
and installation of these components

Sealants, Flood Shields and Valves
 Sealant, Shields, Valves

Flood Openings
 Flood Openings
 Areas below the DFE must be equipped with flood openings capable of
equalizing water levels and hydrostatic loads.
 Openings in Foundation Walls and Walls of Enclosures. Since owners usually want
to control temperature and moisture in these enclosed areas (and prevent
rodents, birds and insects from entering), opening covers are often employed.
 These covers must not interfere with the equalization of water levels in the event
of a flood, and
 should be selected to minimize potential blockage by debris.
 There are a variety of commercially available covers, such as grates, louvers and
grills that allow for control of the enclosed space and the passage of floodwaters

Levees & Floodwalls
A levee is a natural or artificial slope or wall to regulate water levels. It is usually earthen
and often parallel to the course of a river or the coast. Artificial levees are made of many
different materials, but are generally made of soil or earth including organic and
inorganic materials with varying particle sizes and geotechnical properties. Many levees
are constructed in areas that provide compressible, weak foundations. In most levees, due
to their large size and age, little information is known about their construction, materials,
or structural capacity.
Levees are critical components in flood protection and resource management throughout
the United States and the world. Heavily populated and developed portions of the US`
rely on these systems, and as evidenced by Hurricane Katrina, failure of these structures
can result in heavy financial tolls, property damage and the loss of life. According to the
American Society of Engineers (ASCE) 2009 Report Card on Infrastructure:
Cross-Section of Typical 3-ft High Levee and 6-
ft High Levee, Showing the Difference in the
Levee Width (Source: FEMA) Floodgate Being Installed to Close Floodwall

Levees & Floodwalls
Paradigm Shifts in Monitoring Levees and Earthen
Dams Distributed Fiber Optic Monitoring Systems
Daniele Inaudi
Joseph Church
www.smartec.ch
Examples of Levees’ failure modes

Levees & Floodwalls
 Levees & Floodwallswww.smartec.ch
Traditional Discreet Sensors. Discrete monitoring systems are unreliable for
maintenance and inspection systems, and generally considered unreliable as warning systems.

www.smartec.ch
Levees & Floodwalls
Distributed fiber optic sensors (depicted in orange) are installed along a levee
at different heights. Multiple cables can be interconnected for a single chain of sensors.
Sensors identify strain produced by local settlements or other movements and
temperature sensors detect leakages.

www.smartec.ch
Levees & Floodwalls
Distributed fiber optic sensors (depicted in orange) are installed along a levee at different heights.
Multiple cables can be interconnected for a single chain of sensors.
Sensors identify strain produced by local settlements or other movements and temperatue sensors
detect leakages.

Flood Resistant Material
 Flood Resistant Materials
Flooring Materials
 concrete, concrete tile, and pre-cast concrete
 latex or bituminous, ceramic, clay, terrazzo, vinyl,
and rubber sheets and tiles
 pressure-treated (PT) or decay resistant lumber
 PT wood and cold-formed steel
Wall and Ceiling Materials
 brick, metal, concrete, concrete block, porcelain,
slate, glass block, stone, and ceramic and clay tile
 cement board, cold-formed steel, and reinforced
concrete
 polyester epoxy paint
 PT and decay resistant lumber
 PT and marine grade plywood
 foam and closed-cell insulation
 decay resistant wood
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia),
Teak (Tectona grandis),
Ipe (Tabebuia spp),
California Redwood
(Sequoia sempervirens)
Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata),
Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda)
European Larch (Larix decidua).
Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum).
Other
hollow metal doors, cabinets,
foam or closed-cell insulation

 wIKIPEDIA
This is a list of notable recorded floods that have occurred in India.
Before 1999
1. In October 1943, Madras saw the worst flood to hit the city. Damage caused to life and
property was immense however estimate figure is unknown.
2. On 11 August 1979, the Machchu-2 dam situated on the Machhu river burst, thus flooding
the town of Morbi in the Rajkot district of Gujarat. Exact figure of loss of lives is unknown, but
it is estimated between 1800 and 2500 people.
3. In 1987, Bihar state of India witnessed one of its worst flood till then. Flood occurred due to
overflow of the Koshi river; which claimed lives of 1,399 humans, 302 animals and public
property worth INR ₹68 billion
4. Heavy rains across the state of Maharashtra, including large areas of
the metropolis Mumbai on 26 July 2005 killed at-least 5,000 people. Mumbai International
Airport remained closed for 30 hours, Mumbai-Pune Expressway was closed for 24 hours with
public property loss was estimated at ₹550 crore .
5. June 2015 Gujarat flood: Heavy rain in June 2015 resulted in widespread flood
in Saurashtra region of Gujarat resulting in more than 70 deaths.
6. 2015 South Indian floods: Heavy rain in Nov-Dec 2015 resulted in flooding of Adyar, Cooum
rivers in Chennai,Tamil Nadu resulting in financial loss and human lives.
8. 2016 Assam floods: Heavy rains in July-August resulted in floods affecting 1.8 million people
and flooding the Kaziranga National Park killing around 200 wild animals.

www.livescience.com
Here are the top 20 most vulnerable cities:
1. Guangzhou, China
2. Mumbai, India
3. Kolkata, India
4. Guayaquil, Ecuador
5. Shenzen, China
6. Miami, Fla.
7. Tianjin, China
8. New York, N.Y.—Newark, N.J.
9. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
10. New Orleans, La.
11. Jakarta, Indonesia
12. Abidjan, Ivory Coast
13. Chennai, India
14. Surat, India
15. Zhanjiang, China
16. Tampa—St. Petersburg, Fla.
17. Boston, Mass.
18. Bangkok, Thailand
19. Xiamen, China
20. Nagoya, Japan
 Strategies at Urban Scale

Resilient New Orleans
Strategic actions to shape our future city  Strategies at Urban Scale
Multiple Lines of Defense
Greater New Orleans is surrounded
by 133 miles (214 kilometers) of newly
strengthened levees, floodwalls, and
pump stations—the largest coastal
flood control system in the nation.
This recent $14.5 billion
investment in hard infrastructure is
critical to our future, but coastal
restoration and comprehensive
urban water management must
complement and support that
investment to ensure maximum flood
protection capacity
Newly Strengthened Levees

Innovative street and public realm designs can slow and store rainwater, reducing flooding
and slowing subsidence
Roadside Water Boulevards

The New Orleans Redevelopment
Authority (NORA) and Sewerage &
Water Board of New Orleans (SWBNO)
are building a series of green
infrastructure demonstration projects to
show the public how underutilized spaces
can be developed to detain storm water
and designed to make neighborhoods
more attractive. They are transforming
vacant lots into rain gardens that draw
runoff from the street, store it
temporarily, and capture many of the
pollutants it carries.
SWBNO is funding innovative green
infrastructure solutions such as green
roofs, bio swales, and pervious pavement.
These projects show us what is possible
and how infrastructure can not only
protect us but also beautify our
communities.
Rain Gardens in Vacant Plots

Housing NOLA is a community-based 10-year plan designed to meet the housing needs of
all New Orleanians, focused on equity, design, and accessibility. Public, private, and non-
profit stakeholders are working together to promote access to safe and affordable housing
across the city.
Safe & Affordable Housing

www.archdaily.com  Floating House, New Orlean
Architects: Morphosis Architects Location: 1638 Tennessee St, New Orleans, LA 70117, USA
Project Year:2009 Project Area: 88.0 sqm
1. The FLOAT House is a new kind of house: a
house that can sustain its own water and power
needs; a house that can survive the floodwaters
generated by a storm the size of Hurricane
Katrina; and perhaps most importantly, a house
that can be manufactured cheaply enough to
function as low-income housing.
2. The modular chassis is pre-fabricated as a single unit of
expanded polystyrene foam coated in glass fiber reinforced
concrete, with all required wall anchors, electrical,
mechanical and plumbing systems pre-installed. The chassis
module is shipped whole from factory to site, via standard
flat bed trailer.
The piers that anchor the house to the ground and the
concrete pads on which the chassis sits are constructed on-
site, using local labor and conventional construction
techniques.
The panelized walls, windows, interior finishes and kit-of
parts roof are prefabricated, to be assembled on-site along
with the installation of fixtures and appliances. This efficient
approach integrates modern mass-production with
traditional site construction to lower costs, guarantee
quality, and reduce waste.
Make It: Affordable

Make It: Float
A flood-safe house that securely floats with rising water levels.
The FLOAT House prototype proposes a sustainable way of living that adapts to this
uncertain reality.
To protect from flooding, the FLOAT House can rise vertically on guide posts,
securely floating up to twelve feet as water levels rise. In the event of a flood, the
house’s chassis acts as a raft, guided by steel masts, which are anchored to the
ground by two concrete pile caps each with six 45-foot deep piles.
FLOAT House sits on a 4-foot base; rather than
permanently raising the house on ten foot or
higher stilts, the house only rises in case of severe
flooding. This configuration accommodates a
traditional front porch, preserving of the
community’s vital porch culture and facilitating
accessibility for elderly and disabled residents.
While not designed for occupants to remain in
the home during a hurricane, the FLOAT House
aims to minimize catastrophic damage and
preserve the homeowner’s investment in their
property.

Make It: Green
Solar Power Generation: The roof supports solar panels that
generate all of the house’s power, resulting in net-zero annual
energy consumption. The chassis incorporates electrical systems to
store and convert solar power for daily use, and to give back to
the electrical grid during the temperate fall and spring months.
Rainwater Collection: The sloped concave roof collects rainwater,
and funnels it to cisterns housed in the chassis, where it is filtered
and stored for daily use.
Efficient Systems—including low-flow plumbing fixtures, low-
energy appliances, high performance windows, and highly
insulated SIPs (Structural Insulated Panel) walls and roof—
minimize water and power consumption, and lower the lifecycle
cost for the home owner.
High-grade energy efficient kitchen, appliances and fixtures
maximize durability and reduce the need for replacement.
Geothermal Heating and Cooling: A geothermal mechanical
system heats and cools the air via a ground source heat pump,
which naturally conditions the air, minimizing the energy
required to cool the house in the harsh summer months and heat
it in winter.

www.dezeen.com
Amphibious House, UK
The lightweight timber-framed
structure is fairly traditional in its form,
but sits inside an excavated "wet dock"
made from steel sheet piling with a
mesh base to allow water to enter and
escape naturally. Clad in zinc shingles
with glazed gables, this structure is
independent of the house, which has a
foundation of waterproofed concrete
that wraps around the lower ground
floor, acting like the hull of a ship.
Project Credits:
Project Architect: Richard Coutts
Design Team: Baca Architects: Robert Barker,
Riccardo Pellizzon, Robert Pattison
Structural Engineer: Techniker
Hydrological Engineer: HR Wallingfords

www.dezeen.com
The garden design incorporates terraces that
act as an "early warning system" for flooding

 Floating Houses
Need of Floating Houses in India
India has a huge coastal area as well as large flood prone areas like Bihar, Assam and in
many other states where almost every year, public face difficulty due to floods and loss of lives
and property takes place.
In case, the principle of construction of floating houses is adopted in which the houses would
rise during floods and subside down during dry conditions, loss of lives and property can be
avoided.
Simple techniques based on telescopic arrangements should be designed for requirements.
Therefore, research and development can be taken up as model projects for developing such
designs.
In the starting, life line buildings in the flood prone areas can be constructed with such
techniques.
These buildings will function even during period when they remain cut off due to floods and
have no external electricity and water.
In the islands and coastal areas, such houses will certainly be adopted sooner or later and thus
Indian architects and designers should start getting expertise in this field to design such houses.
Floating houses can also be built for tourists who would love to stay in such houses and India
can generate considerable revenue from the same.

 Floating Houses
Basic Principle of Construction
Generally there are two basic principles for
making floating houses. First is the pontoon
principle in which one makes a solid
platform, lighter than the water and the
other based on the ship in which a hollow
concrete box is created which is open on the
top. The pontoon principle has the benefit of
its use in shallow water, compared to the
hollow concrete box while the concrete box
has the benefit of higher space utilization
within as a part of the building. Both type of
floating houses are connected with a flexible
connection to the quay, so the houses can rise
with the water when the tide changes. When
needed the floating system can be moved
elsewhere at short notice without leaving any
scar to the environment. Instead a new house
can be placed in to the old situation which
makes it the most sustainable and durable
way to build.

 Floating Houses
Providing services in a floating house is a challenge which includes water supply, electricity
and toilets.
Therefore, green building concept has to be followed in the floating houses which use non
conventional resources for energy, make use of waste products, and recycles the water.
Net zero energy buildings are more useful as they do not require additional energy from
external source and total energy demand is met from on site generation power.
Normally solar panels are provided for the energy requirements.
Due to aesthetic requirements as well energy efficiency, roof garden is also becoming popular.
Other measures like incinolet toilets to burn waste, geothermal pond loops into the floor, and
filtration unit for drinking water collected from rainstorms.
Services

Water Gate flood wall is designed to contain & stop heavy water flow due to severe
flooding.
Water gates are quick & easy to deploy to prevent heavy flood water from reaching
the property
Quick Dam water gate is self rising flood barrier that is quick & easy to use to contain
large flood waters
Water Gates
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CklYj_oda8M
Advanced Technology: Flood Barrier

My Innovations
Based on the Principle, the Floating house is design to mitigate
Flooding Crisis which has become important now a days. The
base of house is fixed on an empty compressed cushion of
polyurethane. The cushion has percolations in front to allow
flood water in. It will start floating when filled with water. At
the same time the level of house will start going above Base
Flood Elevation of water which will help to avoid damage &
decay of house.
Floating shoes are designed with an amphibious character.
They can be used on ground as well as on water.
They can be used as normal shoes on ground while walking.
When they get in contact with water, water will get filled into the
polyurethane compartment assembled between upper & lower
rubber soal on which shoes is attached.
Water will enter through percolation on edge of shoes making the
polyurethane assembly filled with water.
As a result shoes will start uplifting & it will start floating on water.
One can float on water with the help of sticks or any similar gadget.

References
1. Flood Resistance of the Building Envelope by Christopher P. Jones, PE
2. Free of Obstructions, Technical Bulletin5 Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA
3. HOMEOWNER’S GUIDE FOR FLOOD, DEBRIS, AND EROSION CONTROL RIVERSIDE FIRE DEPARTMENT,
OFFICE OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT GUIDED BY PWD, LOS ANGELES
4. www.climatetechwiki.org/content/flood-proofing
5. Matthew M. Linham, University of Southampton Robert J. Nicholls, University of Southampton
6. www.smartec.ch
7. www.livescience.com
8. Resilient New Orleans
9. Strategic actions to shape our future city
10. www.archdaily.com
11. www.dezeen.com
12. Paradigm Shifts in Monitoring Levees and Earthen Dams Distributed Fiber Optic Monitoring Systems,
Daniele Inaudi , Joseph Church

BY
Dhanashri Mirajkar
Roll No. 609110
M. Arch. 3rd Semester-2016-17
An exposition on
MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR FLOODING

Mitigation strategies for flooding pdf

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