Shell structures are thin curved membranes or slabs that function as both structure and covering. They derive their strength from their thin, naturally curved form. Common types include barrel vaults with single curvature and domes with double curvature. Reinforced concrete is well-suited for constructing shells due to its ability to take any shape in formwork. Shells provide efficient, aesthetically pleasing roofing but require accurate formwork and specialized construction techniques.
Shell structure, In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface.
Shell structure, In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface.
Arch is a curved structure designed to carry loads across a gap mainly by compression. The mechanical principle of the arch is precisely the same as that of the portal frame. The straight pieces of material joined by sharp bends are smoothed into a continuous curve. This increases the cost of construction but greatly reduces the stresses.
For more detail on Arch Systems and architecture engineering,
visit us - www.archistudent.net
Follow us - https://www.facebook.com/Archified-162820443787915/
A presentation that explains the various systems and techniques of employing steel and concrete to support long span structures. The range varies from conventional beams, to trusses and portal frames.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
Arch is a curved structure designed to carry loads across a gap mainly by compression. The mechanical principle of the arch is precisely the same as that of the portal frame. The straight pieces of material joined by sharp bends are smoothed into a continuous curve. This increases the cost of construction but greatly reduces the stresses.
For more detail on Arch Systems and architecture engineering,
visit us - www.archistudent.net
Follow us - https://www.facebook.com/Archified-162820443787915/
A presentation that explains the various systems and techniques of employing steel and concrete to support long span structures. The range varies from conventional beams, to trusses and portal frames.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
For Civil Engineers,
Presenting you the Civil Engg. Facts about Shells and Roof Structures,
It's also containing valuable informations about the Tensile Structures and Paraboloid Structures
Thank you.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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2. INTRODUCTION
A SHELL STRUCTURE IS A THIN CURVED MEMBRANE OR SLAB USUALLY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE THAT
FUNCTIONS
BOTH AS STRUCTURE AND COVERING.
THE TERM “SHELL” IS USED TO DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURES WHICH POSSESS STRENGHT AND RIGIDITY DUE TO ITS
THIN,
NATURAL AND CURVED FORM SUCH AS SHELL OF EGG, A NUT, HUMAN SKULL, AND SHELL OF TORTISE.
4. APPLICATIONS
Architecture and building.
The development of masonry domes and vaults in the Middle Ages made
possible the construction of more spatious buildings. In more recent times the
availability of reinforced
concrete has stimulated interest in the use of shells for roofing purposes.
Power and chemical engineering.
construction of suitable boilers. These thin shells were constructed from plates
suitable formed and joined by riveting.
Structural engineering.
An important problem in the early development of steel for structural purposes
was to design compression members against buckling. A striking advance was
the use of tubular members in the construction of the Forth railway bridge in 1889:
steel plates were riveted together to form reinforced tubes as large as 12 feet in
diameter, and having a radius/thickness ratio of between 60 and 180.
Vehicle body structures.
The construction of vehicle bodies in the early days of road transport involved a
system of structural ribs and non-structural paneling or sheeting. The modern
form of vehicle construction, in which the skin plays an importatnt structural
part, followed the introduction of sheet-metal components, preformed into thin
doubly curved shells by large power presses, and firmly connected to each other by
welds along the boundaries. The use of the curved skin of vehicles as a load bearing
member has similarly revolutionized the construction of railway carriages and aircraft.
In the construction
Composite construction.
The introduction of fiberglass and similar lightweight composite materials has
impacted the construction of vehicles ranging from boats, racing cars, fighter and
stealth aircraft, and o on. The exterior skin can be used as a strong structural shell.
Miscellaneous Examples.
Other examples of the impact of shell structures include water cooling towers for
power stations, grain silos, armour, arch dams, tunnels, submarines, and so forth.
5. SINGLE OR DOUBLE CURVATURE SHELLS
SINGLE CURVATURE SHELL: ARE CURVED ON ONE LINEAR AXIS AND ARE A PART OF A CYLINDER OR
CONE IN THE FORM OF BARREL VAULTS AND CONOID SHELLS.
DOUBLE CURVATURE SHELL: ARE EITHER PART OF A SPHERE, OR A HYPERBOLOID OF REVOLUTION.
THE TERMS SINGLE CURVATURE AND DOUBLE CURVATURE DO NOT PROVIDE A PRECISE GEMOETRIC
DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE FORM OF SHELL BECAUSE A BARREL VAULT IS SINGLE CURVATURE BUT SO
IS A DOME.
THE TERMS SINGLE AND DOULBE CURVATURE ARE USED TO DISTINGUISH THE COMPARITIVE RIGIDITY
OF THE TWO FORMS AND COMPLEXITY OF CENTRING NECESSARY TO CONSTRUCT THE SHELL FORM.
CONOID
DOME
HYPERBOLOID
PARABOLOID
BARREL VAULT
6. TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURES:
FOLDED PLATE SHELLS:
THE DISTINGUISHING FEATURE OF THE FOLDED PLATE IS THE EASE IN FORMING PLANE
SURFACES. A FOLDED PLATE MAY BE FORMED FOR ABOUT THE SAME COST AS A
HORIZONTAL SLAB AND HAS MUCH LESS STEEL AND CONCRETE FOR THE SAME SPANS.
THE PRINCIPLE COMPONENTS IN A FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE CONSIST OF :
1) THE INCLINED PLATES
2) EDGE PLATES WHICH MUST BE USED TO STIFFEN THE WIDE PLATES
3) STIFFENERS TO CARRY THE LOADS TO THE SUPPORTS AND TO HOLD THE PLATES IN LIN
4) COLUMNS TO SUPPORT THE STRUCTURE IN THE AIR.
FOLDED PLATE TRUSS
Z SHELL
TAPERED FOLDED PLATES
CANOPIES
THREE SEGMENT FOLDED PLATE
7. TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURES:
CYLINDRICAL BARREL VAULTS:
BARREL VAULTS ARE PERHAPS THE MOST USEFUL OF THE SHELL STRUCTURES BECAUSE THEY CAN SPAN UPT O 150 FEET
WITH A MINIMUM OF MATERIAL. THEY ARE VERY EFFICIENT STRUCTURES BECAUSE THE USE THE ARCH FORM TO REDUCE
STRESSES AND THICKNESSES IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION.
MULTIPLE BARRELS -
CORRUGATED CURVES UNSTIFFENED EDGES OUTSIDE STIFFENERS THE LAZY S
8.
9. TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURES:
DOMES OF REVOLUTION:
A DOME IS A SPACE STRUCTURE COVERING A MORE OR LESS
SQUARE OR CIRCULAR AREA. THE BEST KNOWN EXAMPLE IS
THE DOME OF REVOLUTION, AND IT IS ONE OF THE EARLIEST
OF THE SHELL STRUCTURES. EXCELLENT EXAMPLES ARE STILL
IN EXISTENCE THAT WERE BUILT IN ROMAN TIMES. THEY ARE
FORMED BY A SURFACE GENERATED BY A CURVE OF ANY
FORM REVOLVING ABOUT A VERTICAL LINE. THIS SURFACE
HAS DOUBLE CURVATURE AND THE RESULTING STRUCTURE
IS MUCH STIFFER AND STRONGER THAN A SINGLE CURVED
SURFACE, SUCH AS A CYLINDRICAL SHELL.
HALF SPHERE
SPHERE SEGMENT
DOMES - SQUARE IN PLAN
10. MOST SUITABLE MATERIAL
THE MATERIAL MOST SUITED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SHELL STRUCTURE IS CONCRETE BECAUSE IT IS A HIGHLY
PLASTIC MATERIAL WHEN FIRST MIXED WITH WATER THAT CAN TAKE UP ANY SHAPE ON CENTERING OR INSIDE
FORMWORK.
SMALL SECTIONS OF REINFORCING BARS CAN READILY BE BENT TO FOLLOW THE CURVATURE OF SHELLS.
ONCE THE CEMENT HAS SET AND THE CONCERETE HAS HARDENED THE R.C.C MEMBRANE OR SLAB ACTS AS A
STRONG, RIGID SHELL WHICH SERVES AS BOTH STRUCTURE AND COVERING TO THE BUILDING.
14. CONSTRUCTION OF BARREL VAULT
THE BARREL VAULT IS THE MOST STRAIGHT FORWARD SINGLE CURVATURE SHELL CONSTRUCTION. IT IS THE PART
OF A CYLINDER OR BARREL WITH SAME CURVATUREALONG
ITS LENGTH.
ANY NUMBER OF CONTINUOUS BARRELS OR CONTINUOUS SPANS ARE POSSIBLE EXCEPT THAT EVENTUALLY
PROVISION IS MADE FOR THE EXPANSION OF THE JOINTS IN A LARGE STRUCTURES.
THE BARREL VAULTS ARE USED AS PARKING, MARKET PLACE, ASSEMBLY HALL ,ETC.
TYPES OF BARREL VAULTS
1. SHORT SPAN BARREL VAULTS
2. LONG SPAN BARREL VAULTS
15. BARREL VAULT SHELL ROOF
SHORT SPAN BARREL VAULT
SHORT SPAN BARREL VAULTS ARE THOSE IN WHICH SPAN IS SHORTER THAN ITS WIDTH. IT IS USED FOR THE WIDTH
OF THE ARCH RIBS BETWEEN WHICH THE BARREL VAULT SPAN.
LONG SPAN BARREL VAULT
LONG SPAN BARREL VAULTS ARE THOSE IN WHICH SPAN IS LARGER THAN ITS WIDTH.
STRENGTH OF THE STRUCTURE LIES AT THE RIGHT ANGLES TO THE CURVATURE TO THAT SPAN IS LONGITUDINAL TO
THE CURVATURE.
USUAL SPAN OF THE LONGITUDINAL BARREL VAULT IS FROM 12-30 M WITH ITS WIDTH BEING ABOUT 1/2 THE SPAN
AND RISE IS 1/5 OF THE WIDTH.
TO COVER LARGER AREAS MULTIBAY ,MULTI SPAN ROOFS CAN BE USED WHERE THE ROOF IS EXTENDED ACROSS THE
WIDTH OF THE VAULT AS A MULTIBAY .
16. ROOF LIGHTS:
TOP LIGHT CAN BE PROVIDED BY DECK LIGHT
FORMED IN THE CROWN OF VAULT OR BY DOME
LIGHT. THE DECK LIGHT CAN BE CONTINUOUS OR
FORMED AS INDIVIDUAL LIGHTS.ROOF LIGHTS
ARE FIXED TO AN UPSTAND CURB CAST
INTEGRALLY WITH THE SHELL.
ADVANTAGE OF THE SHELL IS THAT ITS CONCAVE
SOFFIT REFELECTS AND HELPS TO DISPERSE
LIGHT OVER AREA BELOW. DISADVANTAGE IS
THAT TOP LIGHT MAY CAUSE OVER HEATING AND
GLARE.
ROOF COVERING:
SHELLS MAY BE COVERED WITH NON-FERROUS
SHEET METAL, ASPHALT, BITUMEN FELT, A
PLASTIC MEMBRANE OR A LIQUID RUBBER BASE
COATING.
ROOF INSULATION:
THE THIN SHELL OFFERS POOR RESISTANCE TO
TRANSFER OF HEAT. THE NEED TO ADD SOME
FORM OF INSULATING LINING ADDS
CONSIDERABLY TO COST OF SHELL. THE MOST
SATISFACTORY METHOD OF INSULATION IS TO
SPREAD A LIGHT WEIGHT SCREED OVER THE
SHELL.
DIFFICULTIES OF PROVIDING INSULATION AND
MAINTING THE ELEGANCE OF CURVED SHAPE
MAKES THESE STRUCTURES LARGELY UNSUITED
TO HEATED BUILDINGS IN TEMPERATE CLIMATE.
17. STIFFENING BEAMS AND ARCHES:
UNDER LOCAL LOADS THE THIN SHELL OF THE
BARREL VAULT WILL TEND TO DISTORT AND LOSE
SHAPE AND EVEN COLLAPSE IF THE RESULTANT
STRESSES WERE MORE. TO STRENGTHEN THE
SHELL AGAINST THIS POSSIBILITY, STIFFENING
BEAMS OR ARCHES ARE CAST INTEGRALLY WITH
THE SHELL.
THE COMMON PRACTICE IS TO PROVIDE A
STIFFENING MEMBER BETWEEN THE COLUMN
SUPPORTING THE SHELL.
DOWNSTAND STIFFENING RCC BEAM IS MOST
EFFICIENT BECAUSE OF ITS DEPTH, BUT THIS
INTERRUPTS THE LINE OF SOFFIT OF VAULTS, FOR
THIS UPSTAND STIFFENING BEAM IS USED.
THE DISADVANTAGE OF UPSTAND BEAM IS THAT IT
BREAKS
UP THE LINE OF ROOF AND NEED PROTECTIONS
AGAINST
WEATHER.
18. EDGE AND VALLEY BEAMS:
DUE TO SELF WEIGHT AND IMPOSED LOAD THE THIN
SHELL WILL TEND TO SPREAD AND ITS CURVATURE
FLATTEN OUT. TO RESIST THIS RCC EDGE BEAMS
ARE CAST BETWEEN COLUMNS.
EDGE BEAMS MAY BE CAST AS DROPPED BEAMS OR
UPSTAND BEAMS OR PARTIALLY AS BOTH. IN HOT
CLIMATE THE DROPPED BEAM IS USED WHEREAS IN
TEMPERATE CLIMATE UPSTAND BEAM IS USED TO
FORM DRAINAGE CHANNEL FOR RAIN WATER.
IN MULTI-BAY STRUCTURES, SPREADING OF THE
VAULTS IS LARGELY TRANSMITTED TO THE
ADJACENT SHELLS, SO DOWN STAND AND FEATHER
VALLEY BEAM IS USED.
19. EXPANSION JOINTS:
THE CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE
CAUSES THE EXPANSION AND
CONTRACTION IN CONCRETE
STRUCTURES, WHICH CAUSES
THE STRUCTURES TO DEFORM
OR COLLAPSE.
TO LIMIT THIS CONTINUOUS
EXPANSION JOINTS ARE
FORMED AT THE INTERVAL OF
ABOUT 30M, ALONG THE SPAN
AND ACROSS THE WIDTH OF THE
MULTI-BAY AND MULTI-SPAN
BARREL VAULT ROOFS.
LONGITUDINAL EXPANSION
JOINTS ARE FORMED IN A UP
STAND VALLEY.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. CATENARY SHELL
• Cheesecloth and plaster shells
were dried upside down
creating forms in pure tension.
When flipped, shells rest in pure
compression, resulting in
lightweight forms that could be
built from thin concrete.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. ADVANTAGES AND DIS-ADVANTAGES OF SHELLS:
ADVANTAGES:
1. VERY LIGHT FORM OF CONSTRUCTION. TO SPAN 30.0 M SHELL THICKNESS REQUIRED IS 60MM
2. DEAD LOAD CAN BE REDUCED ECONOMIZING FOUNDATION AND SUPPORTING SYSTEM
3. THEY FURTHER TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE FACT THAT ARCH SHAPES CAN SPAN LONGER
4. FLAT SHAPES BY CHOOSING CERTAIN ARCHED SHAPES
5. ESTHETICALLY IT LOOKS GOOD OVER OTHER FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION
DIS-ADVANTAGES:
1. SHUTTERING PROBLEM
2. GREATER ACCURACY IN FORMWORK IS REQUIRED
3. GOOD LABOUR AND SUPERVISION NECESSARY
4. RISE OF ROOF MAY BE A DISADVANTAGE