This document provides a summary of a term paper on cognitive radio. It discusses key topics such as:
- What cognitive radio is and its main features of intelligent awareness and reconfigurability.
- The inefficiencies of current static spectrum allocation and how cognitive radio can help address spectrum scarcity issues.
- Drivers for cognitive radio like dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio networks.
- Challenges to deploying cognitive radio like legal hurdles, security issues, and technology hurdles related to spectrum sensing.
- Promising applications of cognitive radio in areas like emergency services, internet access, and rural connectivity.
Cognitive radio promises to revolutionize wireless communication and spectrum management. It allows unlicensed users to opportunistically access licensed spectrum bands when the licensed users are not actively using it. This helps solve the problem of spectrum scarcity by improving utilization efficiency. However, realizing cognitive radio faces many technical, economic and legal challenges. Key challenges include developing sensing techniques to avoid interference, establishing spectrum sharing protocols, and reforming policies to allow dynamic spectrum access while protecting licensed users. Overcoming these challenges could provide benefits like ubiquitous connectivity and new wireless applications.
This document provides an overview of cognitive radio and discusses some of the key challenges in deploying cognitive radio networks. It defines cognitive radio as a radio that can be aware of its environment and change its transmission or reception parameters accordingly. The document outlines some of the core capabilities needed for cognitive radios, including flexibility, sensing, learning, and adaptability. It also discusses advantages of cognitive radio like efficient spectrum utilization. Some challenges of deploying cognitive radio networks include developing robust spectrum sensing techniques, designing flexible hardware, addressing legal and security issues, and establishing economic models for spectrum sharing.
Keith Nolan - Use Of Cognitive Radio To Improve Spectrum Usage Efficiency And...Keith Nolan
Keith Nolan - spectrum, regulatory, technical and market issues surrounding the use of cognitive radio to improve spectrum usage efficiency and data capacity, IEEE VTS UKRI meeting, July 2012, Dublin, Ireland
The document discusses cognitive radio and its benefits. It defines cognitive radio as a radio that is aware of its surroundings and adapts intelligently. Cognitive radio provides a framework for devices to dynamically create links by sensing the environment, evaluating options, and implementing the best waveform. This allows for improved spectrum utilization and quality of service. Some applications of cognitive radio include extending mobile networks, emergency radio systems, and multi-technology phones.
Cognitive Radio : Emerging Business Toward an Efficiently Smart Era of ICTNurmaya Widuri
Cognitive Radio is a hot issue in wireless technology. This is ultimately new wave of how radio technolgy communicate through spectrum effeciency. Furthermore, this new big thing bring a new wave of future ICT business lanscape toward efficiently smart era of ICT.
Cognitive Radio: When might it Become Economically and Technically Feasible? Jeffrey Funk
My Master's students use ideas from my (Jeff Funk) forthcoming book (Technology Change and the Rise of New Industries) to analyze the economic and technical feasibility of cognitive radio. See my other slides for details on concepts, methodology, and other new industries.
Device-to-device (D2D) communications underlaying a cellular infrastructure has been proposed as a means of taking advantage of the physical proximity of communicating devices, increasing resource utilization, and improving cellular coverage. Relative to the traditional cellular methods, there is a need to design new peer discovery methods, physical layer procedures, and radio resource management algorithms that help realize the potential article we use the 3GPP Long Term Evolution system as a baseline for D2D design, review some of the key design challenges, and propose solution approaches that allow cellular devices and D2D pairs to share spectrum resources and thereby increase the spectrum and energy efficiency of traditional cellular networks. Sim- ulation results illustrate the viability of the proposed design.
Cognitive radio promises to revolutionize wireless communication and spectrum management. It allows unlicensed users to opportunistically access licensed spectrum bands when the licensed users are not actively using it. This helps solve the problem of spectrum scarcity by improving utilization efficiency. However, realizing cognitive radio faces many technical, economic and legal challenges. Key challenges include developing sensing techniques to avoid interference, establishing spectrum sharing protocols, and reforming policies to allow dynamic spectrum access while protecting licensed users. Overcoming these challenges could provide benefits like ubiquitous connectivity and new wireless applications.
This document provides an overview of cognitive radio and discusses some of the key challenges in deploying cognitive radio networks. It defines cognitive radio as a radio that can be aware of its environment and change its transmission or reception parameters accordingly. The document outlines some of the core capabilities needed for cognitive radios, including flexibility, sensing, learning, and adaptability. It also discusses advantages of cognitive radio like efficient spectrum utilization. Some challenges of deploying cognitive radio networks include developing robust spectrum sensing techniques, designing flexible hardware, addressing legal and security issues, and establishing economic models for spectrum sharing.
Keith Nolan - Use Of Cognitive Radio To Improve Spectrum Usage Efficiency And...Keith Nolan
Keith Nolan - spectrum, regulatory, technical and market issues surrounding the use of cognitive radio to improve spectrum usage efficiency and data capacity, IEEE VTS UKRI meeting, July 2012, Dublin, Ireland
The document discusses cognitive radio and its benefits. It defines cognitive radio as a radio that is aware of its surroundings and adapts intelligently. Cognitive radio provides a framework for devices to dynamically create links by sensing the environment, evaluating options, and implementing the best waveform. This allows for improved spectrum utilization and quality of service. Some applications of cognitive radio include extending mobile networks, emergency radio systems, and multi-technology phones.
Cognitive Radio : Emerging Business Toward an Efficiently Smart Era of ICTNurmaya Widuri
Cognitive Radio is a hot issue in wireless technology. This is ultimately new wave of how radio technolgy communicate through spectrum effeciency. Furthermore, this new big thing bring a new wave of future ICT business lanscape toward efficiently smart era of ICT.
Cognitive Radio: When might it Become Economically and Technically Feasible? Jeffrey Funk
My Master's students use ideas from my (Jeff Funk) forthcoming book (Technology Change and the Rise of New Industries) to analyze the economic and technical feasibility of cognitive radio. See my other slides for details on concepts, methodology, and other new industries.
Device-to-device (D2D) communications underlaying a cellular infrastructure has been proposed as a means of taking advantage of the physical proximity of communicating devices, increasing resource utilization, and improving cellular coverage. Relative to the traditional cellular methods, there is a need to design new peer discovery methods, physical layer procedures, and radio resource management algorithms that help realize the potential article we use the 3GPP Long Term Evolution system as a baseline for D2D design, review some of the key design challenges, and propose solution approaches that allow cellular devices and D2D pairs to share spectrum resources and thereby increase the spectrum and energy efficiency of traditional cellular networks. Sim- ulation results illustrate the viability of the proposed design.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The document provides an overview of cognitive radio networks and spectrum sharing. It discusses how cognitive radio allows for opportunistic and adaptive usage of spectrum. It defines primary and secondary users and describes the cognitive radio network architecture. It then covers spectrum sensing, management, mobility and sharing in cognitive radio systems. Game theory approaches to modeling spectrum sharing are also summarized.
An overview of cognitive radio, comparison of cognitive radio vs. conventional radio, real-world applications for cognitive radio networks, how cognitive radios improve spectrum efficiency and address the wireless spectrum shortage.
Cognitive radio is an enhancement of software defined radio that allows radios to sense their environment and change operating parameters accordingly. It was first proposed in 1998 as a way to more efficiently utilize limited radio frequency spectrum. A cognitive radio can sense available portions of spectrum, then dynamically use those available channels while avoiding occupied ones. This allows for greater spectrum utilization and more flexible interoperability between different wireless technologies. However, cognitive radio also faces significant hardware and software challenges around dynamic reconfiguration, interference avoidance, and security that must be addressed for it to be fully realized.
Cognitive radios are smart radios that can sense their environment and adjust their transmission parameters accordingly. They were first proposed in 1999 to more efficiently utilize limited radio spectrum. Cognitive radios operate in a cycle of spectrum sensing, decision, sharing, and mobility. They can access licensed spectrum as secondary users as long as they do not interfere with primary users. This allows for increased spectrum utilization. Cognitive radios have characteristics of cognitive capability, reconfigurability, and self-organization. They enable applications such as cognitive mesh networks and public safety networks through techniques like dynamic spectrum management.
The document discusses using cognitive radio technology for disaster management and emergency services. It proposes using cognitive radios to intelligently identify unused spectrum and optimize spectrum utilization during disasters when emergency networks are overloaded. The cognitive radios would be able to quickly find and communicate with each other on available channels using a random rendezvous algorithm, and configure radio parameters to communicate on different standards used by emergency services.
Cognitive radio is an intelligent wireless communication system that is aware of its environment and can learn and adapt to better utilize available spectrum. It aims for highly reliable communication and efficient spectrum usage. Cognitive radios use radio scene analysis to detect spectrum holes by analyzing signals over time and space. They also estimate interference temperature using spectral estimation and adaptive beamforming. Transmit power control and dynamic spectrum management allow cognitive radios to opportunistically access spectrum holes while avoiding interference. Future work may focus on language understanding, MIMO techniques, and nanoscale processing to improve cognitive radio capabilities.
This document discusses cognitive radio in 5G networks. It begins with describing the evolution of mobile standards from 1G to 4G. It then introduces the concepts of 5G and cognitive radio. The key points are:
- 5G will provide very high data rates up to 1 Gbps and connect many more devices.
- Cognitive radio can improve spectrum efficiency by allowing unlicensed users to access licensed spectrum holes.
- The document proposes a cognitive radio based 5G network that can integrate various wireless technologies and help manage network complexity using cognitive radio's abilities.
This document discusses cognitive radio networks and security issues within them. It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and its ability to identify unused spectrum. It then describes two common attacks on cognitive radio networks: incumbent emulation attacks and spectrum sensing data falsification attacks. The document reviews several detection techniques for these attacks, including evaluating trust values and consistency, using reputation metrics, and analyzing statistics. Finally, it discusses some applications and advantages of cognitive radio networks, as well as topics for further research.
This document provides an overview of cognitive radio networks including: the objectives of allowing unlicensed secondary users to access licensed spectrum; the centralized and distributed architectures; main issues like sensing, signaling, and spectrum decision; standards like IEEE 802.22; techniques for spectrum sensing, allocation, and sharing; cognitive radio platforms; future research directions; and conclusions. It surveys the technology and challenges of cognitive radio networks to enable efficient spectrum utilization.
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
Alex Wyglinski - IEEE VTS UKRI - Cognitive radio - a panacea for RF spectrum...Keith Nolan
This document discusses cognitive radio and spectrum scarcity. It begins with an overview of the evolution of wireless technologies and the information age. It then discusses how cognitive radio aims to address the growing problem of spectrum scarcity by allowing for dynamic and flexible usage of spectrum through software-defined radios and adaptation to spectrum availability and use. The document outlines various techniques for characterizing spectrum usage and measuring availability through vehicular experiments and spectrum occupancy analysis to identify opportunities for cognitive radio to more efficiently utilize vacant spectrum.
This document discusses cognitive radio, including its definition, history, key concepts, and applications. It begins with an introduction to software defined radio and cognitive radio. It then covers spectrum sensing, management, and different sensing techniques. The document discusses how cognitive radios know their environment and can adapt based on learning. It also describes cooperative and non-cooperative sensing approaches and lists some challenges of cognitive radio technology. The applications and advantages of cognitive radio are summarized before concluding with an admission that cognitive radio is still an area of active research.
Oliver Holland - IEEE VTS UKRI - Energy efficiency challenges of data volume...Keith Nolan
Oliver Holland from King's College London talks about energy efficiency challenges of data volume increases and the use of sleep modes facilitated by opportunistic cognitive radio networking as a solution
IoT Needs Good Neighbours - Cognitive Radio Turns Enemies into FriendsAMIHO Technology
With the internet of things the use of connected devices is predicted to be in many tens of billions. In this presentation, Steve Clarke discusses the use of various wireless technologies and techniques such as cognitive radio to allow these devices to co-exist in harmony with their (many) neighbours.
Steve Clarke, Technical Director of AMIHO, presented this paper at the prestigious Embedded World conference,Feb 2016.
Cognitive radio is a form of software-defined radio that can be used to address the spectrum crunch by detecting unused spectrum ("spectrum holes") and transmitting on those frequencies without interfering with the licensed users. It works by constantly sensing its operating environment and adapting its transmission parameters, such as frequency band or power level. This allows cognitive radios to opportunistically use vacant spectrum while avoiding occupied bands. Some challenges to the technology include developing specialized hardware, synchronization between devices, and preventing security vulnerabilities or false interference readings.
This document provides a summary of a term paper on cognitive radio. It discusses key topics such as:
- What cognitive radio is and its main features of intelligent awareness and reconfigurability.
- The inefficiencies of current static spectrum allocation and how cognitive radio can help address spectrum scarcity issues.
- Drivers for cognitive radio like dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio networks.
- Challenges to deploying cognitive radio like legal hurdles, security issues, and technology hurdles related to spectrum sensing.
- Promising applications of cognitive radio in areas like emergency services, internet access, and rural connectivity.
Social media workshop Creative Connection
Harry van Vliet, Dennis Ringersma and Erik Hekman of the lectorate crossmedia, Utrecht gave a workshop about social media strategies, leverage and business models for Creative Connection.
See also: http://crossmedialab.nl/
Configuring participation: On how we involve people in designJohn Vines
Slides to accompany my (again, oh too short 17 minute) CHI 2013 talk. In the talk and paper I explore the diverse ways in which 'participation' in HCI and design is often talked about, and speculate that the way in which we make sense of traditional tenets of participatory design such as 'the workshop' can be reimagined by looking at them as performances, or as multiple forms of ongoing participation, or if we reflect on our (the designers/researchers) own agency in the participatory process. Our paper can be accessed here: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2470654.2470716&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=380590099&CFTOKEN=64685270
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The document provides an overview of cognitive radio networks and spectrum sharing. It discusses how cognitive radio allows for opportunistic and adaptive usage of spectrum. It defines primary and secondary users and describes the cognitive radio network architecture. It then covers spectrum sensing, management, mobility and sharing in cognitive radio systems. Game theory approaches to modeling spectrum sharing are also summarized.
An overview of cognitive radio, comparison of cognitive radio vs. conventional radio, real-world applications for cognitive radio networks, how cognitive radios improve spectrum efficiency and address the wireless spectrum shortage.
Cognitive radio is an enhancement of software defined radio that allows radios to sense their environment and change operating parameters accordingly. It was first proposed in 1998 as a way to more efficiently utilize limited radio frequency spectrum. A cognitive radio can sense available portions of spectrum, then dynamically use those available channels while avoiding occupied ones. This allows for greater spectrum utilization and more flexible interoperability between different wireless technologies. However, cognitive radio also faces significant hardware and software challenges around dynamic reconfiguration, interference avoidance, and security that must be addressed for it to be fully realized.
Cognitive radios are smart radios that can sense their environment and adjust their transmission parameters accordingly. They were first proposed in 1999 to more efficiently utilize limited radio spectrum. Cognitive radios operate in a cycle of spectrum sensing, decision, sharing, and mobility. They can access licensed spectrum as secondary users as long as they do not interfere with primary users. This allows for increased spectrum utilization. Cognitive radios have characteristics of cognitive capability, reconfigurability, and self-organization. They enable applications such as cognitive mesh networks and public safety networks through techniques like dynamic spectrum management.
The document discusses using cognitive radio technology for disaster management and emergency services. It proposes using cognitive radios to intelligently identify unused spectrum and optimize spectrum utilization during disasters when emergency networks are overloaded. The cognitive radios would be able to quickly find and communicate with each other on available channels using a random rendezvous algorithm, and configure radio parameters to communicate on different standards used by emergency services.
Cognitive radio is an intelligent wireless communication system that is aware of its environment and can learn and adapt to better utilize available spectrum. It aims for highly reliable communication and efficient spectrum usage. Cognitive radios use radio scene analysis to detect spectrum holes by analyzing signals over time and space. They also estimate interference temperature using spectral estimation and adaptive beamforming. Transmit power control and dynamic spectrum management allow cognitive radios to opportunistically access spectrum holes while avoiding interference. Future work may focus on language understanding, MIMO techniques, and nanoscale processing to improve cognitive radio capabilities.
This document discusses cognitive radio in 5G networks. It begins with describing the evolution of mobile standards from 1G to 4G. It then introduces the concepts of 5G and cognitive radio. The key points are:
- 5G will provide very high data rates up to 1 Gbps and connect many more devices.
- Cognitive radio can improve spectrum efficiency by allowing unlicensed users to access licensed spectrum holes.
- The document proposes a cognitive radio based 5G network that can integrate various wireless technologies and help manage network complexity using cognitive radio's abilities.
This document discusses cognitive radio networks and security issues within them. It begins with an introduction to cognitive radio and its ability to identify unused spectrum. It then describes two common attacks on cognitive radio networks: incumbent emulation attacks and spectrum sensing data falsification attacks. The document reviews several detection techniques for these attacks, including evaluating trust values and consistency, using reputation metrics, and analyzing statistics. Finally, it discusses some applications and advantages of cognitive radio networks, as well as topics for further research.
This document provides an overview of cognitive radio networks including: the objectives of allowing unlicensed secondary users to access licensed spectrum; the centralized and distributed architectures; main issues like sensing, signaling, and spectrum decision; standards like IEEE 802.22; techniques for spectrum sensing, allocation, and sharing; cognitive radio platforms; future research directions; and conclusions. It surveys the technology and challenges of cognitive radio networks to enable efficient spectrum utilization.
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
Alex Wyglinski - IEEE VTS UKRI - Cognitive radio - a panacea for RF spectrum...Keith Nolan
This document discusses cognitive radio and spectrum scarcity. It begins with an overview of the evolution of wireless technologies and the information age. It then discusses how cognitive radio aims to address the growing problem of spectrum scarcity by allowing for dynamic and flexible usage of spectrum through software-defined radios and adaptation to spectrum availability and use. The document outlines various techniques for characterizing spectrum usage and measuring availability through vehicular experiments and spectrum occupancy analysis to identify opportunities for cognitive radio to more efficiently utilize vacant spectrum.
This document discusses cognitive radio, including its definition, history, key concepts, and applications. It begins with an introduction to software defined radio and cognitive radio. It then covers spectrum sensing, management, and different sensing techniques. The document discusses how cognitive radios know their environment and can adapt based on learning. It also describes cooperative and non-cooperative sensing approaches and lists some challenges of cognitive radio technology. The applications and advantages of cognitive radio are summarized before concluding with an admission that cognitive radio is still an area of active research.
Oliver Holland - IEEE VTS UKRI - Energy efficiency challenges of data volume...Keith Nolan
Oliver Holland from King's College London talks about energy efficiency challenges of data volume increases and the use of sleep modes facilitated by opportunistic cognitive radio networking as a solution
IoT Needs Good Neighbours - Cognitive Radio Turns Enemies into FriendsAMIHO Technology
With the internet of things the use of connected devices is predicted to be in many tens of billions. In this presentation, Steve Clarke discusses the use of various wireless technologies and techniques such as cognitive radio to allow these devices to co-exist in harmony with their (many) neighbours.
Steve Clarke, Technical Director of AMIHO, presented this paper at the prestigious Embedded World conference,Feb 2016.
Cognitive radio is a form of software-defined radio that can be used to address the spectrum crunch by detecting unused spectrum ("spectrum holes") and transmitting on those frequencies without interfering with the licensed users. It works by constantly sensing its operating environment and adapting its transmission parameters, such as frequency band or power level. This allows cognitive radios to opportunistically use vacant spectrum while avoiding occupied bands. Some challenges to the technology include developing specialized hardware, synchronization between devices, and preventing security vulnerabilities or false interference readings.
This document provides a summary of a term paper on cognitive radio. It discusses key topics such as:
- What cognitive radio is and its main features of intelligent awareness and reconfigurability.
- The inefficiencies of current static spectrum allocation and how cognitive radio can help address spectrum scarcity issues.
- Drivers for cognitive radio like dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio networks.
- Challenges to deploying cognitive radio like legal hurdles, security issues, and technology hurdles related to spectrum sensing.
- Promising applications of cognitive radio in areas like emergency services, internet access, and rural connectivity.
Social media workshop Creative Connection
Harry van Vliet, Dennis Ringersma and Erik Hekman of the lectorate crossmedia, Utrecht gave a workshop about social media strategies, leverage and business models for Creative Connection.
See also: http://crossmedialab.nl/
Configuring participation: On how we involve people in designJohn Vines
Slides to accompany my (again, oh too short 17 minute) CHI 2013 talk. In the talk and paper I explore the diverse ways in which 'participation' in HCI and design is often talked about, and speculate that the way in which we make sense of traditional tenets of participatory design such as 'the workshop' can be reimagined by looking at them as performances, or as multiple forms of ongoing participation, or if we reflect on our (the designers/researchers) own agency in the participatory process. Our paper can be accessed here: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2470654.2470716&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=380590099&CFTOKEN=64685270
Vorig jaar meegeschreven aan SIARAAK aanvraag voor een meerjarig onderzoeksvoorstel in een ander jasje! Gehonoreerd en momenteel uitgevoerd door Hogeschool Utrecht i.s.m. vele partijen.
Cognitive radio is a type of wireless communication that senses its operational environment and can change its transmission parameters accordingly. It allows unlicensed users to access portions of the radio spectrum normally reserved for licensed users, provided they do not cause harmful interference. Key functions of cognitive radio include spectrum sensing, analysis, management and sharing to efficiently utilize available spectrum. It provides benefits like optimal diversity, improved spectrum efficiency and quality of service. However, issues like spectrum management and ensuring co-existence with other systems need to be addressed for cognitive radio to be effectively implemented. Potential applications include use in emergency communications and wireless regional area networks.
METHODS FOR DETECTING ENERGY AND SIGNALS IN COGNITIVE RADIOIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for detecting energy and signals in cognitive radio systems. It begins with an overview of cognitive radio and the importance of spectrum sensing. It then describes several signal detection techniques used in cognitive radio, including energy detection, matched filtering, cyclostationary feature detection, and others. It also discusses more advanced techniques for signal detection in noisy environments, such as cooperative spectrum sensing. The main components of cognitive radio systems are outlined. Finally, specific spectrum sensing methods like wavelet packet transform and cyclostationary spectrum sensing are explained in more detail.
Frontiers of Wireless and Mobile CommunicationsSai Varrshini
This document discusses emerging wireless technologies and their impact. It provides an overview of key technologies like MIMO, cooperative communications, and dynamic spectrum access. It summarizes the evolution of radio technologies from 2G to 4G standards and increasing link speeds. It also examines short-range wireless technologies and research challenges in building cognitive radios and software-defined radios to efficiently utilize spectrum.
A cognitive radio (CR) is a radio that can be programmed and configured dynamically to use the best wireless channels in its vicinity to avoid user interference and congestion. Such a radio automatically detects available channels in wireless spectrum, then accordingly changes its transmission or reception parameters to allow more concurrent wireless communications in a given spectrum band at one location. This process is a form of dynamic spectrum management.
It can also be defined as, it is a form of wireless communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in use and which ones are not. The transceiver then instantly moves into vacant channels, while avoiding occupied ones. These capabilities help optimize the use of the available radio frequency (RF) spectrum.
It also minimizes interference to other users. And, by avoiding occupied channels, it increases spectrum efficiency and improves the quality of service (QoS) for users.
With cloud computing, users can remotely store their data into the cloud and use on-demand high-quality applications. Data outsourcing: users are relieved from the burden of data storage and maintenance When users put their data (of large size) on the cloud, the data integrity protection is challenging enabling public audit for cloud data storage security is important Users can ask an external audit party to check the integrity of their outsourced data. Purpose of developing data security for data possession at un-trusted cloud storage servers we are often limited by the resources at the cloud server as well as at the client. Given that the data sizes are large and are stored at remote servers, accessing the entire file can be expensive in input output costs to the storage server. Also transmitting the file across the network to the client can consume heavy bandwidths. Since growth in storage capacity has far outpaced the growth in data access as well as network bandwidth, accessing and transmitting the entire archive even occasionally greatly limits the scalability of the network resources. Furthermore, the input output to establish the data proof interferes with the on-demand bandwidth of the server used for normal storage and retrieving purpose. The Third Party Auditor is a respective person to manage the remote data in a global manner.
Frontiers of wireless and mobile communications v0.02Sai Varrshini
The document discusses a paper on frontiers in wireless technology. It describes how wireless transmission has reached billions of bits per second and mobile services have become internet-based. Emerging technologies like dynamic spectrum access, software-defined radio and MIMO have the potential to increase radio link speeds from MBps to GBps and support new networking concepts. The paper examines the impact of these wireless techniques on audiovisual and multimedia applications.
Cognitive radio technology aims to tackle frequency shortage and misuse by allowing radios to detect unused spectrum and adapt transmission parameters. It was introduced by Mitola in 1999 to define radios that can evaluate their environment, decide transmission parameters, and learn from experience. The technology faces challenges in reliably sensing primary users, distinguishing them from noise, and developing commercial applications. If these challenges can be addressed, cognitive radio networks may offer a robust wireless connection between many intelligent devices regardless of location.
RF Planning and Optimization in GSM and UMTS NetworksApurv Agrawal
The report covers various aspects involved in improving the network coverage as well as the parameters used in planning of new network sites for GSM and UMTS networks.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Energy Detection Techniques for Cognitive Radio over Different Fading Channel...IRJET Journal
This document reviews energy detection techniques for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio over different fading channels. It discusses how energy detection works by measuring the received signal energy to determine if a channel is idle or occupied. It evaluates the performance of energy detection under Rayleigh, Nakagami, and Rician fading channels using metrics like probability of detection, probability of false alarm, and probability of missed detection. The document also provides background on cognitive radio and reviews related work on energy detection and spectrum sensing techniques.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
Divergent modulation schemes have been proposed for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWAN) technologies are gaining unprecedented acceptance in IoT application of sensor
networks. Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a prominent modulation technique proposed for LPWAN. Chirps
can traverse long distance and are resilient to noise and Doppler effects. Noise resilience along with
transmission range and low power requirement makes CSS a preferred modulation scheme for sensor
networks. LoRaWANTM, with its physical (PHY) layer using CSS, has emerged as the widely accepted
LPWAN solution. By using CSS modulation with orthogonal spreading factors (SF), LoRa offers wide
coverage to LPWAN applications while supporting a high volume of devices. However, scalability
performance of CSS has not been inadequately modeled. As with the suitability of the modulation scheme,
there are concerns on how chirps interact with the surrounding as the number of deployments bursts out
into higher volumes. We evaluate CSS at ISM band 868 MHz for spreading factor 7 to 12 at bandwidth 125
kHz for performance and scalability. Simultaneous transmissions were simulated with repeated iterations
and conclusions are arrived on collisions rate, packet error rate, and bit error. Suitability of using CSS for
sensor networks for future deployments is commended.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
This document discusses the scalability concerns of Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation for Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) applications. CSS is a prominent modulation technique used in LPWAN technologies like LoRaWAN. While CSS provides noise resilience, long transmission range and low power requirements making it suitable for sensor networks, its ability to scale to a very large number of simultaneous transmissions has not been adequately modeled. The document aims to evaluate the performance and scalability of CSS at different spreading factors through simulations of simultaneous transmissions over an AWGN channel. Key performance metrics like collision rate, packet error rate and bit error are analyzed to assess the suitability of CSS for future large-scale sensor network deployments.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
Divergent modulation schemes have been proposed for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWAN) technologies are gaining unprecedented acceptance in IoT application of sensor
networks. Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a prominent modulation technique proposed for LPWAN. Chirps
can traverse long distance and are resilient to noise and Doppler effects. Noise resilience along with
transmission range and low power requirement makes CSS a preferred modulation scheme for sensor
networks. LoRaWANTM, with its physical (PHY) layer using CSS, has emerged as the widely accepted
LPWAN solution. By using CSS modulation with orthogonal spreading factors (SF), LoRa offers wide
coverage to LPWAN applications while supporting a high volume of devices. However, scalability
performance of CSS has not been inadequately modeled. As with the suitability of the modulation scheme,
there are concerns on how chirps interact with the surrounding as the number of deployments bursts out
into higher volumes. We evaluate CSS at ISM band 868 MHz for spreading factor 7 to 12 at bandwidth 125
kHz for performance and scalability. Simultaneous transmissions were simulated with repeated iterations
and conclusions are arrived on collisions rate, packet error rate, and bit error. Suitability of using CSS for
sensor networks for future deployments is commended.
SCALABILITY CONCERNS OF CHIRP SPREAD SPECTRUM FOR LPWAN APPLICATIONSijasuc
Divergent modulation schemes have been proposed for the Internet of Things (IoT). Low Power Wide Area
Networks (LPWAN) technologies are gaining unprecedented acceptance in IoT application of sensor
networks. Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a prominent modulation technique proposed for LPWAN. Chirps
can traverse long distance and are resilient to noise and Doppler effects. Noise resilience along with
transmission range and low power requirement makes CSS a preferred modulation scheme for sensor
networks. LoRaWANTM, with its physical (PHY) layer using CSS, has emerged as the widely accepted
LPWAN solution. By using CSS modulation with orthogonal spreading factors (SF), LoRa offers wide
coverage to LPWAN applications while supporting a high volume of devices. However, scalability
performance of CSS has not been inadequately modeled. As with the suitability of the modulation scheme,
there are concerns on how chirps interact with the surrounding as the number of deployments bursts out
into higher volumes. We evaluate CSS at ISM band 868 MHz for spreading factor 7 to 12 at bandwidth 125
kHz for performance and scalability. Simultaneous transmissions were simulated with repeated iterations
and conclusions are arrived on collisions rate, packet er
4G World Mobile Backhaul Summit. If you missed it in person, feel free to view it online.
Speakers:
Mark Casey, CFN Services, Incorporated
Mike Dodson, Utopian Wireless
Doug Smith, Digital Bridge
Dan Graf, Leap Wireless/Cricket Communications
If you have any questions please contact CFN Services at backhaul@cfnservices.com
This document discusses the role of cognitive radio technology in 4G communications. It begins with an abstract that introduces cognitive radio as the key enabling technology for next generation networks. It then reviews research being done on cognitive radio and 4G technologies. The main possibilities of implementing cognitive radios in 4G communication systems are surveyed, including how networks like IEEE 802.22 and WiMAX extensions can enhance 4G performance using cognitive technologies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
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2. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Abstract 3
2 Introduction 3
3 Key Drivers for Cognitive Radio 6
4 Present Scenario – Key Players 8
5 Promising Application of Cognitive Radio 9
6 Economic approaches for implementation of Cognitive Radio Networks 10
7 Challenges in deployment of Cognitive Radios 11
8 The way forward 13
9 Summary 13
10 References 14
3. 3
ABSTRACT
The pervasive use of wireless technology has created an ever-increasing demand for more and more
spectrum. However the most recent studies highlight the fact that the current spectrum allocation method
is inefficient as the bands are underutilized.
There have been many technological developments to increase the efficiency of spectrum utilization. This
concentrated mainly on increasing the number of users in a frequency band. These developments are
evolutionary as such they evolve from the exiting technologies. However cognitive radio is one of recent
revolutionary advancement that promises to govern the future wireless world. It is considered to have a
profound effect the way we will mange, utilize and share radio spectrum in future.
In this paper the implications of cognitive radio for future management of spectrum is discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Currently in wireless communication, all around the world, the availability of spectrum is governed by
regulatory and licensing bodies. This is called as Static spectrum allocation. In this, the spectrum
available is divided into fixed bands and each band is dedicated for a particular service or wireless
technology. This dedicated allocation of spectrum to particular services leads to inefficient utilization of
spectrum. However the growing need for more and more bandwidth is resulting in spectrum scarcity.
Cognitive radio is the most promising solution which can address this problem.
What is cognitive radio?
The term cognitive radio (CR) was coined by Mitola in 1999 .Quoting the definition of cognitive radio in his
words as “the point in which wireless personal digital assistants (PDAs) and the related networks are
sufficiently computationally intelligent about radio resources and related computer-to-computer
communication to: (a) detect user communications needs as a function of user context and (b) to provide
radio resources and wireless services most appropriate to those needs”.
A cognitive radio can be considered as a system which continuously interacts with its environment to
evaluate the availability of resources and needs of users so as to efficiently utilize the spectrum available.
It does so by changing its operation parameters like frequency of operation, modulation and coding
technique etc
4. 4
In essence the two most important features of cognitive radio are
1. Intelligent awareness - Being aware of the surrounding environment and continuously learning
from the user and environment needs
2. Re-configurability - Ability to make changes in the operating parameters like transmission or
reception in real time.
AN ANOLOGY The current spectrum allocation can be considered analogous in the way road traffic is
controlled with definite lanes and electronic signals, controlling and restricting the flow. The cognitive
radio can be considered analogous to a more distributed and self managed- regulated pedestrian traffic.
Why cognitive radio?
Globally wireless networks are increasingly facing bandwidth crisis .The spectrum available has become
a scarce resource. Today mobile communications are allowed only certain frequencies which are getting
crowded. As demand for new enhanced services like music, videos and internet are increasing day by
day requirement for bandwidth is far more then currently available. Hence fundamental problem facing
future wireless communication systems is where to find suitable carrier frequencies and bandwidths to
meet the predicted demand of future services.
However if one scans the radio spectrum, it would be found that
Some frequencies are unutilized for most of the time
Some frequencies are partially utilized
Some frequencies are heavily loaded for most of the time
Thus the available spectrum is inefficiently utilized.
HOW
One can identify a range of frequencies dedicated to a particular user, but at a particular time and place
this frequencies are not being utilized. Cognitive radio exploits this to efficiently utilize the available
spectrum. With cognitive radio technology one can use all available frequency even those dedicated to
TV and Satellite. Intelligent devices will negotiate with each other in order to utilize the whole spectrum
available in the most efficient way.
5. 5
A cognitive radio thus would require the following core capabilities
1. FLEXIBILITY AND AGILITY: Ability to dynamically change the operational parameters. Full
flexibility would be possible if cognitive radios are built on top a software-defined radio. An SDR is
a radio in which the transmission properties such as signal bandwidth, carrier frequency,
modulation, and network access are defined by software. In addition to SDR, another important
requirement to achieve flexibility is reconfigure-ability and wideband antenna technologies.
2. SENSING: Ability to scan the RF environment and measure the current state of the environment,
including spectral occupancy. Sensing is necessary if the device has to change its operation
based on its current knowledge of environment.
3. LEARNING: Ability to make sense out of what is being sensed and learn from it.
4. ADAPTABILITY: Ability to modify internal operational behavior based on the resultant analysis
of the new situation,
5. LOCATION AWARENESS: Ability to respond to spatially variant regulatory policies or spatially
variant spectrum availabilities.
Advantages
Cognitive radios thus results in
Proper utilization of available spectrum
Giving precedence to high priority communication
Optimum power consumption
Providing new services
6. 6
KEY DRIVERS FOR COGNITIVE RADIO
DSA (DYNAMIC SYSTEM ALLOCATION)
Currently Static allocation model is deployed in which the portion of spectrum for a particular service is
always dedicated. This procedure ensures simplicity, guaranteed access to the licensee and better quality
of services. However deployment of cognitive networks call for a model in which if the licensee called the
primary user is not utilizing the band at a particular time then the secondary user can opportunistically use
the spectrum. This deployment called Dynamic Spectrum Access would open up vast amount of
spectrum.
The challenge lies in developing models that significantly improve spectrum efficiency without
compromising on the benefits of Static Allocation Model. How one would develop polices that would
ensure that the rights of licensee and quality of services are maintained. Also it must be economically
viable for manufactures to deploy DSA. The deployment of DSA possesses much technology, spectrum
policy and economic challenges.
CRN-(COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS)
Devices employing cognitive radios need to operate smoothly in multiple frequency bands. In addition
they must be able to decide which frequency band to use and configure the network appropriately.
Specifically, the devices need to agree on how to realize various physical, link, and network layer
functions in a way that makes best use of the available spectrum, while also satisfying the policy
constraints that apply in the selected band.
7. 7
Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are networks that would be able to sense their RF environment and
adapt themselves to achieve optimum efficiency. Wifi already use cognitive optimization (in terms of rate
adaptation) and spectrum agility. However the use is very restricted. For deployment of CR more robust
and aggressive adaptation techniques such as across wider spectrum band and radical runtime protocol
optimizations would be required.
SDR (Software Defined Radio)
Most of the radios today implement all the processing and protocol functions in hardware thereby limiting
runtime adaptability to very small changes. CRN would require a wireless device that is very flexible in
changing various protocol functions during runtime. For this SDR present an ideal platform.SDR would
enable deployment of several standards on the same hardware by reprogramming the software. In SDR
conversion of analog signal to digital signal takes place as early as possible at the front end while
conversion of digital signal to analog signal is done as late as possible at the back end. Hence much of
the processing takes place in the digital domain. Processing in digital domain is easy and enhances
devices flexibility and adaptability
However, due to the limitations of analog/digital converters, digital processing capacity and power
constraints, SDR are still not fully deployed. The flexibility offered by SDRs is very attractive, especially
when prototyping and evaluating cognitive networking technology.
TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
1. Signal processing - The signal processing problems that would be typical in CR would be
making inference about the transmitted information base on received signals in an unknown and
dynamically changing environment. Conventional processing methods are computationally complex.
However the recently emerged Bayesian signal processing promises a simpler solution
2. Dynamic programming- Dynamic programming broadly refers to solve large complex problem
by breaking them down into simpler steps. In cognitive environment dynamic programming would suffer
from exponentially increased computational algorithm and resource requirements.
3. Learning machines with feedback- One of the key aspects that will be development of
techniques that can learn from the information collected in the past and present .There are techniques
currently deployed to fine tune radio parameters but these are in very nascent stage. A lot of research
needs to be done on learning , reasoning and resulting intelligence in CR networks
4. Cross-layer protocol design. Currently in wireless network protocol design each layer is
designed and operated independently. In cross-layer protocol design adaptivity and optimization across
multiple layers of the protocol stack are needed. Each layer responds to variations local to that layer and
information from other layers with the aim of joint optimization of all protocol layers.
8. 8
PRESENT SCENARIO –KEY PLAYERS
DISA- US Defense Information Systems Agency
The US Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) is moving into the age of dynamic spectrum access
(DSA), which is the key near-term contribution of cognitive radio. DISA's Defense Spectrum Organization
(DSO) is the DoD center of excellence for spectrum management. The key DSO elements are
Global Electromagnetic Spectrum Information System Program Management Office (GEMSIS
PMO) Global Electromagnetic Spectrum Information System (GEMSIS) is the joint program of record that
will transform spectrum operations from a pre-planned and static frequency assignment into a dynamic,
responsive, and agile capability. GEMSIS is focused on increasing the efficiency of DoD spectrum use by
eliminating inefficient preplanned and static frequency assignment.
Joint Spectrum Center (JSC) JSC is a source of engineering expertise and services dedicated to
ensuring effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum. JSC provides services such as spectrum-
planning guidance, system integration, system vulnerability analysis, environmental analysis, test and
measurement support, operational support and spectrum management software development.
NOKIA
Nokia a market leader with the aim of improving user experiences for more innovative and integrated
telecommunication has already adapted cognitive radio within allocated spectrum bands to manage
heterogeneous more efficiently. Nokia research center is working extensively in this field
COGNITIVE ACCESS TO TV BANDS
In UK digital switchover is expected to be completed by 2012 that would require the TV stations to
convert from analogue to digital transmission. After the switchover a portion of TV analogue channels
would become vacant which be auctioned off by regulators to other services.
In addition there will be a number of TV channels in a given area that would not be used by DTV station
because such stations would not be able to operate without interference to adjacent channels.
However low power unlicensed device can operate on these vacant spaces that could not be used by
DTV due to interferences. These vacant TV channel care called white spaces. The proposed new rules
would, in principle allow the operation of both fixed and portable broadband devices on a non-interference
basis in this white spaces.
A preliminary study by Ofcom indicates that “at any one location, around 100 MHz on average is not
being used by DTT (Digital Terrestrial Television) and could, in principle be used by license-exempt
devices”
9. 9
PROMOSING APPLICATION OF COGNITIVE
Cognitive radio has the potential to drastically alter the way we would mange our communication in the
future. Some of the promising applications are
1. Emergency Services Use of Cognitive Radio The public safety users have direct application
for cognitive radios. In conditions of emergency need for quality of service and interoperability
among various standards becomes vital. CR with there inherent ability to adapt and adjust to
different standards would help in such situation.
2. Low Cost Internet Access .The dynamic spectrum access model approach would enable
broadband access on the unused spectrums, thereby enabling lower Internet access cost by
drastically reducing cost component associated with purchase of spectrum.
3. Rural connectivity By deploying smart mesh CRN systems remote rural areas can be provided
connectivity.
4. New services Radio based advertising in which the user gets only relevant information
Application in public safety: Consider a situation during an emergency. Emergency situation generally
require great deal of co ordination of between different relief workers, fire brigade, police and other
concerned person. Chances of communication breakdown both internally and externally increase due to
lack of common standards and overburden of emergency bands.
Cognitive radio would help in such situation by prioritizing such communication and enabling
communication all standards.
Application in security: Imagine a situation in which a soldier has to only turn on the device which he is
carrying. Once engaged the cognitive radio will determine what spectrum to use, sense any disruptions in
the environment (jamming) and adjust accordingly.
Application in daily life: A flight entering into the borders of another country. Currently the radio
parameters need to be set by the pilot with the help of ground controllers as the standards for
communication are different in different countries With cognitive radios no human involvement would be
required
10. 10
ECONOMIC APPROACHES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF
COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS
For implementation of CRN we need to understand the feasibility of various economic approaches as well
as the associated technical challenges. The licensed users are called primary users and the users of the
CRN are called secondary users. For peaceful existences of both accurate information of the usage of
spectrum is required .There are two different approaches that can be followed
OPPORTUNISTIC SPECTRUM ACCESS: Secondary users scan the primary user spectrum to determine
any vacant spectra. Sensing becomes a critical issue.
RESOURCE TRADING: Primary user explicitly provides any relevant information to secondary users. By
allowing some monetary to primary users can get some monetary benefits by allowing secondary users to
use spectrum
In opportunistic spectrum access since there is no motivation for primary user it becomes difficult to
guarantee a peaceful coexistence of both. Hence a resource trading based approach is a better option
A combination of different economic approaches can be applied in order to have a resource trading based
spectrum sharing. These approaches are briefly described next
GAME THEORY It’s the study of cooperation and conflict among individuals or groups. It provides an
analytical framework for decision making based on this. It aims at maximum optimization of all resources
at same time protecting the interest of primary users.
PRICE THEORY For resource trade based spectrum sharing appropriate schemes for setting up the price
of the spectrum, formulating models that maximizes payoff to both primary users in terms of monetary
value and secondary users in terms of service is an important issue
MARKET THEORY -Stability would be required overall in order to have a feasible model
11. 11
CHALLENGES IN DEPLOYMENT OF COGNITIVE RADIO
LEGAL HURDLES
Cognitive radio is an advanced technology. Successful implementation of such revolutionary technologies
in an economy and policy regime thrives heavily upon how and where it return value that too without
impeding other technologies or innovation. Thus the success of cognitive radios would greatly depend on
what policy changes would be required throughout the world and corresponding consequences. Research
would be required to support any proposed policy reform. Demonstration of improved performance over
the other technology is a must. Improved spectrum utilization and cost effectiveness must be visible to the
policy makers.
Implementation of cognitive radio requires a model with following requirements
Sharing among equals, or giving some wireless systems primary rights and others secondary status.
Cooperation among systems from different administration domains,
Assumptions that systems are licensed or unlicensed or a mix of the two.
A proper research addressing critical issues such as how devices would operate in a given band, what
are the levels of risk involved in case of harmful interference, possibility of congestion and interferences
under different regulatory approaches, what be the role and responsibility of standard bodies, industry
and user groups, what would be the social and economic benefits and potential impact on business and
technological strategies would be required.
SECURITY RELATED ISSUE
Security would be one of the major concerns while deploying cognitive radio. In a system where radios
can decide how to use the available spectral resources proper identification and authentication is must.
Rouge player trying to cause major communication disruption would flourish. Mechanism would be
required to develop to identify such systems and deactivate or block them. Hence proper and successful
implementation of robust security measures becomes vital while deploying cognitive radios.
TECHNOLOGY HURDLES
Being aware of the environment cognitive radio chooses the best available option based on certain
performance parameters such as carrier frequency, type of modulation, antenna, power bandwidth etc.
This means that the radio would have to deal with different RF spectrum and baseband varieties at the
same time, thus requiring a more robust, efficient and reconfigurable hardware architecture. Clearly, the
introduction of this revolutionary paradigm poses many challenges across all layers of a cognitive radio
system design like spectrum sensing, interference management, resource allocation, RF design and
implementation issues.
12. 12
1. SPECTRUM SENSING TECHNIQUES
One of the most important functions of cognitive radio is to sense its environment accurately and thereby
choose its operation parameter. Spectrum sensing has been identified as a key enabling cognitive radio
to not interfere with primary users, by reliability detecting primary user’s signals. And sensing is not
merely enough. Making sense out of what it being sensed is another all together different issue.
Sensing techniques available today are susceptible to changing levels of interference and noise levels.
Also these techniques can only detect the presence or absence of signal. They are not able to
differentiate whether the detected signal is a noise, interference or information carrying signal.
The hurdle lies in developing fast low-cost detecting techniques that are able to detect weak signals and
also differentiate between them.
2. HARDWARE DESIGN
Another major hurdle is designing of a flexible hardware that can be used for wideband sensing and
multiband communication purposes. Conventionally, in the design of RF circuit for radio certain
assumptions regarding interferes and worst case scenarios can be made fairly. This greatly eased the
design of hardware for a desired performance.
However cognitive radio operates in a dynamic environment. Additionally not having prior information on
the frequency of operation bandwidth and other operation parameters greatly complicates the situation. If
one follows the conventional approach it would lead to design of excessive circuit blocks thereby
increasing space, cost and complexity. Designing a flexible circuit giving a minimal level of performance
under all expected and unexpected scenarios becomes a challenge
3. ON CHIP IMPLEMENTATION
Designing the digital baseband processing of such a complex system also posses an uphill task. The
power usage would increase significantly due to increase in functionality. Also the memory requirement
would increase significantly due to operation in an unknown dynamically changing environment.
4. PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURES
The extreme flexible requirements of cognitive radios involve redesigning of network algorithms and
protocols. In particular cross layer algorithms that adapt to changes in quality, network structure, and
physical link availability would require an advanced management framework. Design of network protocols
that can enable cognitive devices to exchange key information like frequency coordination network
configuration transmission parameters would be critical.
13. 13
THE WAY FORWARD
CURRENT SCENARIO FUTURE SCENARIO
Cognitive radio would enable interaction between all types of radio devices
A simple embedding of a radio in any object could mean interaction of all objects!!
Verify and control your identity, online and offline all at the same time
All time connectivity not only through network cells but also through formation of spontaneous networks
New marketing strategy - Radio enabled advertising sends customized information to your phone in your
language
SUMMARY
In this paper we examined how cognitive radio can impact the way spectrum will be managed and
regulated in future. The concept of cognitive radio is promising to improve the utilization of spectrum. With
technological advancement in device cognitive and re-configurability capabilities we may see current
static spectrum management model completely disappear. Spectrum would be managed by a society of
intelligence cognitive devices which on behalf of their user would be continuously involved in
communication negotiation cooperation and trading.
This would require the need of formation of new regulation in the future. Many key technological,
economical and legal issue need to be explored before cognitive radios are fully deployed. Significant
new research is required to address these challenges. The potential for cognitive radio to make a
significant difference to wireless communications is immense. The key issue in the final evolution of
cognitive radio for any application would be-
• Trust by the users of cognitive radio;
• Trust by all other users who might be interfered with.
14. 14
References
1. Radio electronics.com: Future of Cognitive Radio - an interview with Dr Joseph Mitola
2. Maziar Nekovee : Impact of Cognitive Radio on Future Management of Spectrum
3. Cristian Ianculescu: Cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum sharing
4. Dr. Bruce Fette, Ph.D. Cognitive radios: The future of SDR technology
5. Joseph Mitola Cognitive Radio: Making Software Radios More Personal
6. Sabita Maharjan · Yan Zhang · Stein Gjessing: Economic Approaches for Cognitive Radio
Networks
7. Angsuman Rudra Cognitive radio: An evolution from software radio
8. Nokia research center: http://research.nokia.com/