Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
metamorphic rocks and their distinguishing features-megascopic and microscopic study of gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble and slate
Properties and characteristics and uses of metamorphic rocks
Minerals are any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition that allows for some variation. Within this presentation, we shall be discussing how one may be able to identify rocks based on their differing properties. Physical properties which alludes to its color, streak, hardness and many more characteristics shall be used identify a myriad of rocks. Some minerals are chemical compounds having compositions that can be expressed by a chemical formula. This occurs because certain elements can substitute for others of similar size without changing the mineral’s internal structure. Within this presentation we shall be getting a deeper dive within identifying rocks and what-not
Birthstones ! Buy Dazzling Jewellery as per your Birthstone for all 12 months...Storelize
rom shining rubies and sapphires to emeralds and diamonds, many precious gems have been discovered around the world and many more are probably yet to come. These gemstones are often associated with the months and zodiac signs of the wearer and are therefore called birthstones. People are asked to wear these stones in a particular metal to take advantage of them.
Additionally, because of their royal aura and extraordinary charm, wearing or possessing birthstone jewelery is a highly coveted style that has been in vogue since the time of the Egyptian pharaohs.
So, whether you wear them to harness their energy and benefits or because they give a classy look to your outfit, birthstone jewelry deserves all the space in your jewellery.
Also, if you are the owner of exclusive fine pieces like this one or want to gift them to your loved ones, our list of some of the most spectacular birthstones is all you need. But before getting to that, how do you know which birthstone is suitable for you?
As the name suggests, birthstones are commonly associated with the months you are born in. They are also based on zodiac signs and are classified into modern and traditional birthstones. Thus, you can choose yours from either type.
Furthermore, a list of traditional birthstones initially originated between the 16th and 18th centuries. In 1912, the Jewelers of America updated that list and released another one with modern birthstones. This list is revised periodically. For this edit, we have mentioned the stones according to birth months.
A January birthstone, garnet’s colour palette also spans hues like deep violet, green, yellow and orange beside the most commonly found red. And when it comes to jewels, it looks especially stunning in rings, necklaces and earrings.
Its name is derived from the Medieval Latin word granatus, meaning ‘pomegranate’. Because of its red color, garnet is a lustrous gemstone that looks so attractive. It dates back to ancient times when garnets were worn in elaborate necklaces. The birthstone is also known to have many healing properties such as balancing the root chakras, regulating blood circulation, flushing out toxins from the body, and recharging your sexual energy.
A January birthstone, Garnet’s color palette also spans shades like deep purple, green, yellow, and orange next to the most commonly found reds. And when it comes to jewelry, it looks especially stunning in rings, necklaces, and earrings.
Amethyst is derived from the Greek word amethyst, which means ‘not drunk.’
Acclaimed for its deep purple hue, which ranges from a pale lilac shade, the February birthstone has long been associated with royalty and was a highly favored jewel of kings and queens.
While this powerful gemstone signifies personal empowerment, higher intuition, inner strength and mental clarity, it looks equally stunning when worn as jewellery. Be it a pair of beautiful earrings, a diamond and sapphire necklace, or a beautiful ring.
There are many believable and unbelievable stories surrounding the birthplace Opal.Birthstone traditions and folklore are set in history and superstition. Birthstones have long been associated with mysterious and magical powers, such as protection and good fortune. During the Middle Ages, certain gems were thought to evoke maximum energy when worn in a particular month. Gradually one gem is added every month. Wealthy people often own twelve designated stone ornaments, which they wear year-round.Over time, it became more common to wear only stones throughout the year of one's birth. Even wearing jewelry with other stones that are not your own birth month was considered unfortunate. In the early 1900's, six of the oldest birthmarks were replaced by the more readily available and affordable ones. Recognized today as both traditional and modern, there are two birthmarks in six of the twelve months. Each stone has its own meaning and legend.
metamorphic rocks and their distinguishing features-megascopic and microscopic study of gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble and slate
Properties and characteristics and uses of metamorphic rocks
Minerals are any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition that allows for some variation. Within this presentation, we shall be discussing how one may be able to identify rocks based on their differing properties. Physical properties which alludes to its color, streak, hardness and many more characteristics shall be used identify a myriad of rocks. Some minerals are chemical compounds having compositions that can be expressed by a chemical formula. This occurs because certain elements can substitute for others of similar size without changing the mineral’s internal structure. Within this presentation we shall be getting a deeper dive within identifying rocks and what-not
Birthstones ! Buy Dazzling Jewellery as per your Birthstone for all 12 months...Storelize
rom shining rubies and sapphires to emeralds and diamonds, many precious gems have been discovered around the world and many more are probably yet to come. These gemstones are often associated with the months and zodiac signs of the wearer and are therefore called birthstones. People are asked to wear these stones in a particular metal to take advantage of them.
Additionally, because of their royal aura and extraordinary charm, wearing or possessing birthstone jewelery is a highly coveted style that has been in vogue since the time of the Egyptian pharaohs.
So, whether you wear them to harness their energy and benefits or because they give a classy look to your outfit, birthstone jewelry deserves all the space in your jewellery.
Also, if you are the owner of exclusive fine pieces like this one or want to gift them to your loved ones, our list of some of the most spectacular birthstones is all you need. But before getting to that, how do you know which birthstone is suitable for you?
As the name suggests, birthstones are commonly associated with the months you are born in. They are also based on zodiac signs and are classified into modern and traditional birthstones. Thus, you can choose yours from either type.
Furthermore, a list of traditional birthstones initially originated between the 16th and 18th centuries. In 1912, the Jewelers of America updated that list and released another one with modern birthstones. This list is revised periodically. For this edit, we have mentioned the stones according to birth months.
A January birthstone, garnet’s colour palette also spans hues like deep violet, green, yellow and orange beside the most commonly found red. And when it comes to jewels, it looks especially stunning in rings, necklaces and earrings.
Its name is derived from the Medieval Latin word granatus, meaning ‘pomegranate’. Because of its red color, garnet is a lustrous gemstone that looks so attractive. It dates back to ancient times when garnets were worn in elaborate necklaces. The birthstone is also known to have many healing properties such as balancing the root chakras, regulating blood circulation, flushing out toxins from the body, and recharging your sexual energy.
A January birthstone, Garnet’s color palette also spans shades like deep purple, green, yellow, and orange next to the most commonly found reds. And when it comes to jewelry, it looks especially stunning in rings, necklaces, and earrings.
Amethyst is derived from the Greek word amethyst, which means ‘not drunk.’
Acclaimed for its deep purple hue, which ranges from a pale lilac shade, the February birthstone has long been associated with royalty and was a highly favored jewel of kings and queens.
While this powerful gemstone signifies personal empowerment, higher intuition, inner strength and mental clarity, it looks equally stunning when worn as jewellery. Be it a pair of beautiful earrings, a diamond and sapphire necklace, or a beautiful ring.
There are many believable and unbelievable stories surrounding the birthplace Opal.Birthstone traditions and folklore are set in history and superstition. Birthstones have long been associated with mysterious and magical powers, such as protection and good fortune. During the Middle Ages, certain gems were thought to evoke maximum energy when worn in a particular month. Gradually one gem is added every month. Wealthy people often own twelve designated stone ornaments, which they wear year-round.Over time, it became more common to wear only stones throughout the year of one's birth. Even wearing jewelry with other stones that are not your own birth month was considered unfortunate. In the early 1900's, six of the oldest birthmarks were replaced by the more readily available and affordable ones. Recognized today as both traditional and modern, there are two birthmarks in six of the twelve months. Each stone has its own meaning and legend.
Birthstones are gemstones that accompany a birth month, each having a unique meaning and historical significance. The popularity of birthstones dates back to ancient times when civilizations believed that gemstones had incredible powers such as luck, health and prosperity.
Birth stones have been used since ancient times. They believed that birthstone protects its user. This belief still exists among people today. There are many myths and myths surrounding the birthstone. Separate birth stones are also used for twelve months.
100,000 Years Of Jewelry History
A fascinating journey into the history of gemstones, from ancient civilization to the discovery of the lapidary and how gemstones became part of finished jewelry whether for personal adornment as well as a signifier of some affiliation, wealth display and/or status symbol. An overview in gemstones in vintage period jewelry, these eras include Victorian, Art Nouveau, Edwardian, Art Deco and contemporary jewelry.
Have you ever thought colorful and lustrous gemstones have more power than a sparkling effect? Most of us may not have thought in that direction. However, our ancestors did and were well aware about the mystical properties and healing powers of gemstones.
A List Of Precious And Semi Precious Gemstones - Himalya QuartzHimalyaquartz1
Gems are minerals, rocks, or organic materials that have been popular for their beauty, durability, and rarity. Gems are used in polished to make jewelry or other human decorations. Most of the gems are hard, and some are too soft or can not be used in jewelry, so they are often displayed in museums. Basically, gems are made from minerals; But There are some exceptions, however, called organics. Pearls and amber are made by organic processes. That's why they are called Organics gem.
The earliest known opaque gem jewellery artifacts uncovered during a drop Republic of Kenya by notable social scientist Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey were aforesaid to own dated back to regarding 4000 B.C. and were presumably originated from Ethiopia. History shows that the invention and cultivation of the opaque gem stone was vital to the status and power of many ancient civilizations. As early humans continued to unearth numerous new and rare gemstones from the caves and crevices during which they were deposited many years before, they presently learned a way to work them into ornamental shapes. Once the craft of shaping opaque gem jewellery was perfect, these cryptically illuminating opal stones were rendered invaluable, and revered for symbolising country and wealth.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. MINERALS
Minerals are made of elements. Elements
are simple substances that cannot be broken
down into any other substance. The name of
an element is written down as a combination
of letters called a symbol.
A mineral is composed of the same
substance throughout.
Minerals are made of chemicals either a
single chemical or a combination of
chemicals.
3. People value and search for minerals
for many different reasons. Most are
useful as they are the raw materials of
the metals we manufacture into goods.
Minerals are either found in shapeless
lumps which we call massive or they
can form into the special shapes we
recognize a crystals.
Most minerals form within the spaces
between other minerals and grow into
rough shapeless masses.
4. CRYSTALS
Crystals are minerals that have the chance
to grow in the shape that they were meant to
be.
Crystals form when the liquid rock from
inside the earth cool and harden.
Sometimes crystal form when liquids
underground find their way into cracks and
slowly deposit minerals.
Crystals do not have to be clear, but those
are the kinds you will usually see in the
stores.
5.
6. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
Colors- Most minerals have a distinctive color
that can be used for identification.
Streak is the color of the mineral in powdered
form. Streak shows the true color of the mineral.
Hardness is a measure of the mineral’s
resistance to scratching.
Cleavage: if a mineral breaks or splits apart
with smooth surfaces in certain directions.
Fracture: if a mineral breaks with a rough or
jagged surfaces
Luster: The way a mineral reflects light.
Density: Weight of a mineral
9. NATIVE ELEMENTS
This is the category of
the pure. Most minrals
are made up of
combinations of
chemical elements. In
this group a single
element like the copper
shown here are found
in a naturally pure form.
10. SILICATES
This is the largest group
of minerals. Silicates
are made from metals
combined with silicon
and oxygen. There are
more silicates than all
other minerals put
together. The mica on
the left is a member of
this group.
11. OXIDES
Oxides form from the
combination of a metal
with oxygen. This group
ranges from dull ores
like bauxite to gems like
rubies and sapphires.
The magnetic pictured
to the left is a member
of this group.
12. SULFIDES
Sulfides are made of
compounds of sulfur
usually with a metal.
They tend to be heavy
and brittle. Several
important metal ores
come from this group
like the pyrite pictured
here that is an iron ore.
13. SLUFATES
Are made of
compounds of sulfur
combined with metals
and oxygen. It is a large
group of minerals that
tend to be soft, and
translucent like this
barite.
14. HALIDES
Halides form from
halogen elements like
chlorine, bromine,
fluorine, and iodine
combined with metallic
elements. They are very
soft and easily dissolved
in water. Halite is a well-
known example of this
group. Its chemical
formula is NaCl or sodium
chloride commonly known
table salt.
15. CARBONATES
Carbonates are a group
of minerals made of
carbon, oxygen and a
metallic element. This
calcite known as
calcium carbonate is
the most common of
the carbonate group.
16. PHOSPHATES
Phosphates are not as
common in occurrence
as the other families of
minerals are broken
down by weathering.
They are often brightly
colored.
17. MINERALOIDS
Is a term used for those
substances that do not
fit neatly into one of
these eight classes:
opal, jet, amber, and
mother of pearl all
belong to the
mineraloids.
20. JANUARY: GARNET
The word “garnet” comes from the 14th Century
Middle English word “gernet” meaning dark red.
The garnet is very durable gemstone found all
over the world.
The folklore on garnet is very extensive. Legend
has it that can bring peace, prosperity and good
health to the home. Some even called it “Gem of
Faith” and it’s believed that to those who wear it
and do good, more good will come.
The garnet also symbolized deep and
everlasting friendship. With that legend in mind,
give you garnet to someone whose friendship
you deeply value.
21.
22. FEBRUARY: AMETHYST
Some historical accounts say that Saint
Valentine had an amethyst ring carved with an
image of Cupid. And for those familiar with Old
testament history, amethyst was one of the
twelve gemstones that represented twelve tribes
of Israel.
One of the most precious gemstones, often
favored by royalty or the clergy as symbol for
the diety of Christ.
Leonard Da Vinci once said that amethyst helps
to quicken intelligence and get rid of evil
thought. Other qualities like peace, stability,
23.
24. MARCH: AQUAMARINE AND BLOODSTONE
The name aquamarine is derived from the
Latin word aqua, meaning water, and marina,
meaning the sea. It’s also used to celebrate
19th wedding anniversaries.
Bloodstone is also called heliotrope, a word
from the ancient Greek that means “to turn
the sun” and also known as Blood
Jasper.Today, many still cherish bloodstone
as a lucky charm or amulet and is prized by
athletes or those who wish to increase their
personal strength.
25.
26. APRIL: DIAMOND
The hardest gemstone and is made of just one
just element: carbon. It’s unique physical
properties means it has the best possible luster
of any gemstone when cut and polished.
Throughout history, however, the diamond has
nearly always symbolized eternal and lasting
love. So whether you’re getting engaged, or
simply want to give yourself a truly meaningful
gift, the diamond has both beauty and enduring
symbolism.
Many thought the diamond could cure brain
disease, alleviate pituitary gland disorders and
draw toxins from the blood.
27.
28. MAY: EMERALD
The emerald, a symbol of rebirth, is believed to grant
the owner foresight, good fortune and youth. Emerald,
derived from the word “smaragdus”, means, quite
literally, “green” in Greek.
Cleopatra is perhaps the most famous historical figure
to cherish emeralds.She even claimed ownership of all
emerald mines in Egypt during her reign.
Today, emerald is a symbol of loyalty, new beginnings,
peace and security, making it not only a beautiful gift to
be treasured by the receiver.
There were those who thought the emerald could cure
stomach problems, control epilepsy and stop bleeding.
Maybe, due to its soothing green color, it was also
thought to be able to ward offpanic and keep the
wearer relaxed and serene.
29.
30. JUNE: PEARL, MOONSTONE & ALEXANDRITE
The name “pearl” comes from the Old French
perle, from the Latin perna meaning “leg”,
referencing the leg-of-mutton shape of an open
mollusk shell. Because perfectly round, smooth
natural pearls are so uncommon, the word
“pearl” can refer to anything rare and valuable.
Pearls symbolize purity and innocence , which
is why it’s tradition for a bride to wear pearls on
her wedding day.
31. Legends claim that it was discovered in 1834
on the same day that future Russian Czar
Alexander II came of age, hence the name
honoring him. “emerald by day,ruby by night”.
Associated with concentration and learning,
alexandrite is believed to strengthen intuition,
aid creativity and inspire imagination.
As its name implies, moonstones is closely
associated with lunar mystery and magic.
Moonstones acts as the ultimate fertility
crystal by sparking passion in new lovers and
reuniting old ones. Moonstones is used to
treat insomnia, sleepwalking, encourage
sound sleep and create beneficial dreams.
32.
33. JULY: RUBY
Accordingly, the name “ruby” comes from
rubeus, the Latin word for red. In ancient
Sanskrit, ruby translated to ratnaraj, which
meant “king of precious stones”. These fiery
gems have been treasured throughout
history for their vitality.
Due to its deep red color, ruby has long been
associated with the life force and vitality of
blood. It is believed to amplify energy,
heighten awareness, promote courage and
bring success in wealth, love and battle.
34.
35. AUGUST: PERIDOT, SARDONYX, SPINEL
Most scholars agree that the word “peridot” is
derived from the Arabic faridat which means
“gem”, but some believe it’s rooted in the
Greek word peridona, meaning “giving
plenty”. Perhaps that’s why peridot is
associated with prosperity and good fortune.
Also known as “the evening emerald”.
Peridot is said to possess healing properties
that protect against nightmares and evil,
ensuring peace and happiness.
36. Sardonyx combines alternating layers of
sand and onyx. Its name similarly, combines
sard with onyx. Used as a stone of strength
and protection since ancient times, sardonyx
is associated with courage, happiness and
clear communication.
The spinel is often assumed to be other
gemstones because it tends to resemble
either ruby or sapphire.
37.
38. SEPTEMBER: SAPPHIRE
A precious gem of wisdom, loyalty and nobility,
sincerity and integrity. This stone is said to focus
the mind, encourage self-discipline and the
channel higher power.
Sapphire come in every color except red, which
earn the classification of rubies instead.
The name “sapphire” comes from the Latin
sapphirus and Greek sappheiros meaning “blue
stone”, though those words may have originally
reffered to lapis lazuli. Some believe it
originated from the Sanskrit word sanipriya
which meant “dear to Saturn”.
39.
40. OCTOBER: TOURMALINE & OPAL
The name “tourmaline” comes from the
Sinhalese words tura mali, which mean “stone
of mixed colors”. As its name implies, tourmaline
stands apart from other gems with is broas
spectrum of colors in every shade of the
rainbow.Today, many still elieve that it can shield
against radiation, pollutants, toxins and negative
thoughts.
The name “opal” originates from the Greek word
opallios, which meant “to see a change in color”.
Opal’s characteristics “play-of-color” in the
1960’s. For centuries, people have associated
this gem with good luck, the opal can be bad
41.
42. NOVEMBER: TOPAZ & CITRINE
The name topaz derives from Topazios, the
ancient Greek name for Saint John’s Island in the
Red Sea. Although the yellow stones famously
mine there probably weren’t topaz, it soon
bacame the name for most yellowish stone.
Topaz is a soothing stone that has been said to
calm tempers, cure madness, and eliminate
nightmares.
It takes its name from the citron fruit because of
these lemon-inspired shades. Citrine is
sometimes known as the “healing quartz” for its
ability to comfort, soothe and calm. It can release
negative feelings, spark imagination and
manifest fresh beginnings. It’s even called the
“merchant’s stone” for its tendency to attract
43.
44. DECEMBER:TANZANITE, ZIRCON, TURQUOISE
These gems range from the oldest on Earth (zircon), to
one of the first mined and used in jewelry (turquoise), to
one of the most recently discovered (tanzanite).
Tanzanite is only found on Tanzania
The name zircon likely comes from the Persian word
zargun, meaning “gold-colored”. Others trace it to the
Arabic zarkun, meaning “vermillion”. Since the Middle
Ages, people believe that zircon can induce sleep, ward
off evil and prosperity.
The word turquoise dates back to the 13th century,
drawing from the French expression pierre tourques,
which referenced the “Turkish Stone” brought to Europe
from Turkey. It adorned everything from jewelry to
ceremonial masks to weapons and bridles- granting
power and protection, particularly falls.
47. In rock or stone is a naturally occuring solid
aggregate of one or more minerals or
mineraloids.
For example, the common rock granite is a
combination of the quartz, feldspar, and
biotite minerals. The Earth’s outer solid layer,
the lithosphere, is made of rock.
Rocks have been used by mankind
throughout history. From the stone age, rocks
have been used for tools. The minerals and
metals found in rocks have been essential to
human civilization.
48. Three major groups of rocks are defined:
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
The scientific study of rocks is called
petrology, which is an essential component of
geology.
49. IGNEOUS ROCK
Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word
igneus meaning of fire, from ignis meaning
fire) forms through the cooling and
solidification of magma or lava.
This magma can be derived from partial
melts of pre-existing rocks in either a planet’s
mantle or crust. Typically, the melting of
rocks is caused by one or more of three
processes: an increase in temperature, a
decrease in pressure or a change in
composition.
50. IGNEOUS ROCK
Igneous Rock are divided into two main
categories: plutonic or intrusive rocks result
when magma cools and crystallizes slowly
within the Earth’s crust. A common example of
this type is granite. Volcanic or extrusive rocks
result from magma reaching the surface either
as lave or fragmental ejecta , forming minerals
such as pumice or basalt. The chemical
abundance and the rate of cooling of magma
typically forms a sequence known as Bowen’s
reaction series. Most major igneous rock are
found along this scale.
51.
52. KINDS OF IGNEOUS ROCK
GRANITE contains quartz, feldspar & mica.
DIORITE contains feldspar& one or more
dark mineral. Feldspar is dominant.
GABBRO contains feldspar & one or more
dark mineral. The dark minerals are
dominant.
PERIODOTITE contains iron and is black or
dark.
PEGMATITE is a coarse-grained granite with
large crystals of quartz, feldspar & mica.
53.
54. SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Sedimentary Rocks are formed at the earth’s
surface by the accumulation and cementation of
fragments of earlier rocks, minerals, and
organisms or as chemical precipitates and
organic growths in water (sedimentation). This
process causes clastic sediments (pieces of
rock) or organic particles (detritus) to settle and
accumulate, or for minerals to chemically
precipitate (evaporite) from a solution. The
particulate matter the undergoes compaction
and cementation during at moderate
temperatures and pressures (diagenesis).
55.
56. KINDS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
CONGLOMERATE rock has rounded rocks (pebbles,
boulders) cemented together in a matrix
SANDSTONE is a soft stone that is made when sand
grains cement together. Sometimes the sandstone is
deposited in layers of different color sand.
SHALE is clay that has been hardened and turned
into rock. It often breaks apart in large flat sections.
LIMESTONE is a rock that contains many fossils and
is made of calcium carbonate and/or microscopic
shells.
GYPSUM, common salt s the water evaporates.
BRECCIA has jagged bits of rock cemented together
in a matrix.
57.
58. METAMORPHIC ROCK
Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting
any rock type – sedimentary rock, igneous rock
or another older metamorphic rock – to different
temperature and pressure conditions than those
in which the original rock was formed. This
process is called metamorphism; meaning “to
change in form”. The result is a profound
change in physical properties and chemistry of
the stone. The original rock, known as the
protolith, transforms into other mineral types or
other forms of the same minerals, by
recrystallization.
59. The temperatures and pressures
requied for this process are always
higher than those found at the
Earth’s surface: temperature greater
than 150 to 200 degrees celsius
and pressures of 1500 bars.
Metamorphic rocks compose 27.4%
of the crust by the volume.
60.
61. KINDS OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
SLATE is transformed shale. It splits into
smooth slabs.
SCHIST is the most common metamorphic
rock. Mica is the most common mineral.
GNEISS has a streaky look because of
alternating layers of minerals.
MARBLE is transformed limestone.
QUARTZITE is very hard.
62. The use of rocks has had a huge impact
on the cultural and technological
development of the human race. Rocks
have been used by humans and other
hominids for atleast 2.5 million years.
Lithic technology marks some of the oldest
and continuously used technologies.
The mining of rocks for their metal are
content has been one of the most
important factors of human advancement,
which has progressed at different rates in
different places in part because of the kind
of metals available from the rocks of a
region.
63.
64. CLASSIFICATION OF ROCK
TEXTURE has to do with the sizes and
shapes of mineral grains and other
constituents in a rock, and how these sizes
and shapes relate to each other.
The kinds of minerals and their proportions
or mineralogy are taken as the natural
expression of COMPOSITION.
65. ROCK CYCLE
Is a group of changes. Igneous rock can change
into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock.
Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic
rock or into igneous rock. Metamorphic rock can
change into change into igneous or sedimentary
rock.
Rock come from magma, which is the molten
material found within the earth. When magma
cools, either above or below the earth’s surface,
it crystallizes and forms the igneous rocks that
can later be changed into metamorphic or
sedimentary rock.