The document discusses the history and development of Rainforestation Farming in the Philippines as a strategy for corporate social responsibility and reforestation. It began as a collaboration between Visayas State University and GTZ in Germany, and was later adopted by the Philippine DENR. It also outlines issues around land use, intensification of rice production, agriculture in uplands, and the impacts of economic development including deforestation, water pollution, pesticide use, climate change, and child labor. The document advocates strengthening environmental education and recognizes roles of the private sector and policies like the Corporate Social Responsibility Act of 2009 in promoting sustainable development.
Theo friedrich -_ca_for_cc_adaptation_in_eapAdam Ga
This document discusses conservation agriculture (CA) as an approach for climate change adaptation and mitigation in East Asia and the Pacific region. CA involves minimal soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop diversification. It provides benefits like reduced costs, increased profits and food security while preserving resources and the environment. CA helps increase farms' resilience to climate change through practices like crop rotations and soil cover that improve drought tolerance, water retention, and resistance to heavy rain and frost. The document reviews the global history and adoption of CA, and argues for supportive policies and investments to accelerate its adoption.
The document summarizes the introduction and spread of the Green Revolution in India. It describes how Norman Borlaug developed high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice with support from the Rockefeller Foundation. These varieties were introduced in India in the 1960s through a collaboration between the Ford Foundation and Indian government. Punjab was the initial site due to reliable water supply and agricultural success. The introduction of HYVs led to increased crop production and self-sufficiency in grains for India. However, it also caused environmental problems from overuse of fertilizers and pesticides. The Green Revolution impacted local communities and increased inequality among farmers.
The document summarizes a research project in South Nyanza, Kenya that experimented with bamboo as a livelihood alternative to tobacco farming from 2006-2012. Key findings include that bamboo grows fast, provides higher incomes per acre than tobacco, and shows potential to rehabilitate degraded forests. Over 400 smallholder farms trialed bamboo cultivation. Bamboo processing enterprises emerged, creating furniture, handicrafts and other products. Bamboo improved livelihoods through increased cash income and community development. Challenges included lack of inputs, financing, training and market linkages. The project established bamboo farmers' cooperatives and recommends national policies and programs to further support bamboo as a sustainable alternative to tobacco.
The document summarizes a study on tapping pili trees (Canarium ovatum Engl.) in Sorsogon, Philippines to determine the effects of ethrel application, tapping length, and rainfall on resin production. Thirty-six pili trees were tapped at three lengths (15, 20, 30 cm) and four levels of ethrel (0%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%). Increasing tapping length and higher ethrel concentration (2.5%) increased resin yield, while rainfall had no significant effect except at 1.5% ethrel and 20-30 cm lengths. Resin yield from trees with ethrel increased by 37.5%, indicating potential for sustainable resin production and additional farmer
This document summarizes Conservation Agriculture in Africa by Rachid MRABET. It discusses:
1. The challenges facing African farmers including land degradation, climate change, diseases, lack of farm equipment and inputs, and threats to water quality. Conservation Agriculture aims to address these challenges through minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention, and crop rotations.
2. The African Conservation Tillage Network (ACT) which promotes Conservation Agriculture practices and information sharing across Africa. ACT projects like CA-SARD have led to increased yields, food security, reduced labor needs, and diversified incomes for thousands of smallholder farmers.
3. The benefits of Conservation Agriculture including increased water infiltration, organic matter, nutrient availability, and
This document discusses the potential of bamboo for restoring degraded landscapes in Ghana. It outlines the bamboo resource situation in Ghana, noting that Ghana has 8 indigenous bamboo species covering an estimated 300,000 hectares. It details the socioeconomic and environmental significance of bamboo, including its uses, fast growth, and ability to restore degraded lands. The document also outlines challenges to bamboo conservation and development in Ghana, and discusses government interventions and opportunities to further promote bamboo planting and utilization.
CIAT and partners have led genetic and agronomic advances in rice production in Latin America and the Caribbean. This has generated higher yields from less land and inputs, helping maintain affordable rice for urban populations while increasing farm income. New rice varieties with more iron and zinc need wider adoption. Improved varieties and crop management practices have increased yields by 1-3 tons/ha and reduced costs by 10-30%, bringing economic benefits. These innovations have environmental benefits like reduced land degradation, but continued progress is needed in breeding climate-resilient varieties and improving water and fertilizer use efficiency.
Organic rice production faces challenges with weed control and soil fertility but uses crop rotations, cover crops, and water management. Case studies show producers suppressing weeds through precision leveling, rotations of 3+ years, and flooding. Green manure crops like clover supply nitrogen and reseed naturally. While organic rice yields are lower, it commands a higher price in niche markets. Certification and following organic standards are required to label products as organic.
Theo friedrich -_ca_for_cc_adaptation_in_eapAdam Ga
This document discusses conservation agriculture (CA) as an approach for climate change adaptation and mitigation in East Asia and the Pacific region. CA involves minimal soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop diversification. It provides benefits like reduced costs, increased profits and food security while preserving resources and the environment. CA helps increase farms' resilience to climate change through practices like crop rotations and soil cover that improve drought tolerance, water retention, and resistance to heavy rain and frost. The document reviews the global history and adoption of CA, and argues for supportive policies and investments to accelerate its adoption.
The document summarizes the introduction and spread of the Green Revolution in India. It describes how Norman Borlaug developed high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice with support from the Rockefeller Foundation. These varieties were introduced in India in the 1960s through a collaboration between the Ford Foundation and Indian government. Punjab was the initial site due to reliable water supply and agricultural success. The introduction of HYVs led to increased crop production and self-sufficiency in grains for India. However, it also caused environmental problems from overuse of fertilizers and pesticides. The Green Revolution impacted local communities and increased inequality among farmers.
The document summarizes a research project in South Nyanza, Kenya that experimented with bamboo as a livelihood alternative to tobacco farming from 2006-2012. Key findings include that bamboo grows fast, provides higher incomes per acre than tobacco, and shows potential to rehabilitate degraded forests. Over 400 smallholder farms trialed bamboo cultivation. Bamboo processing enterprises emerged, creating furniture, handicrafts and other products. Bamboo improved livelihoods through increased cash income and community development. Challenges included lack of inputs, financing, training and market linkages. The project established bamboo farmers' cooperatives and recommends national policies and programs to further support bamboo as a sustainable alternative to tobacco.
The document summarizes a study on tapping pili trees (Canarium ovatum Engl.) in Sorsogon, Philippines to determine the effects of ethrel application, tapping length, and rainfall on resin production. Thirty-six pili trees were tapped at three lengths (15, 20, 30 cm) and four levels of ethrel (0%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%). Increasing tapping length and higher ethrel concentration (2.5%) increased resin yield, while rainfall had no significant effect except at 1.5% ethrel and 20-30 cm lengths. Resin yield from trees with ethrel increased by 37.5%, indicating potential for sustainable resin production and additional farmer
This document summarizes Conservation Agriculture in Africa by Rachid MRABET. It discusses:
1. The challenges facing African farmers including land degradation, climate change, diseases, lack of farm equipment and inputs, and threats to water quality. Conservation Agriculture aims to address these challenges through minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention, and crop rotations.
2. The African Conservation Tillage Network (ACT) which promotes Conservation Agriculture practices and information sharing across Africa. ACT projects like CA-SARD have led to increased yields, food security, reduced labor needs, and diversified incomes for thousands of smallholder farmers.
3. The benefits of Conservation Agriculture including increased water infiltration, organic matter, nutrient availability, and
This document discusses the potential of bamboo for restoring degraded landscapes in Ghana. It outlines the bamboo resource situation in Ghana, noting that Ghana has 8 indigenous bamboo species covering an estimated 300,000 hectares. It details the socioeconomic and environmental significance of bamboo, including its uses, fast growth, and ability to restore degraded lands. The document also outlines challenges to bamboo conservation and development in Ghana, and discusses government interventions and opportunities to further promote bamboo planting and utilization.
CIAT and partners have led genetic and agronomic advances in rice production in Latin America and the Caribbean. This has generated higher yields from less land and inputs, helping maintain affordable rice for urban populations while increasing farm income. New rice varieties with more iron and zinc need wider adoption. Improved varieties and crop management practices have increased yields by 1-3 tons/ha and reduced costs by 10-30%, bringing economic benefits. These innovations have environmental benefits like reduced land degradation, but continued progress is needed in breeding climate-resilient varieties and improving water and fertilizer use efficiency.
Organic rice production faces challenges with weed control and soil fertility but uses crop rotations, cover crops, and water management. Case studies show producers suppressing weeds through precision leveling, rotations of 3+ years, and flooding. Green manure crops like clover supply nitrogen and reseed naturally. While organic rice yields are lower, it commands a higher price in niche markets. Certification and following organic standards are required to label products as organic.
Crop residue management involves maintaining at least 60% soil cover after harvest to protect water quality and soil from erosion. It conserves soil moisture and organic matter while improving soil aeration, infiltration, and structure. Crop residues left after harvest include stalks, leaves, and stems. They can be burned, which causes air pollution, or left in fields, where they interfere with tilling but maintain soil nutrients and moisture levels. Potential uses of crop residues include producing biomass energy, livestock feed, compost, biogas, and industrial materials.
This document discusses the agricultural crisis in Odisha, India. It notes an economic crisis due to increasing costs and decreasing returns, an ecological crisis due to unsustainable intensive farming practices like monocropping and overuse of chemicals, and a socio-political crisis with increasing tenancy, suicides, and migration. Specifically, it notes the issues of high fertilizer use threatening soil health, declining returns on fertilizer investment, groundwater depletion, soil organic matter decline, pesticide poisoning, and dependency on rain. It advocates for more sustainable practices like integrated farming, soil organic matter conservation, rainwater harvesting, locally adapted crops/varieties, and moving away from agrochemicals to ecological methods like non-pestic
Taking the long view USAID, USFS, USGS investment in smallholder and communit...CIFOR-ICRAF
Jordan Kimball, Scott Bode, Nicodème Tchamou, Boubacar Thiam, Diane Russell, Gray Tappan and Dan Whyner with inspiration from Tim Resch and Mike McGahuey
Taking Stock of Smallholder and Community Forestry Montpellier, 24-26 March 2010
This document summarizes the experiences of Kunatsa Estate in Zimbabwe with conservation agriculture (CA). Kunatsa Estate pioneered CA in the 1980s and now practices it across all 535 hectares of arable land. CA has led to improved and stabilized crop yields, with maize yields exceeding 10 tonnes per hectare. CA also provides environmental benefits like increased water infiltration, reduced soil erosion, and higher soil organic matter. While weed and disease pressures may increase initially with CA, crop rotations and cover crops can help reduce risks. The document analyzes tillage costs, finding no-till systems to be the most cost-effective. It also discusses challenges like problem weeds and concludes careful planning is needed to manage we
The document discusses strategies for promoting climate-smart agriculture in West Africa through strengthening partnerships to increase productivity and resilience while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the need for integrated approaches across scales, sectors, and stakeholders to balance trade-offs and synergies. Regional learning platforms are proposed to facilitate information exchange and capacity building around testing, adapting, and monitoring climate-smart agricultural innovations.
April 2010 DFID CIMMYT Case Study Zero Till WheatCSISA
Zero-tillage wheat cultivation was introduced in India to reduce costs for farmers while preserving the environment. Through partnerships between 1997-2004, an estimated 620,000 farmers adopted no-till wheat production on 1.76 million hectares, increasing incomes by $180-340 per household annually. Key factors in widespread adoption included the development of affordable no-till seed drills, farmer training programs, and support from national agricultural research champions. Zero-tillage increased wheat yields and farmer profits while lowering greenhouse gas emissions and improving soil and water resources.
Conservation Agriculture
introduction
Principles of conservation Agriculture
Advantages of C.A .
Tools And Technologies Involved In Conservation Agriculture
Conservation agriculture aims to conserve, improve, and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated soil, water, and biological management combined with minimal disturbance and external inputs. It is based on three principles: minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Adopting conservation agriculture can increase soil organic matter, improve soil quality, boost crop yields, reduce erosion, and decrease costs through lower fuel and labor needs. The approach is applicable worldwide in a variety of climates and for many crops.
Agroforestry is a land use system where woody perennials are grown with herbaceous crops and/or animals. It has objectives like utilizing resources properly, maximizing production, and maintaining ecological balance. Systems are classified based on components like agrisilviculture, silvipasture, and agrosilvopasture. Benefits include controlling erosion, reducing pests, moderating microclimate, improving soil fertility, and providing employment. Nutrient cycling is increased through nitrogen fixation and litter decomposition. Nitrogen-fixing trees can fix large quantities of nitrogen and help remediate problem soils. Multipurpose trees and shrubs provide nutrients, shade, fencing, reduce erosion, and
The document discusses rainforestation as a paradigm shift in forest restoration in the Philippines. It outlines the status of Philippine forests, introduces the rainforestation concept of using native tree species in forest planting schemes. Rainforestation can help with climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. It provides examples of rainforestation sites and discusses the improvements in soil quality and biodiversity that result from rainforestation. Challenges to wider adoption are also noted.
Land degradation leads to various environmental and economic problems. Wastelands can be reclaimed through different methods depending on their condition. Easily reclaimable wastelands can be used for agriculture by improving soil quality. Marginal wastelands can use agroforestry which plants trees and crops together. Extremely degraded wastelands may only support forestation or natural ecosystem restoration. Jatropha plantations show potential for wasteland reclamation but farmers face challenges like lack of technical knowledge, long growth periods, and climate issues. The oil and press cake of jatropha have many useful applications.
Beginning in 2001, the Bionic Group was leading the development of the innovative Catalytic Microwave Depolymerization Process (Bionic µfuel) which converts carbonaceous feedstock from biomass, solid waste streams and scrap tires into liquid fuels and blendstocks (µoil) and renders a high quality char product (µchar) as a second product. In the case of biomass feedstock the bionic µchar is a biochar applicable to many uses.
Bionic µsoil is an upgraded derivative which first uses selected microorganisms to activate the sterilized µchar and subsequently mixes it into a unique organic fertilizer production process using waste biomass and animal manure as its raw products which get treated by a special mix of healthy microbes. The result is an absolutely innovative organic fertilizer and soil enhancer representing a high tech descendant of the ancient Terra Preta found in the Amazon Basin by archaeologists.
16 March 2008 - ICARDA Experience on Conservation Agriculture : Applications ...CSISA
This document summarizes ICARDA's experiences with conservation agriculture in the WANA region. Some key points:
1) ICARDA has promoted reduced/zero tillage practices, permanent soil covers, and crop rotations to improve soil and water conservation in the degraded drylands of the region. This has included technologies like laser land leveling, raised bed planting, and surface seeding of wheat into cotton.
2) Studies found benefits like water savings, reduced costs, and increased yields from these conservation agriculture practices compared to traditional tillage. For example, planting wheat into standing cotton saved $23 million annually in Central Asia.
3) ICARDA is working to develop new crop varieties and introduce crops suited
Shifting cultivation, also known as slash and burn agriculture, is practiced in equatorial rainforest regions globally. Groups of 20-50 people clear areas of forest using fire, then cultivate crops for a few years before abandoning the plots to allow regeneration. The practice is sustainable if land is left fallow, but is threatened by deforestation, population growth, and commercial exploitation of forests.
This document discusses conservation agriculture, which aims to improve productivity and food security while preserving resources and the environment. It is characterized by minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop diversification. The document reviews the history and adoption of conservation agriculture in various regions. While adoption is over 50% in the Americas, it remains low in Africa at only 1% due to challenges such as changing farmer mindsets, lack of support, and differing conditions. Widespread adoption requires practices that are economically beneficial and socially acceptable to farmers.
I shared this presentation at the IL Regional Tillage Seminar in Milan IL on 1/27/2011.
Some edits have been made for increased clarity without the commentary.
Evergreen agriculture involves integrating trees into crop and livestock systems to provide environmental and productivity benefits. It helps smallholders address problems like erratic rainfall, soil degradation and high fertilizer costs. Approaches include farmer-managed natural regeneration of trees on cropland, conservation agriculture with trees, and conventional agriculture with interplanted trees. Examples from Africa show increased yields, soil health, fodder and climate resilience. Seventeen countries now practice evergreen agriculture, with millions of farmers adopting techniques like FMNR. The document advocates expanding this approach across Africa to improve food security and livelihoods.
The document discusses the primary sector and agricultural space. It defines the primary sector as economic activities that obtain resources from nature, like agriculture, livestock, and forestry. Agricultural space results from people modifying natural areas for crop agriculture, livestock, or forestry. Both physical factors like climate, soil, and relief, and human factors like population, technology, land ownership, and policy influence agricultural space. The document outlines different farming systems, like irrigated vs. rain-fed agriculture and monoculture vs. mixed cropping. It also describes intensive agriculture with high investment versus extensive agriculture. Finally, it contrasts subsistence agriculture with traditional techniques for local consumption against commercial agriculture with advanced techniques for high productivity and yields.
Agroforestry: A Land Degradation Control and Mitigation ApproachPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is one of the major issues in India that leads to deterioration of land quality for agricultural production and environmental protection. Agroforestry can help to prevent land degradation while allowing continuing use of land.
The document provides an overview of software testing. It discusses different types of testing like development testing, test-driven development, release testing, and user testing. It describes unit testing, component testing, system testing, and the goals of validation and defect testing. It also covers topics like the testing process, automated testing, equivalence partitioning, regression testing, and test-driven development.
This document discusses a study on Corporate Family Responsibility (CFR) conducted in the Philippines. The study aims to diagnose the current situation regarding how employees integrate work, personal and family life. It uses a transversal work model involving people at all company levels to understand perceptions of CFR from managers and operational staff. The study also examines how leadership, culture and policies impact employee health, retention, motivation and satisfaction. It identifies different types of work environments - enriching, favorable, unfavorable and polluted - based on the degree of CFR support. The document provides details on the study's objectives, methodology, models and samples used in the Philippines and worldwide.
Crop residue management involves maintaining at least 60% soil cover after harvest to protect water quality and soil from erosion. It conserves soil moisture and organic matter while improving soil aeration, infiltration, and structure. Crop residues left after harvest include stalks, leaves, and stems. They can be burned, which causes air pollution, or left in fields, where they interfere with tilling but maintain soil nutrients and moisture levels. Potential uses of crop residues include producing biomass energy, livestock feed, compost, biogas, and industrial materials.
This document discusses the agricultural crisis in Odisha, India. It notes an economic crisis due to increasing costs and decreasing returns, an ecological crisis due to unsustainable intensive farming practices like monocropping and overuse of chemicals, and a socio-political crisis with increasing tenancy, suicides, and migration. Specifically, it notes the issues of high fertilizer use threatening soil health, declining returns on fertilizer investment, groundwater depletion, soil organic matter decline, pesticide poisoning, and dependency on rain. It advocates for more sustainable practices like integrated farming, soil organic matter conservation, rainwater harvesting, locally adapted crops/varieties, and moving away from agrochemicals to ecological methods like non-pestic
Taking the long view USAID, USFS, USGS investment in smallholder and communit...CIFOR-ICRAF
Jordan Kimball, Scott Bode, Nicodème Tchamou, Boubacar Thiam, Diane Russell, Gray Tappan and Dan Whyner with inspiration from Tim Resch and Mike McGahuey
Taking Stock of Smallholder and Community Forestry Montpellier, 24-26 March 2010
This document summarizes the experiences of Kunatsa Estate in Zimbabwe with conservation agriculture (CA). Kunatsa Estate pioneered CA in the 1980s and now practices it across all 535 hectares of arable land. CA has led to improved and stabilized crop yields, with maize yields exceeding 10 tonnes per hectare. CA also provides environmental benefits like increased water infiltration, reduced soil erosion, and higher soil organic matter. While weed and disease pressures may increase initially with CA, crop rotations and cover crops can help reduce risks. The document analyzes tillage costs, finding no-till systems to be the most cost-effective. It also discusses challenges like problem weeds and concludes careful planning is needed to manage we
The document discusses strategies for promoting climate-smart agriculture in West Africa through strengthening partnerships to increase productivity and resilience while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the need for integrated approaches across scales, sectors, and stakeholders to balance trade-offs and synergies. Regional learning platforms are proposed to facilitate information exchange and capacity building around testing, adapting, and monitoring climate-smart agricultural innovations.
April 2010 DFID CIMMYT Case Study Zero Till WheatCSISA
Zero-tillage wheat cultivation was introduced in India to reduce costs for farmers while preserving the environment. Through partnerships between 1997-2004, an estimated 620,000 farmers adopted no-till wheat production on 1.76 million hectares, increasing incomes by $180-340 per household annually. Key factors in widespread adoption included the development of affordable no-till seed drills, farmer training programs, and support from national agricultural research champions. Zero-tillage increased wheat yields and farmer profits while lowering greenhouse gas emissions and improving soil and water resources.
Conservation Agriculture
introduction
Principles of conservation Agriculture
Advantages of C.A .
Tools And Technologies Involved In Conservation Agriculture
Conservation agriculture aims to conserve, improve, and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated soil, water, and biological management combined with minimal disturbance and external inputs. It is based on three principles: minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Adopting conservation agriculture can increase soil organic matter, improve soil quality, boost crop yields, reduce erosion, and decrease costs through lower fuel and labor needs. The approach is applicable worldwide in a variety of climates and for many crops.
Agroforestry is a land use system where woody perennials are grown with herbaceous crops and/or animals. It has objectives like utilizing resources properly, maximizing production, and maintaining ecological balance. Systems are classified based on components like agrisilviculture, silvipasture, and agrosilvopasture. Benefits include controlling erosion, reducing pests, moderating microclimate, improving soil fertility, and providing employment. Nutrient cycling is increased through nitrogen fixation and litter decomposition. Nitrogen-fixing trees can fix large quantities of nitrogen and help remediate problem soils. Multipurpose trees and shrubs provide nutrients, shade, fencing, reduce erosion, and
The document discusses rainforestation as a paradigm shift in forest restoration in the Philippines. It outlines the status of Philippine forests, introduces the rainforestation concept of using native tree species in forest planting schemes. Rainforestation can help with climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. It provides examples of rainforestation sites and discusses the improvements in soil quality and biodiversity that result from rainforestation. Challenges to wider adoption are also noted.
Land degradation leads to various environmental and economic problems. Wastelands can be reclaimed through different methods depending on their condition. Easily reclaimable wastelands can be used for agriculture by improving soil quality. Marginal wastelands can use agroforestry which plants trees and crops together. Extremely degraded wastelands may only support forestation or natural ecosystem restoration. Jatropha plantations show potential for wasteland reclamation but farmers face challenges like lack of technical knowledge, long growth periods, and climate issues. The oil and press cake of jatropha have many useful applications.
Beginning in 2001, the Bionic Group was leading the development of the innovative Catalytic Microwave Depolymerization Process (Bionic µfuel) which converts carbonaceous feedstock from biomass, solid waste streams and scrap tires into liquid fuels and blendstocks (µoil) and renders a high quality char product (µchar) as a second product. In the case of biomass feedstock the bionic µchar is a biochar applicable to many uses.
Bionic µsoil is an upgraded derivative which first uses selected microorganisms to activate the sterilized µchar and subsequently mixes it into a unique organic fertilizer production process using waste biomass and animal manure as its raw products which get treated by a special mix of healthy microbes. The result is an absolutely innovative organic fertilizer and soil enhancer representing a high tech descendant of the ancient Terra Preta found in the Amazon Basin by archaeologists.
16 March 2008 - ICARDA Experience on Conservation Agriculture : Applications ...CSISA
This document summarizes ICARDA's experiences with conservation agriculture in the WANA region. Some key points:
1) ICARDA has promoted reduced/zero tillage practices, permanent soil covers, and crop rotations to improve soil and water conservation in the degraded drylands of the region. This has included technologies like laser land leveling, raised bed planting, and surface seeding of wheat into cotton.
2) Studies found benefits like water savings, reduced costs, and increased yields from these conservation agriculture practices compared to traditional tillage. For example, planting wheat into standing cotton saved $23 million annually in Central Asia.
3) ICARDA is working to develop new crop varieties and introduce crops suited
Shifting cultivation, also known as slash and burn agriculture, is practiced in equatorial rainforest regions globally. Groups of 20-50 people clear areas of forest using fire, then cultivate crops for a few years before abandoning the plots to allow regeneration. The practice is sustainable if land is left fallow, but is threatened by deforestation, population growth, and commercial exploitation of forests.
This document discusses conservation agriculture, which aims to improve productivity and food security while preserving resources and the environment. It is characterized by minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop diversification. The document reviews the history and adoption of conservation agriculture in various regions. While adoption is over 50% in the Americas, it remains low in Africa at only 1% due to challenges such as changing farmer mindsets, lack of support, and differing conditions. Widespread adoption requires practices that are economically beneficial and socially acceptable to farmers.
I shared this presentation at the IL Regional Tillage Seminar in Milan IL on 1/27/2011.
Some edits have been made for increased clarity without the commentary.
Evergreen agriculture involves integrating trees into crop and livestock systems to provide environmental and productivity benefits. It helps smallholders address problems like erratic rainfall, soil degradation and high fertilizer costs. Approaches include farmer-managed natural regeneration of trees on cropland, conservation agriculture with trees, and conventional agriculture with interplanted trees. Examples from Africa show increased yields, soil health, fodder and climate resilience. Seventeen countries now practice evergreen agriculture, with millions of farmers adopting techniques like FMNR. The document advocates expanding this approach across Africa to improve food security and livelihoods.
The document discusses the primary sector and agricultural space. It defines the primary sector as economic activities that obtain resources from nature, like agriculture, livestock, and forestry. Agricultural space results from people modifying natural areas for crop agriculture, livestock, or forestry. Both physical factors like climate, soil, and relief, and human factors like population, technology, land ownership, and policy influence agricultural space. The document outlines different farming systems, like irrigated vs. rain-fed agriculture and monoculture vs. mixed cropping. It also describes intensive agriculture with high investment versus extensive agriculture. Finally, it contrasts subsistence agriculture with traditional techniques for local consumption against commercial agriculture with advanced techniques for high productivity and yields.
Agroforestry: A Land Degradation Control and Mitigation ApproachPrashant Sharma
Land degradation is one of the major issues in India that leads to deterioration of land quality for agricultural production and environmental protection. Agroforestry can help to prevent land degradation while allowing continuing use of land.
The document provides an overview of software testing. It discusses different types of testing like development testing, test-driven development, release testing, and user testing. It describes unit testing, component testing, system testing, and the goals of validation and defect testing. It also covers topics like the testing process, automated testing, equivalence partitioning, regression testing, and test-driven development.
This document discusses a study on Corporate Family Responsibility (CFR) conducted in the Philippines. The study aims to diagnose the current situation regarding how employees integrate work, personal and family life. It uses a transversal work model involving people at all company levels to understand perceptions of CFR from managers and operational staff. The study also examines how leadership, culture and policies impact employee health, retention, motivation and satisfaction. It identifies different types of work environments - enriching, favorable, unfavorable and polluted - based on the degree of CFR support. The document provides details on the study's objectives, methodology, models and samples used in the Philippines and worldwide.
The document describes a game theory scenario where two gas stations compete for customers in the same neighborhood. Each station can choose to keep their gas prices the same or cut prices each week. If one station cuts prices while the other keeps prices the same, the station that cut prices earns more profits that week but the other station will likely cut prices the following week once approved by their parent company. The document outlines the profit outcomes for each station depending on whether they keep prices the same or cut prices relative to the other station. The stations must decide independently each week to maximize long-term profits without knowing the other station's choice.
Corporate social responsibility is a core value of Petron Corporation, the largest oil refining and marketing company in the Philippines. Through its Petron Foundation, Petron implements social programs focused on education, the environment, health, and community support. Petron's largest social investment is its Tulong Aral scholarship program that provides education to less privileged children. Petron also engages in environmental protection initiatives and provides disaster relief assistance. The company believes corporate citizenship should be integrated into business operations and actively involves employees in social responsibility efforts.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to voluntary actions that businesses take to operate in an economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable manner. CSR acknowledges that companies have a responsibility to various stakeholders, including employees, customers, investors, communities, and the environment. CSR involves businesses integrating social and environmental concerns into their operations and interactions with stakeholders on a voluntary basis.
The document discusses the concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR), social responsiveness, and social performance. It provides definitions and frameworks for understanding a company's responsibilities and obligations to society beyond profit and legal compliance. Carroll's four-part definition of CSR as encompassing economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations is discussed.
The document provides an outline for a lecture on corporate social responsibility (CSR). It discusses the types and nature of social responsibilities, CSR principles and strategies, models of CSR, best practices, the need for CSR, and arguments for and against CSR. Examples of CSR programs and initiatives from companies like Tesco, Vodafone, and HSBC are also summarized. The document aims to educate about the concept of CSR and how companies can integrate social and environmental concerns into their business operations and interactions with stakeholders.
The document discusses the history and future of agroforestry research. It describes how agroforestry was initially studied in the 1970s and championed by organizations like ICRAF. It notes ongoing threats of agroforestry being marginalized within forestry and agriculture. However, it presents the concept of "Evergreen Agriculture" as a way to position agroforestry centrally in reinventing agriculture for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Examples of Evergreen Agriculture projects and opportunities for further research are provided.
Wasteland reclamation involves reclaiming degraded or unused land to make it suitable for agriculture, habitation, or cultivation. India has significant areas of wasteland that can be reclaimed. Wastelands can be classified based on difficulty of reclamation - easily reclaimable for agriculture; reclaimable with some difficulty for agroforestry; and reclaimable with extreme difficulty only for forestry. Methods of reclamation include afforestation, reforestation, contour ploughing, and changing crop practices. A case study highlights Jatropha plantation on wastelands in Rajasthan as a promising crop that provides income while reclaiming land.
CA in Tanzania: the case of Mwangaza B CA Farmer Field School (FFS) Rhotia Vi...Joanna Hicks
The document summarizes a conservation agriculture project in Tanzania that aimed to address soil degradation and low crop yields. The project introduced conservation agriculture practices like minimum tillage, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations to farmers through farmer field schools. These practices led to increased maize yields from 2.05 tons/hectare to 14 tons/hectare, reduced labor by 40% and time for farm operations by 50%. The conservation agriculture techniques were adopted on 2,857 hectares of land and helped improve soil health, crop production, and farmer livelihoods in Tanzania.
Evergreen Agriculture in the Sahel provides an overview of challenges and opportunities for sustainable land management in the drylands of Africa. The Sahel region faces issues like fragile environments, poor farming practices, and overstocking grazing areas. However, there are promising innovations like Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration, rehabilitation of degraded lands, and integrated water management. Upscaling these practices through farmer empowerment, identifying success stories, and promoting cross-village learning can help regenerate degraded lands, restore soil fertility, and enhance food security in the drylands of Africa.
This document discusses transforming global farming through perennializing agriculture by integrating trees. It proposes creating an "EverGreen Agriculture" approach involving farmer-managed natural regeneration on cropland, conservation agriculture with trees, and interplanting trees in conventional systems. This could help achieve sustainable development goals by improving food security, reducing poverty and land degradation, and increasing climate resilience. Case studies from Africa show examples like parklands in Niger and yields increasing in Zambia when using trees like Faidherbia albida. The document calls for mapping agroforestry worldwide and developing a global plan to scale up these approaches.
CarbonNeutral Company clients can now support the world’s first VCS verified REDD+ project, enabling businesses to reduce emissions by preventing deforestation, as well as benefit local communities, preserve plant species and protect endangered animals.
http://www.carbonneutral.com
Agriculture and Forest Plantations - BracelpaSistema FIEB
The document discusses Brazil's forest plantations and their role in agriculture and carbon sequestration. It notes that plantations are considered tree agriculture and the majority are certified. It describes how plantations integrate with agriculture through agroforestry systems. Plantations provide wood and other services, sequestering over 1 billion tons of carbon annually. They generate many jobs and economic development. Key pulp and paper producers worldwide are listed, showing Brazil as a top global producer. Future trends discussed include developing forest carbon trade and using new technologies like biotechnology to increase productivity sustainably.
The document discusses natural resources and their management. It notes that natural resources are stocks that exist in the environment that are scarce and economically useful. It outlines three key concerns around natural resource management: overuse of renewable resources, depletion of nonrenewable resources, and overburdening of the environment's capacity to absorb pollution. The document then provides examples and context around forests, minerals, fossil fuels, and their importance. It discusses challenges like deforestation and outlines frameworks and guidelines around sustainable management of natural resources in the ASEAN region.
This document discusses natural resources and their management. It covers several key topics:
1. Natural resources include materials found in nature that are scarce and economically useful, either in their raw state or after minimal processing.
2. Sustainable management of natural resources is important to avoid overusing renewable resources or depleting nonrenewable resources without sufficient replacement. Pollution must also be managed to avoid damaging the environment.
3. Forests, water, land, and minerals are some of the natural resources discussed in the Philippines context, along with challenges around their management and the push for more sustainable practices.
- Agroforestry, which involves integrating trees into agricultural landscapes, is an essential resilience tool to address future food security challenges. It can help increase food production on existing land while making farms more resistant to weather extremes and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- By 2050, global population growth will require 60% more food production on similar land, while making agriculture more resilient to climate change and reducing emissions. Agroforestry can help achieve these goals through increased yields, soil fertility improvements, weather protection, and carbon sequestration.
- Research shows that agroforestry practices like fertilizer trees can significantly increase crop yields compared to non-tree systems or chemical fertilizers alone. These yield gains have been observed
This document discusses agroforestry and its role in achieving sustainable development goals. It notes that agroforestry practices like farmer-managed natural regeneration have led to 5 million hectares of croplands integrated with trees in Niger. This "Evergreen Agriculture" approach buffers crops from drought, conserves soil and water, and provides diverse incomes. The document calls for fully deploying agroforestry insights worldwide and developing a global plan to upscale agroforestry through improved technical capacity, policies, awareness raising, and private sector support. Identifying genes behind beneficial tree phenology could further help perennialize agriculture systems.
Slash and burn agriculture, also known as shifting cultivation, is a method of subsistence farming that has been practiced for thousands of years in tropical and subtropical regions. It involves clearing plots of forestland, burning the cut vegetation, and planting crops for a few years before abandoning the plots to fallow for 20+ years as natural vegetation regrows. When practiced with sufficiently long fallow periods in areas with low population density, slash and burn agriculture can be sustainable and maintain high biodiversity levels. However, increasing populations have forced shorter fallow periods in some areas, making the system unsustainable and reducing yields. While criticized for its environmental impacts, advocates argue it can be productive and sustainable when practiced properly with population control and
This document discusses various cultural operations carried out in plantations, including weeding to prevent trees from being suppressed by competing vegetation. It also discusses cover crops which protect exposed soil and improve fertility, and nurse crops which provide shade for tender species in younger ages. The document defines plantations as stands of same-aged trees planted for wood/fiber production. It notes plantations globally increased by 4.5 million hectares annually, with Asia and South America accounting for most new plantations. Data on plantations is collected through country reports and guidelines to estimate areas, species, ownership, and other parameters.
Reforestation and Organic Farming is improving Soil Fertility and Increasing ...Z3P
Niger has faced environmental challenges including desertification caused by deforestation and unsustainable farming practices. Through policies promoting Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) initiatives, Niger has made progress in reforestation. Farmers conserve trees on agricultural land, improving soil fertility, increasing crop yields and incomes. As a result of FMNR, Niger has seen over 7.4 million new tree-covered acres since 1980, improving livelihoods. Key to Niger's success has been community support through access to information and tools, as well as diversified farming systems and improved access to markets.
Land degradation threatens the livelihoods, food and nutrition security of the poorest, most vulnerable smallholder farmers and pastoralists in Africa.
1) Current challenges facing small-scale farmers include small farm sizes, declining soil fertility, low crop yields, high fuelwood needs, and poor land management practices.
2) Relying solely on rainy season production in the tropics risks food insecurity, as small margins of error can lead to hunger.
3) Extending the growing season beyond the rainy season through innovative farming techniques, perennial crops, diversification, and integration can help achieve year-round production.
1) A UN report shows that small-scale farmers can double their food production within 10 years using agroecological farming methods instead of industrial agriculture. Agroecology improves soil quality, uses natural pest control, and diversifies crops.
2) Studies have found agroecological methods increased yields by 79% on average in projects across 57 countries. In Africa yields increased by 116% on average. These methods improve incomes and livelihoods for small-scale farmers while preserving ecosystems.
3) Supporting small-scale farmers' transition to agroecology worldwide is vital for avoiding future food and climate crises, as agroecology addresses hunger, poverty, and climate change in a sustainable way.
Eco-Farming Addresses Hunger, Poverty and Climate Changex3G9
1) A UN report shows that small-scale farmers can double their food production within 10 years using agroecological farming methods instead of industrial agriculture. Agroecology improves soil quality, uses natural pest control, and diversifies crops.
2) Studies have found agroecological methods increased yields by 79% on average in projects across 57 countries. In Africa yields increased by 116% on average. These methods improve incomes and livelihoods for small-scale farmers while preserving ecosystems.
3) Supporting small-scale farmers' transition to agroecology worldwide is vital for avoiding future food and climate crises, as agroecology addresses hunger, poverty, and climate change in a sustainable way.
This document discusses organic farming and its benefits compared to intensive farming. It notes that intensive farming can lead to soil fertility loss, nitrate runoff, soil erosion, high fuel requirements, use of toxic pesticides and loss of biodiversity. Organic agriculture avoids synthetic inputs and relies on ecosystem management instead. Key features of organic farming include protecting soil quality, providing nutrients indirectly, weed and pest control through methods like crop rotation and rearing livestock sustainably. The document discusses implementation of organic farming through organic fertilizers, cover crops, beneficial insects and crop rotation. It also discusses organic livestock and certification requirements. Overall, the document provides an overview of organic farming practices and their environmental and economic benefits compared to intensive farming.
This document discusses agriculture in the Philippines. It defines agriculture and explains its importance as the chief source of food, livelihood, and income. Agriculture is comprised of four subsectors: farming, fisheries, animal husbandry, and forestry. The document also outlines several problems confronting the agricultural sector, including pollution, lack of infrastructure and capital, climate change impacts, and lack of interest from youth. It concludes by describing several institutions and programs that support the agricultural sector in the Philippines, such as CARP, Agri-Pinoy, CLASP, and the Philippine Agriculture 2020 plan.
Similar to MINDANAO COURSE - Rainforestation Farming Strategy for Corporate Social Responsibility - Sabdulla Abubacar (20)
El documento resume los avances y negociaciones internacionales sobre REDD+ (Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación Forestal) en Panamá y a nivel global entre 2009 y 2011. Destaca la participación activa de Panamá en las negociaciones y el establecimiento del Programa UN-REDD Panamá en 2010 para desarrollar estrategias nacionales de REDD+. También resalta el apoyo recibido de varias organizaciones para la implementación de actividades de REDD+ en el país.
El documento describe brevemente la historia y estado actual de las negociaciones sobre el cambio climático y el régimen de REDD+. En particular, destaca los acuerdos clave de Bonn, Kioto, Marrakesh, y las conferencias de Copenhague y Cancún. También explica el objetivo de REDD+ de reducir la deforestación y degradación de bosques en países en desarrollo.
Este documento discute las reservas de carbono en los bosques tropicales y cómo podrían verse afectadas por el cambio climático. Explica que los bosques tropicales contienen grandes reservas de carbono en los árboles, el suelo y la madera muerta. Las mediciones en la Isla Barro Colorado muestran que la mayor parte del carbono se encuentra en el suelo. El cambio climático podría aumentar o disminuir las reservas de carbono forestales dependiendo de sus efectos fisiológicos en las plantas y cambios en la composición de
This document discusses using high-resolution carbon mapping techniques like airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) to better understand carbon stocks and emissions for REDD+ programs beyond just forest cover changes. It describes Carnegie's REDDlite approach of combining satellite imagery, LiDAR data, and field measurements to create habitat maps and assess aboveground carbon storage across habitats with higher resolution in Panama and Peru. The results show regional variation in carbon stocks that average values don't capture, improving monitoring of carbon welfare over time.
Este documento describe los desafíos metodológicos de implementar un programa REDD+ a nivel nacional y subnacional. Explica que si los niveles nacional, regional y de proyectos no se coordinan de manera complementaria y sinérgica bajo un esquema coherente, REDD+ podría resultar en conflictos y problemas ambientales. También presenta un ejemplo hipotético de un país llamado "Forestlandia" para ilustrar las diversas tareas y decisiones metodológicas requeridas para establecer líneas de base y mon
Este documento discute las comunidades dependientes de los bosques, las salvaguardas sociales y REDD+. Brevemente describe que las comunidades dependientes de los bosques incluyen pueblos indígenas y otras comunidades que dependen de los recursos del bosque para su sustento. También explica que las salvaguardas sociales buscan proteger los derechos de estas comunidades de los impactos negativos de proyectos de desarrollo como REDD+. Finalmente, analiza algunas de las salvaguardas establecidas por instituciones como el Banco
Este documento resume las dimensiones socioeconómicas de REDD+ desde la perspectiva de los pueblos indígenas. Argumenta que el Acuerdo de Cancún sobre el cambio climático no cumple plenamente con las preocupaciones de los pueblos indígenas ni contiene salvaguardas efectivas de sus derechos. También señala que es necesario establecer arreglos institucionales y desarrollar capacidad para implementar los derechos humanos y salvaguardas en el contexto de REDD+.
Este documento resume la posición de COONAPIP sobre REDD. COONAPIP ha participado en consultas sobre REDD y ve potencial si se respetan los derechos de los pueblos indígenas. COONAPIP pide que REDD incluya mecanismos para la seguridad territorial, participación indígena, y distribución justa de beneficios de acuerdo a la cosmovisión indígena. COONAPIP continuará monitoreando para asegurar que REDD no ponga en peligro los territorios o la gobernanza forestal
The document discusses the costs of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). It identifies four main types of costs: opportunity costs, implementation costs, transaction costs, and other hidden costs. Opportunity costs represent the value of alternative land uses forgone, such as agriculture. Implementation and transaction costs include the expenses of carrying out and monitoring REDD+ programs. Considering all costs is important for accurately assessing the financial requirements of REDD+ policies and programs.
Este documento describe un taller sobre los co-beneficios sociales y de biodiversidad de las actividades REDD+ que tuvo lugar en Panamá en 2011. Se discutieron los posibles beneficios socioeconómicos y de conservación de la biodiversidad que pueden generar los proyectos REDD+, así como los desafíos en el diseño e implementación de estas iniciativas. También se presentó un estudio de caso de un proyecto REDD+ en la región de San Martín, Perú.
El documento discute el potencial de los sistemas agroforestales (SAF) como herramientas efectivas para REDD+. Los SAF como cultivos con árboles y sistemas silvopastoriles pueden lograr aumentos en las reservas de carbono y reducir la deforestación al proveer una alternativa de uso de la tierra más sostenible. Se estima que los SAF pueden implementarse en cientos de millones de hectáreas a nivel mundial y capturar grandes cantidades de carbono. Los SAF también brindan servicios ambientales como biodiversidad y
El documento resume el programa REDD+ de las Naciones Unidas, el cual apoya a países para que participen en futuros mecanismos de reducción de emisiones por deforestación y degradación forestal. REDD+ implica pagos a países por costos de oportunidad asociados a la reducción efectiva de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero provenientes de la deforestación. El programa ONU-REDD, financiado por varios países donantes, trabaja a nivel nacional y global en áreas como monitoreo, gobernanza, beneficios múltiples y
Este documento presenta el Proyecto REDD+ de la Reserva Juma en el estado de Amazonas, Brasil. El proyecto busca reducir la deforestación en la reserva mediante el fortalecimiento de las comunidades locales, la fiscalización y el pago por servicios ambientales. Se describe la línea base de deforestación proyectada hasta 2050 y los stocks de carbono en la vegetación, los cuales serán monitoreados. El proyecto espera evitar la emisión de 189,7 millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalente para 2050.
Este documento presenta información sobre dos estándares para proyectos REDD: el Estándar de Clima, Comunidad y Biodiversidad (CCB) y el Estándar Voluntario de Carbono (VCS). Explica brevemente el propósito de cada estándar, su estructura y alcance, así como ejemplos de proyectos que los utilizan.
Este documento discute los retos y oportunidades de REDD+ desde varias perspectivas. Brevemente resume cuatro puntos clave: 1) La importancia de la gobernanza y salvaguardias para REDD+. 2) La necesidad de identificar múltiples fuentes de financiamiento y mejorar las condiciones de vida. 3) El papel de nuevas tecnologías y metodologías a diferentes escalas. 4) La importancia de integrar las visiones de diversos actores como pueblos indígenas, campesinos y el sector privado para que REDD+
This document summarizes forest cover trends in Central America between 1990 and 2005. It finds that the total forest area decreased by 3.8 million hectares (8.3%) in that period. Honduras and El Salvador experienced the largest percentage declines in forest cover at 3% and 1.7% respectively. The document includes graphs and tables displaying forest cover data for each Central American country over time as well as maps showing changes in forest cover within countries.
El documento describe el Proyecto Suruí REDD+, el cual busca reducir la deforestación en el territorio indígena Suruí en Brasil a través del fortalecimiento de los derechos de los Suruí y la gestión sostenible de los recursos. El proyecto ha desarrollado una línea base de emisiones y un plan de gestión participativo. Actualmente se está modelando específicamente el proyecto e implementando actividades como el monitoreo territorial y alternativas económicas sostenibles para contener la deforestación.
Este documento describe un proyecto de deforestación evitada en la Reserva de la Biosfera Maya en Guatemala. El proyecto busca compartir la administración de la zona de uso múltiple con las comunidades locales a través de concesiones para el manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales y compatibilizar la conservación con el desarrollo socioeconómico. El proyecto también busca diversificar la economía local y generar servicios ambientales a través de iniciativas de REDD+.
Este documento resume los programas y proyectos ambientales desarrollados por la Autoridad del Canal de Panamá (ACP), incluyendo: (1) el Programa de Incentivos Económicos Ambientales, que incluye acciones de conservación, reforestación y agroforestería; (2) proyectos de reforestación en áreas continuas y sistemas agroforestales y silvopastoriles; y (3) trabajo con comunidades locales para fomentar alternativas sostenibles a la agricultura tradicional a través de la planificación
La Asociación de Juntas Administradoras de Agua del Sector Sur del Parque Nacional Pico Bonito (AJAASSPIB) es una organización sin fines de lucro formada en 1993 para proteger los recursos hídricos y ecosistemas en el Parque Nacional Pico Bonito en Honduras. AJAASSPIB une a 27 juntas de agua comunitarias que representan a más de 11,000 personas en 27 comunidades. La organización promueve la conservación de las microcuencas a través de actividades como reforestación, vigilancia y educación ambiental para
More from Environmental Leadership and Training Initiative (ELTI), Yale University (20)
2. History of Rainforestation
Visayas State University (VSU, formerly Visayas
State College of Agriculture) and the German
Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) started to
develop an agroforestry system known as
“Rainforestation Farming.”
The VSU Institute of Tropical Ecology (VSU-ITE),
pursued this work and received strong support
from various local government units, peoples’
organizations, non-government organizations.
3. History of Rainforestation
This was adopted by the Philippine National
Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) through Memorandum
Circular 2004-06 as an official
reforestation strategy.
5. LAND USE: In the Philippines Today…
About half the land is classified as
alienable and disposable.
This land may be privately owned. The
other half, which mostly has slopes of
greater than 18 percent, is classified as
public forestland.
Only 6 million ha has significant tree cover
and less than 1 million ha of old-growth or
primary forest remains
6. Land Use in the Philippines
(in Thousands of Hectares)
LAND COVER AREA
Forest 7,226
Pine 81
Mossy or unproductive 246
Dipterocarp 6,629
Closed 2,435
Open 4,194
Mangrove 149
Other 121
Extensive cultivation 11,958
Open in forest 31
Grassland 1,813
Mixeda 10,114
7. LAND COVER AREA
Intensive cultivation 9,729
Plantation 5,336
Coconut 1,133
Other 90
Coconut and cropland 3,748
Other and cropland 365
Cropland 4,393
Fish ponds 205
Fish ponds created from 195
mangroves
Other fishponds 10
Other land or lakes 542
Unclassified area 546
TOTAL 30,206
grass, brush, plantation, and other a Mixed crops.
SOURCE: Swedish Space Corporation. 1988. Mapping of the Natural Conditionsof the
8. Intensification of Rice Production in
the Lowlands
Lowland rice fields in the Philippines are about half
irrigated and half rained. Initially, the green
revolution (the breakthroughs in rice varietal
technology in the late 1960s) increased labor use
intensity in rice production.
More rice crops were produced each year (two
instead of one), and more intensive management
was applied.
But rained rice farming did not experience the extent
of technical change that occurred in irrigated rice
farming or the same gain in productivity.
Therefore, the economic disparity between the
irrigated and rained rice fields increased.
9. Agriculture and the Uplands
Farmers to initiate farming in upland areas:
The expansion of land for raising sugarcane in the
western Visayas from 1960 to 1975 was also
primarily at the expense of small-scale upland
rice and maize production
As effective control of agricultural land becomes
more concentrated in the hands of wealthier
farmers and corporations, small farms are
becoming smaller, a process that has been
accelerated by the subdivision of property
through inheritance.
The end result has been increasing landlessness
for the rural poor.
11. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
"Corporate Social Responsibility
is the continuing commitment by
business to behave ethically
and contribute to economic
development while improving the
quality of life of the
workforce and their families as
well as of the local community
and society at large"
12. THE FOCUS ON
SOCIO-ENVIRONMENT
COMMITMENT
A concept whereby companies
integrate social and
environmental concerns in their
business operations and in
their interaction with their
stakeholders on a voluntary
basis".
13. Social responsibility becomes an
integral part of the wealth creation
process - which if managed properly
should enhance the competitiveness
of business and maximize the value
of wealth creation to society.
14.
15. Social Responsibility
Companies need to answer to two aspects
of their operations.
1. The quality of their management - both
in terms of people and processes (the
inner circle).
2. The nature of, and quantity of their
impact on society in the various areas.
17. ECONOMICS PHILIPPINES: Farming to
Property Development or for an Easy Profits
As the Philippines grapples with its
worst food crisis in years, many
farmers in its cradle of rice
cultivation are abandoning farming .
18. ECONOMICS PHILIPPINES: Farming to Property
Development or for an Easy Profits
Instead of cultivating farmers’ own rice on
the small patch of land inherited, farmers
use the payment receive from tourists to
buy cheap rice distributed by the
government to poor communities.
Even though rice prices are high at the
moment, farmers' profits are low due to the
high cost of fertilizer.
The low prices farmers still receive for their
crops from millers and other middlemen
who often pocket most of the profits.
19. ECONOMICS PHILIPPINES: Farming to
Property Development or for an Easy Profits
Currently, up to 2 million hectares of
farmland are devoted to farming rice
in the Philippines but the archipelago
has less arable land per capita than
other big rice-producing nations…
and officials fear farms risk being
gobbled up by property and leisure
developers.
20. … but as we progress, so did we start
experiencing environmental problems.
Strengthening Environmental Education to Make a Difference
photo credit: rapingmothernature.com
21. Forest Denudation is at an Advanced Stage
in the Philippines.
Total forest cover shrank from 10.5 million ha in
1968 to 6.1 million ha in 1991. The remaining old-
growth forest covered less than 1 million ha in 1991
and possibly as little as 700,000 ha.
At current rates of logging, nearly all vestiges of the
country's primary dipterocarp forest biota may be
depleted in the next 10 to 15 years.
22. Water Pollution
The Philippines government to minimize the use of
agrochemicals, warning that these products have
polluted water sources in the country. A study has
found that the widespread use of agrochemicals such
as fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides in
Philippine farms has led to widespread water
pollution.
23. Aerial Pesticide Row Tests
Powers of LGU
The legal battle over the ban on aerial
spraying of poisonous pesticides involving
controversial pesticide use in banana
plantations in1993 in Davao City.
This is not the first case in which farmers
squared off against big agribusinesses over
the issue of public health and environmental
devastating impacts.
24. Climate change and hunger:
Evidence from the Philippines
A fourth quarter
survey put the hunger
measure at 24% as of
December 2009,
equivalent to 4.4 million
families. It surpassed the
previous record high of
23.7% hit in December
2008.
25. Child Labors
-Studies say that several
banana companies have
admitted to having child
laborers in banana
plantations.
-The practice usually entails
the growers employing their
own children or those of their
neighbors to work in the
plantations.
27. The state shall promote national awareness on the role of
natural resources in economic growth and the importance of
environmental conservation and ecological balance towards
sustained national development.
Strengthening Environmental Education to Make a Difference
28. The Corporate Social
Responsibility Act of
2009, mandates
corporations to "consider
the interests of society by
taking responsibility for the
impact of their activities on
customers, employees,
shareholders, communities
and the environment in all
aspects of their
operations."
29. Proponents of the new bill say that
the State recognizes the vital role of the
private sector in nation building and
should encourage its active participation in
fostering sustainable economic
development and environment protection
in the Philippines.
30. Reviews of Existing Policies
There have been several recent reviews
concerning natural resource management
in the Philippines. These reviews
examined government policy, the political
climate, and the institutional framework
and made numerous specific
recommendations for a major
reorientation.
31. Reviews of Existing Policies
Policy reviews under way at local, national,
and international levels must be
broadened to consider the negative effects
that policies have had on sustainable
land use.
32. Reviews of Existing Policies
In addition, the Master Plan for Forestry
Development (Department of Environment and
Natural Resources, 1990) has recently been
issued by the Philippine government.
It lays out a framework for forestland
management over the next 25 years.
It sets a detailed, optimistic agenda that adopts
a strategy of reduced public management in
favor of increased private management of forest
resources through people-oriented forestry.
33. The National Disaster Management Program
The Philippine disaster management
program has a broad scope covering
disaster preparedness, organization and
training, construction of disaster reduction
facilities, disaster response and
rehabilitation, public information, and
research and development.
34. The National Disaster Management Program
Flood control projects and watershed
management projects, in additions to
the broader reforestation effort, are
all geared to mitigate the worst
effects to natural disasters.
35. Farming in the Rainforest can Preserve
Biodiversity, Ecological Services
RA 9512
Greening Programs
36. Farming in the Rainforest can Preserve
Biodiversity, Ecological Services
To encourage market-driven and
environmentally and socially
responsible management of
forests, tree farms and forest
resources.
37. Farming in the Rainforest can Preserve
Biodiversity, Ecological Services
Conserving biodiversity:
Agriculture chemical producers are
oftentimes frowned upon as causing
biodiversity loss in the belief that the
chemicals or the products they
produce for farm use adversely affect
the other living things in the farms.
38. Farming in the Rainforest can Preserve
Biodiversity, Ecological Services
Less chemicals:
In helping conserve biodiversity, the agribusiness firm
has invested money and intellectual property in
developing more effective active ingredients so the
farmers can use less chemicals and target specific issues
or specific problems without having an impact on the
rest of the environment.
Technology in crops is a good example when it deals
with a very specific issue and has no other impact.
This can be done the same thing with crop chemicals by
developing chemicals that are very specific to an issue or
to a very broad spectrum.
39. Water Stress:
On the issue of water, we see the role
agriculture can play in the two areas:
One is to enable plants deal with stress
better. Water stress can be little water or
too much water.
The second is helping farmers improve
their efficiency in using water
40. Farming in the Rainforest can Preserve
Biodiversity, Ecological Services
Lessen greenhouse-gas emission:
Through good agronomic practices, we can help
lessen greenhouse-gas emission by encouraging
farmers to adopt minimum-tillage or no-tillage
farming.
Using herbicide-tolerant varieties, like in corn,
which allow farmers effectively retain stubble
and retain organic matter and use herbicide to
control the weeds,”
42. IEC
Public information: Both through training and
public education campaigns.
the Philippines has also included research and
development.
Technical Assistance and direct interactions
Determines the existing problems that can
recommends review of policies
43. “It makes sense for a firm based in
farm areas to have programs
targeting the farmers who may not
have access to needed agricultural
inputs or information, which could
make their livelihood easier”