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- 3. Basic Needs Of Human Food Shelter Air Water Tobreathe To protect from • danger • extreme weather • sun & rain Give energy Grow Stay healthy Drinks Grow Stay healthy 1.1 Understanding that humans have basic needs
- 4. Basic Needs Of Animals Food Shelter Air Water Tobreathe To protect from • danger • extreme weather • sun & rain Give energy Grow Stay healthy Drinks Grow Stay healthy 1.2 Understanding that animals have basic needs Types : • holes • cave • nest • beehive
- 5. Plants Have BasicNeeds Air SunlightWater With : • grow healthy • grow well • not wilted Without : • wilted • Turn yellow • Die 1.3 Understanding that plants have basic needs
- 6. 2.1 Analysing lifeprocesses that humans undergo Analysing Life Processes That Human Undergo Respond To Stimuli Breathing Reproduce Organs Inhale – take in air Exhale – give out air Nose/Mouth Wind-pipe Lungs A process to produce Their young or offspring Rate of breath Number of chest movement In a period of time Organs Eyes - Sight Nose - Smell Tongue - Taste Ears - Sound Skin - Touch Excrete Defecate Lungs ( Carbon dioxide + water vapour ) Kidney ( urine + mineral salt ) Skin ( Sweat + mineral salt ) Faeces Purpose : • avoid danger • avoid getting hurt • avoid getting injured • to survive
- 7. 2.2 Being awarethat certain behaviour can disturb life processes Behaviour That Can Disturb Life Processes Smoking Taking DrugDrinking Alcohol Effects • Lung cancer • Coughing Effects • Delay respond to stimuli • Lose ability to walk in straight line • Can cause accidents How to avoid Participate in a campaign Discourage among their peers
- 8. 2.3 Analysing thelife processes that animals undergo Animals Life Processes BreathingExcrete Reproduce Lay Eggs Give BirthOrgans Lungs • monkey • bird • whale Gills • fish • prawn Lungs-book • crab Moist Skin • frog • earthworm Trachea Structure • insects Defecate To get rid of waste product from their bodies cat tiger bat whale butterfly bird
- 9. 2.4 Life processes plants undergo plantsrespond to stimuli. water, sunlight, touch, gravity. why plants need to reproduce to ensure the survival of the species. various ways plants reproduce through…seeds, spores, suckers, stem cutting, leaves, underground stem. what will happen to the world if plants do not reproduce. no food supply. plants reproduce. Seeds – balsam, corn, durian Spores – fern, mushroom Suckers – banana, pineapple Stem cutting – hibiscus, rose, tapioca Leaves – bryophyllum, begonia Stem – potato, onion, ginger and lily the part of plant that responds to touch. the part of plant that responds to sunlight. Shoot the part of plant that responds to gravity. Roots the part of plant that responds to water Roots Science Year 4 INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS 2. Living Things Undergo Life Processes
- 10. Special characteristics of animalsthat protect them from danger. special behaviour of animals that protect them from danger. The special characteristics and behaviour of animals help to protect them from danger. 3.1 animals have specific characteristics and behaviour to protect themselves Thick and hard skin To prevent their enemies from injuring Hard shell Snails and tortoise retract their head And legs into the shell when the are Attacked by enemies Hard scales Pangolins and crocodiles have hard scales To protect their bodies from injuries Spines Raise the sharp spines when the enemies Advance towards them Horns Use their horn to attack enemies. Sharp claws To protect themselves and their Young from the enemies- lion ,cat, Bears, and eagle. Spray black ink Dark surrounding helps the animal not to been seen by enemies – e.g: octopus, squid Poisonous sting or fangs Can hurt and kill enemies-e.g..: scorpion, centipede snake , bee. Camouflage Has body colour or patterns that that are Similar to the surrounding Pretend to dead To trick their enemies –e.g.: beetle
- 11. 3.2/3.3 Animals have specificcharacteristics and behaviour to protect themselves from extreme weather and survive how specific characteristics and behavior of animals help to protect them from very hot or cold weather. specific characteristics and behavior of animals that protect them from very hot and cold weather. Hot weather Cold weather Wrinkled Skin Elephant ,hippopotamuses and buffaloes lose body heat through wrinkled skins Wallowing Elephant, hippopotamuses and buffaloes keep their body cool by wallowing in mud holes Humps Camels store food and water in the form Of fats in the humps on their back. Thick Fur Polar bears have thick fur to prevent the body From losing heat to cold surroundings. Fat Layers Under The Skins Penguins, seals, and whales have fat layers under their skin to keep their bodies warm Small Ears Seals and Walruses have small ears to prevent Heat loss from their bodies. Hibernate Polar bears hibernates during extreme cold Weather
- 12. 3.4 Plants have specificcharacteristics to protect themselves from enemy The specific characteristics of plants that protect them from enemies How the specific characteristics of plants help to protect them from enemies. characteristics that protect plants. Have thorns poisonous Have fine hairs Produces latex Close leaflets when touch
- 13. 3.5 Plants havespecific characteristics to protect themselves from dry region and strong wind strong wind dry region Eg : cactus . a. Long roots to absorb water b. Succulent stem can store water c. Thorn can can prevent the excessive loss of water Eg: Coconut tree, bamboo tree, mangrove tree a. Have stems that bend easily b. Have buttress roots c. Have separated leaves d. Needle- shaped leaves
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- 15. Volume MEASUREMENT1.1 Length 1.2 Area 1.5Mass 1.6 Time1.7 Standard units 1.3 Solid 1.4 Liquid
- 16. 1.1Length Terminology - The distance betweentwo points/place/position Ways to measure Measuring tape Cubit Arm spanString Ruler Standard Tools Measuring tape Ruler Unit mm cm m km Correct technique - The eye must be directly above the end of object
- 17. 1.2 Area - Areais the amount of Space taken up by the surface of an object. Terminology - Using square card with a sides of 1 centimetre Standard unit - Square millimetre (mm2 ) - Square centimetre (cm2 ) - Square metre (m2 ) - Square kilometre (km2 ) - Using formula Area = length X width 1cm 1cm Different ways to measure area 2cm 4cm = 4cm X 2 cm = 8cm2 3cm 3cm - by placing uniform objects such as tiles, books and stamps on the surface of the objects
- 18. Volume Terminology The amount ofspace that something takes up 1.3 Solid 1.4 Liquid Formula Length x width x height Standard Units mm3, cm3 , m3 Tools Standard Units measuring cylinder ml, l Correct technique a) taking the reading at the lowest part of the meniscus. b) eyes must be at the same level as the lowest part of the meniscus
- 19. 1.5 Mass Terminology - Amountof matter in an object Tools Electronic balance Simple balance Beam balance Kitchen scale Bathroom scale Lever balance Standard unit mg g kg Correct technique
- 20. 1.6 Time Terminology - Durationbetween two event Way to measure - Sundial , sand clock , candle clock Process that repeats uniformly can be used to measure time -Swinging pendulum -Pulse rate candle -water dripping -Changing day and night Tool Standard unit - Second , minute , hour - Digital clock , watch , wrist watch , clock Old clock Events can be used measuring time
- 21. 1.7 The Importanceof Standard Units - for accuracy and consistency - easy to communicate and understanding
- 22.
- 23. 1.1 The properties ofmaterials Insulator Float on water Conduct electricity metal conduct heatSink in water Light to pass through Can be stretch wood stone rubber ring glasscarbon plastics metalwood
- 24. 1.2 Applying knowledge properties ofmaterials in everyday life Suggest ways to keep things hot Covered with insulators Suggest ways to keep things cold hot thing cold thing To prevent heat loss prevent from absorbing heat
- 25. 1.3 Uses of materials basedon their properties List of object and materials that they are made of object materials properties spoon metal hard tissue wood Soft glasses glass transparent Reason why particular materials are used to make an object cheap easy to get strength good quality
- 26. natural materials Man-made materials wood metal rubber cotton plasticssynthetic cloth glass State that man-made materials comes from natural materials reducing reusing recycling public transport plastic bag bottle plastics glass 1.4 The importance of reuse, reduce and recycle of materials
- 27. RUSTING CAN PREVENTED DIFFERENTWAYS TO PREVENT OBJECTS FROM RUSTING Coating with non rusting materials *paint *oil *grease THE NECESSARY TO PREVENT RUSTING *Everlasting Live *Save Natural material *Save Cost *Looking good 1.6 *Conclusion; Rusting can be avoided by preventing iron contact with air and water.
- 28. UNDERSTANDING THAT SOME MATERIALSCAN BE RUST RUSTY OBJECTS NON RUSTY OBJECTS OBJECT MADE OF IRON AND STEEL OBJECT MADE OF GLASS PLASTIC, WOOD, CLAY AND SILK *Nail *Spoon *Knife *Needle *Glass *Bottle *Cup *Pencil
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- 30. 1.1 The solar system Listof constituents List of planets Planets move around the Sun -Nine Planets -Natural satellites -Meteors -Comets -Asteroids Mercury – My Venus – Very Earth – Excellent Mars – Mother Jupiter – Just Saturn – Served Uranus – Us Neptune – Nine Pluto – Pudding THE SOLAR SYSTEM
- 31. 1.2 The relativesize and distance between the Earth, the Moon and the Sun Size of the Sun relative to the size of the Earth. Size of the Earth relative to the size of the Moon. The relative distance from the Earth to the Sun compared to the relative distance from the Earth to the Moon. the Sun 1 the Earth 100 the Earth 1 the Moon 4 the Sun the Earth the Moon 150 000 000 km 382 500 km 1 : 400
- 32. 1.3 Appreciating the perfectplacement of the planet Earth in the Solar System Why certain planets are not conducive for living things. EFFECTThe Earth is the only planet in the Solar System that has living things. •The nearer a planet to the Sun is, the hotter is the surface of the planet . •The farther a planet from the Sun is, the colder is the surface of the planet. •Do not have enough air and water. •Earth is the third planet from the Sun, it receives enough light and heat from the Sun. •It is not too hot or too cold. •The atmosphere of the Earth contains air and there is water on Earth. Much nearer : •The temperature on the Earth would rise. •Water on Earth would evaporate. •No water and the temperature would be very hot. Much farther : •The temperature on the Earth would drop. •Water would freeze into ice. •All living things would die.
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- 34. 1.1.Understanding the importanceof technology in everyday life Limitation of human ability Examples of human limitations are • Unable to see fine objects •Unable to speak loud •Unable to walk for long distance •Unable to see far away objects Devices to overcome human limitation Microscope - The usage of lens to see fine features of objects and microbes Microphone -To increase the voice volume Telephone -To communicate from long distance Bicycle, motorcycle, airplanes -Can travel long distance in a shorter time Telescope, binocular - To see far away objects
- 35. TECHNOLOGY 1.2 Understanding The Development Of Technology Agriculture e.g.: hoeplough tractor combine harvester Transportation Land: Animal bicycle car train Air: hot air balloon airship glider aeroplane Water: canoe raft sampan ferry ship Communication Drawing carrier pigeon Telephone Construction Cave hut wooden house apartment Examples
- 36. Problems they encounter intheir daily life TECHNOLOGY Ideas to solve the problems identified Device to solve the problem identified. Demonstrate that device invented can be used to solve the problem identified 1.3 Synthesising how technology can be used to solve problems Cannot move and lift heavy thing Cannot move farther Sketch the model Brain storming lever wheelbarrow Pully – can lift everything Wheel barrow – can move heavything easily
- 37. 1.4 Analysing ThatTechnology Can Benefit Mankind If Used Wisely Advantages of Technology Disadvantages of Technology •Communication Enable human to learn more about things happening around the world •Transportation Enable human to travel far away places in shorter time •Agriculture Machines make it easier to plants and harvest their crops •Construction Roads, highways, bridges and building is easier and faster to build Environmental pollution from increase In waste materials Environmental destruction result from excessive usage of natural resources Social problem Bad effects on health result from environmental pollution and excessive use of chemicals
- 40. 1.1 Understanding thatmicroorganism is a living things Microorganism Bacteria Fungi Protozua Virus Cannot see with naked eyes GrowMoveBreathe Characteristics Cause the dough rise • Rotten oranges • Mouldy rice tiny
- 41. 1.1 Understanding thatsome microorganism are harmful and some are useful Some Organisms Are Harmful And Some Are Useful Useful Harmful Can cause Illness Food poisoning Food stale Tooth decay Making bread/ tapai/tempe/fertilizer Prevention Disease Stomach upset Measles/cough Tooth decay Conjunctivitis/mumps Washing hand Drink boiled water Covering mouth & nose when coughing & sneezing
- 42. 2.1 Survival of Animal Species Examplesanimals that take care of their eggs and young. how animals take care of Their eggs and young. Why animals take care of their eggs and young. Bird - Eggs with shell covering Frog - Eggs are thick, slimy and having bad smell Spider - kept in a bag underneath its body Fish - keep their young in their mouths Snake, Tiger - attack in order to protect their eggs Turtle - hide their eggs Kangaroo - carry their young in their pouches Elephant - stay in herds 2.3 Importance Shortage of food resource Animals and plants species may face extinction. Bird, Frog, Spider, Fish, Snake, turtle, Kangroo, Elephant To ensure the survival of their species
- 43. 2.2 Survival of Plant Species Water Explosive mechanism Wind Animal •Light • Air Space in the fruits • Not water absorbent • Light • Small in size • Winged • Dry when ripe • Explodes when mature • Brightly coloured • Edible • Have smells • Have hook • Coconut • Lily • Shorea • Angsana • Lalang • Rubber fruit • Balsam fruit • Chestnut • Rambutan • Mango • Love grass • Mimosa Agents of dispersal Special characteristic Examples
- 44. 3.1 Food Chain Animalsand the food they eat Classify animals into herbivore, carnivore and omnivore. Producer ConsumerConstruct food chain Green plant obtain energy from the sun to make food. Green Plant as a producer Herbivore : Animals that eat plants only. e.g.: cow, goat, deer Carnivore: Animals that eat other animals. e.g.: tiger, lion Omnivore: Animals that eat plants and other animals Animals that eat plant or other animals are called consumers. The food relationship among living things can be shown by a food chain. To construct food chain It must start with plant as a producer. In a food chain the arrow means ‘eaten by’ All living things need food to survive. Green plant can make their own food. However animals cannot make their own make their own food.
- 45. 3.2 Synthesizing foodchain to construct food web. Food web What will happen If there is a change in population of a certain species in a food web Food web of different habitats What will happen to a certain species of animals if they eat only one type of food Paddy field garden A change in the population of a certain species will effect the Population of other species They will face difficulty to survive – if the Source of food runs out
- 46. 1 Energy 2 Electricity 3Light 4 Heat
- 47. INVESTIGATING FORCE ANDENERGY ENERGY 1.1 The Uses of Energy Why energy is needed? - by living things to carry out life processes. Ex : moving, breathing, growing The Sources of Energy Sun - main source of energy - produces light and heat Food - food contains stored energy Wind - Moving air - Used to pump water, drive small sawmills - to move, boil, melt, or bounce non-living things Fuel Batteries - wood, coal, petroleum, natural gas - device that generated electrical energy from chemical energy Water - moving or falling water produce energy
- 48. INVESTIGATING FORCE ANDENERGY ENERGY 1.2 Energy can be transformed from one form to another Form of energySound energy Heat energy Light energy Electrical energy Kinetic energy Chemical energy Potential energy Energy can be transformed a) lighting a candle Chemical energy → heat energy + light energy b) Kicking a ball Chemical energy → kinetic energy → heat energy Example of appliance that make use of energy transform a) Electric iron Electrical energy → heat energy b) Radio Electrical energy → sound energy c) Television Electrical energy → sound energy + light energy
- 49. INVESTIGATING FORCE ANDENERGY ENERGY 1.3 Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Renewable energy Energy that cannot be replaced Resources – solar, wind, biomass fuel, water Non-renewable energy Energy that be replenished when it is used up Resources – natural gas, petroleum, coal Why use energy wisely How to use energy Some energy resources cannot be replenished when used up To save cost Avoid wastage Reduce pollution Turn off the television when no one watching it Switch off the lights before going to leave the room
- 50. Electricity Sources Dry cell Accumulator Dynamo Solarcell Type of circuit Name Symbol Dry cell Connecting wire Switch Bulb Symbol and componentParallel circuit Series circuit Precautions Differences The bulb in the parallel circuit is brighter then the bulb in the series circuit Danger of mishandling electrical appliances Fire Burn Electric shock Electrocution Safety precautions to be taken when using appliances Do not touch electrical appliances with wet hand Do not repair electrical appliances on your own
- 51. Light Can be reflected How? Uses of reflection Side mirror of a car Periscope Kaleidoscope Travel in a straight line How shadow is formed When light is completely or partially blocked by an opaque object The light that falls on objects ‘bounces off’ the objects and comes to your eyes mirror Shadow form Opaque object Light
- 52. Heat Gain Loss Cooler Warmer Howto measure temperature using the correct technique The effects of heat on matter Matter expands when heated Matter contract when cooled
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- 54. 1.1 Matter existin the form of solid, liquid or gas solid liquid gas has mass Properties of solid Properties of liquid Properties of gas fixed volume fixed shape has mass examples water milk air no permanent shape fixed volume stem wood stone can't fixed shape has mass Can't fixed volume can compressed
- 55. 1.2 CHANGING STATES OF WATER gas -liquid liquid - gas liquid - gas solid - liquid melting Boiling Affected by windy and hot weather evaporation condensation Freezing
- 56. 1.31.3 Understanding the watercycle.Understanding the water cycle. Circulation of water inCirculation of water in the environment.the environment. Formation of cloudsFormation of clouds and rain.and rain.Importance of water.Importance of water. Changes in the states ofChanges in the states of matter in the water cyclematter in the water cycle Liquid to gas (evaporation)Liquid to gas (evaporation) Droplets of water willDroplets of water will become bigger andbecome bigger and heavier →heavier → rain evaporation condensation sea Gas → liquid (Condensation)Gas → liquid (Condensation)
- 57. 1.41.4 Appreciating the importanceAppreciatingthe importance of water resources.of water resources. To prevent living aquatic from beingTo prevent living aquatic from being destroyed and undergoing extinctiondestroyed and undergoing extinction Reasons to keep ourReasons to keep our water resources clean.water resources clean. To ensure the cleanlinessTo ensure the cleanliness of water supplyof water supply To regulateTo regulate the formation ofthe formation of clouds and rainclouds and rain To avoid infectedTo avoid infected diseasesdiseases Ways to keep our waterWays to keep our water resources cleanresources clean Keep the rivers cleanKeep the rivers clean Cleanliness campaignCleanliness campaign
- 58. 2.1 The propertiesof acid,2.1 The properties of acid, alkaline and neutral substances.alkaline and neutral substances. Identify the taste of acidicIdentify the taste of acidic and alkaline food.and alkaline food. Identify acidic, alkalineIdentify acidic, alkaline and neutral substancesand neutral substances using litmus paper.using litmus paper. • Conclude the properties ofConclude the properties of acidic, alkaline and neutralacidic, alkaline and neutral substances.substances. Changes in colourChanges in colour of litmus papersof litmus papers blue to redblue to red red to bluered to blue no changeno change bitterbitter soursour Properties of alkaliProperties of alkali Properties of acidProperties of acid Properties ofProperties of neutral substancesneutral substancesTaste bitter & changeTaste bitter & change red litmus paper bluered litmus paper blue Taste sour & changeTaste sour & change blue litmus paper redblue litmus paper red Other tastes –Other tastes – no changes in litmus paperno changes in litmus paper acidacid alkalinealkaline neutralneutral
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- 60. Show directions Indicates Seasons A group ofstars that form a certain pattern in the sky Importance of constellation Identify constellation What constellation is 1.1 Understanding the constellation Constellation Big dipper Scorpion Orion Southern Cross North North South April – June Kite or Cross Scorpion Hunter Water dipper south December - January June - August planting harvesting desert sea
- 61. 2.1 The movements of theEarth, the Moon and the Sun Earth rotates on it axis Earth rotates and at the same time moves around the sun Moon rotates on it axis Moon rotates and at the same time moves around the Earth The Moon and the Earth move round the Sun at the same time The earth rotates on its axis from west to east The changes in length and position of the shadow throughout the day THE EARTH , THE MOON AND THE SUN
- 62. 2.2 The occurrence ofday and night It is day time for the part of the Earth facing the Sun. It is night time for the part of the Earth facing away from the Sun. Day and night occur due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis. the Sun the Earth night-timenight-time daytimedaytime axisaxis westwest easteast
- 63. 2.3 Phases OfThe Moon The Moon Does Not Emit Light The Moon appear bright when it reflect sunlight Describe the phases of the moon 1-New moon, 3- New half moon, 5- Full moon 7- Old half moon
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- 65. 1.1 The shapes ofobjects in a structure The shape of objects Identify shape in structure CuboidCube Cylinder Sphere ConePyramid Sphere Cylinder
- 66. Strength and Stability Shapes of objectsthat are stable The factors that affect stability of objects How base area affects stability How height affects stability 1.2 The strength and stability of a structure The factors that affect the strength of a structure Design a model that is strong and stable Cube, cone, cylinder Height , base area Bigger base area more stable Smaller base area less stable Lower object more stable Higher object less stable Types of materials used Steel ,Iron, Wood Suggested design strong and stable Bridge – one with manila card one with wood
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- 69. 1.11.1 AnimalsAnimals Some live in solitary (Animalsthat live by themselves) SomeSome live in groupslive in groups (Animals that live together)(Animals that live together) zebra giraffesgiraffesbees ants tigerlizardcatsnake For safety For Food To avoid competition for food To avoid competition for space Cooperation is a form of interaction
- 70. 1.21.2 Understanding that competitionis a form ofUnderstanding that competition is a form of Interaction among living thingsInteraction among living thingsAnimals Plants Factors for compete Food Water Mate Shelter Space Limited food resources Limited water resources Trying to get mate to breed Defending or looking for shelter Defending or looking for space Factors for compete Nutrient Sunlight Water Space Limited sunlight can reach them Limited water resources Limited space Limited nutrient Reason Reason
- 71. 1.3 Understanding the responsibility ofhuman beings in protecting endangered species Extinct animal Endangered animal Endangered plant Factors of Extinction ways to prevent extinction •Dodo bird •Dinosaur •Auk bird •Desert rat kangaroo •Mammoth •Quagga •Tasmanian wolf •Tiger •Turtle •Orang Utan •Panda •Rhinoceros •Hornbill •Blue Whale •Raflessia •Pitcher plant •Venus fly trap •Wild orchid Illegal Hunting Elephant – Tusk Tiger – Skin & Bone Blue Whale – Fat Giant Panda – Fur Rhinoceros - Horn Illegal Logging Human cut trees Forest clearing The destruction of habitat Excessive development Water & air Pollution Many habitat has destroyed Extreme Weather Long dry season Flood Forest fire Campaign against excessive Logging Educate the public about the importance of protecting & conserving animals & plant Avoid consuming or buying products made from endangered species Enforcing the law Replanting Selective logging Setting up forest reserved Setting rehabilitation centre Encourage recycle , reuse & reduce Campaign
- 72. 1.4 Knowing the impactof human activities on environment. Environmental destruction caused by human activities Impact of uncontrolled human activities to the Earth Impact of human activities to environmental destruction Erosion Landslide Flash-Floods Water & Air pollution Illegal & Excessive Logging Clearing Forest Improper management of development •Erosion •Landslide •Flash-Floods •Loss of habitats Illegal & Excessive hunting Improper management of waste from factory Improper management of waste from household Extinction of endangered species Air & water Pollution Water Pollution Flash flood Excessive use of fertilisers, pesticides & herbicides Heavy usage of motor vehicles The Lost of habitat The lose of raw material &food supplies Climate changes The rise in temperature on earth Extinction of endangered species The balance in nature is disturbed The loss of the Earth’s natural water basin Air & water Pollution Air pollution
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- 74. INVESTIGATING FORCE ANDENERGY FORCE Pull – an action of bringing an object towards us Push – an action of moving an object away D E F I N I T I O N Effects Move a stationary object Stop a moving object Change direction of moving object Make object move faster or slower Change the motion an object Change the shape of an object Friction Definition -Force that apposes the movement of an object. -Two surfaces occurs rub against each other Effects -Surfaces warm. -Difficult to move -Wear and tear. -Slow down and stop Reduce -Lubricant :oil, wax, grease or water -Air cushion -Talcum powder -Roller marbles -Ball bearing Advantages 1. Hold thing 2. Walk without slipping 3. Sharpen a knife 4. Slow down moving Disadvantages 1. Worn out the shoes / tyre 2. Produce heat Advantages/Disadvantages
- 75. Movement Speed A measurement onhow fast an object moves an object which moves faster travels a longer distance in a given time Definition an object which move faster takes a shorter time travel a given distance Conclusion Calculation Formula Speed = distance / time Unit • km/h, • m/s , • cm/s
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- 77. Microbes that spoilt food Conditionfor microbes to grow What is spoilt food •Unpleasent smell eg. Fish with bad smell •Unpleasent taste eg. milk turns sour •Changed colour eg.vegetables, rice •Changed texture eg. Yogurt turns curd •Mouldy eg. Yogurt have many black spots Characteristics of Spoilt Food Food that has turned bad and is not suitable to be eaten Bacteria Fungus •Air •Water •Nutrient •Suitable Temperature ( 5°C - 65° C ) •Suitable acidity 1.1 Food Spoilage
- 78. 1.2 Food Preservation (Processwhereby food turning bad is slowed down) Drying Boiling Cooling Vacuum packing Pickling Freezing Example : fish, prawn, fruits Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot grow without water Example : Eggs, water Reason : Boiled will killed bacteria and fungi Example : eggs, vegetables, fruits Reason : Cold temperature slow down the growth of bacteria and fungi Example : Biscuits, crackers, Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot grow without water Reason : Prevents the growth of bacteria and fungi Example : Fruits, chili, fish Bottling/ canning PasteurisingSalting Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot active at a very low temperature Example : Fish, meat Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot grow without air Example : Meat, fish, fruits Reason : Destroy microoganism Example : Milk, yogurt Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot grow in very salt substances Example : Fish, eggs Reason : Dry the food Example : Fish, meat Reason : Slow down the loss of water Example : Fruits Smoking Waxing
- 79. 1.3 The Importanceof Preserving Food Food can be kept for a longer time Easier to store Easier to carry To prevent the wastage of food
- 80. 2.1 The Effectsof Improper Waste Disposal On The Environment •Gas •Liquid •Solid •From agricultural activities •From vehicles and open burning •Toxic materials •Rubbish Sources of wastes Types of waste •Open burning •Littering •Chanelling- waste factories into river • Releasing smoke and dangerous gasses •Treat waste water •Keep environment and home clean •Reuse and recycle rubbish and waste • Reduce car •Build factories far from home The improper ways disposal Smoke dissolved form weak acid Kills plants & fish Destroys building & bridges Rubbish thrown in rivers or drain Cause flash-floods & water over flow Kill plants & animals in the river Open burning Cause asthma & eye irritation Air pollution Disease Cause by eating polluted fish and plants The Harmful Effect The proper disposal ways
- 81. • Animal extinction •Habitats destruction •Spoil natural beauty •Change Climate • Tin can • Plastic • Synthetic • Glass • Metal objects • Give out poisonous gas • Unpleasant smell • Return nutrient to soil • Prevent rubbish from accumulate •Paper • Wood • Food • Meat • Fungi • Bacteria 2.2 Some Waste Can Decay Waste that decay Waste that do not decay Microbes that cause waste to decay Advantages of waste decaying Disadvantages of waste decaying What will happen if waste do not decay
- 82. INVESTIGATING THE EARTH &THE UNIVERSE
- 83. ECLIPSE OF THEMOON The Earth is between the Sun and the Moon The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are positioned in a straight line The Earth’s position blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon. The Earth’s shadow is formed on the Moon surface and cause an eclipse of the Moon Sun Moon Earth
- 84. ECLIPSE OF THESUN The Moon is between the Sun and the Earth The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are positioned in a straight line The Moon’s blocks the sunlight from reaching the Earth The Moon’s shadow is formed on the Earth’s surface SUN Earth Moon The place that experienced full eclipse is completely dark during the day time PHASES OF THE SUN DURING THE ECLIPSE
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- 86. WHEEL AND AXLE 1.1.Simple machine LEVER WEDGE PULLEY GEAR INCLINED PLANE SCREW -To carry or move heavy objects - e.g. hammer , spoon , scissor -To lift heavy objects easier e.g. stairs , slanting wooden plank -To carry to move heavy objects easily e.g screw driver , car spanner -To carry or lift objects to a higher place -e.g flag pole , crane -To cut or separate objects -E.g knife , saw , axe -To fix two objects together -E.g drill bit , spanner -To move objects easily -Gear in a watch A device that allows us to use less force to make work easier or faster
- 87. 1.2 Analysing a complex machine Madeup of more than one simple machine. Wheelbarrow Lever, wheel and axle Crane Gear, pulley, lever Egg Beater Gear, wheel and axle Bicycle Gear, lever, wheel and axle Scissors Lever, wedge Hand Drill Wedge, wheel and axle
- 88. 1.3 Appreciating theinvention of machines that make life easier. Life with machine Life without machine Difficulty moving heavy things. Will not be able to travel from one place to another faraway place. Help to move heavy things. Work in the fields is made easier and productivity of agricultural product is raised. Construction work is made easier and can be completed faster. Help us travel from one place to another.