The document discusses various topics related to investigating living things and life processes. It provides information on the basic needs of humans and animals, as well as the basic needs of plants. It also analyzes different life processes that humans, animals and plants undergo, such as breathing, excreting, and reproducing. Furthermore, it discusses specific characteristics and behaviors of animals that help protect them from dangers, extreme weather, and enemies. Lastly, it covers specific characteristics of plants that help protect them from enemies and dry regions.

1. MIND MAP YEAR 4

2. INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS

3. Basic Needs Of Human Food Shelter Air Water To breathe To protect from danger extreme weather sun & rain Give energy Grow Stay healthy Drinks Grow Stay healthy 1.1 Understanding that humans have basic needs

4. Basic Needs Of Animals Food Shelter Air Water To breathe To protect from danger extreme weather sun & rain Give energy Grow Stay healthy Drinks Grow Stay healthy 1.2 Understanding that animals have basic needs Types : holes cave nest beehive

5. Plants Have Basic Needs Air Sunlight Water With : grow healthy grow well not wilted Without : wilted Turn yellow Die 1.3 Understanding that plants have basic needs

6. 2.1 Analysing life processes that humans undergo Analysing Life Processes That Human Undergo Respond To Stimuli Breathing Reproduce Organs Inhale – take in air Exhale – give out air Nose/Mouth Wind-pipe Lungs A process to produce their young or offspring Rate of breath Number of chest movement In a period of time Organs Eyes - Sight Nose - Smell Tongue - Taste Ears - Sound Skin - Touch Excrete Defecate Lungs ( Carbon dioxide + water vapour ) Kidney ( urine + mineral salt ) Skin ( Sweat + mineral salt ) Faeces Purpose : avoid danger avoid getting hurt avoid getting injured to survive

7. 2.2 Being aware that certain behaviour can disturb life processes Behaviour That Can Disturb Life Processes Smoking Taking Drug Drinking Alcohol Effects Lung cancer Coughing Effects Delay respond to stimuli Lose ability to walk in straight line Can cause accidents How to avoid Participate in a campaign Discourage among their peers Occupied time with beneficial activities

8. 2.3 Analysing the life processes that animals undergo Animals Life Processes Breathing Excrete Reproduce Lay Eggs Give Birth Organs Lungs monkey bird whale Gills fish prawn Lungs-book crab Moist Skin frog earthworm Trachea Structure insects Defecate To get rid of waste product from their bodies cat tiger bat whale butterfly bird

9. 2.4 Life processes plants undergo plants respond to stimuli. water, sunlight, touch, gravity. why plants need to reproduce to ensure the survival of the species. various ways plants reproduce through…seeds, spores, suckers, stem cutting, leaves, underground stem. what will happen to the world if plants do not reproduce. no food supply. plants reproduce. Seeds – balsam, corn, durian Spores – fern, mushroom Suckers – banana, pineapple Stem cutting – hibiscus, rose, tapioca Leaves – bryophyllum, begonia Stem – potato, onion, ginger and lily the part of plant that responds to touch. the part of plant that responds to sunlight. Shoot the part of plant that responds to gravity. Roots the part of plant that responds to water Roots Science Year 4 INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS 2. Living Things Undergo Life Processes

10. Special characteristics of animals that protect them from danger. special behaviour of animals that protect them from danger. The special characteristics and behaviour of animals help to protect them from danger. 3.1 animals have specific characteristics and behaviour to protect themselves Thick and hard skin To prevent their enemies from injuring Hard shell Snails and tortoise retract their head And legs into the shell when the are Attacked by enemies Hard scales Pangolins and crocodiles have hard scales To protect their bodies from injuries Spines Raise the sharp spines when the enemies Advance towards them Horns Use their horn to attack enemies. Sharp claws To protect themselves and their Young from the enemies- lion ,cat, Bears, and eagle. Spray black ink Dark surrounding helps the animal not to been seen by enemies – e.g: octopus, squid Poisonous sting or fangs Can hurt and kill enemies-e.g..: scorpion, centipede snake , bee. Camouflage Has body colour or patterns that that are Similar to the surrounding Pretend to dead To trick their enemies –e.g.: beetle

11. 3.2/3.3 Animals have specific characteristics and behaviour to protect themselves from extreme weather and survive how specific characteristics and behavior of animals help to protect them from very hot or cold weather. specific characteristics and behavior of animals that protect them from very hot and cold weather. Hot weather Cold weather Wrinkled Skin Elephant ,hippopotamuses and buffaloes lose body heat through wrinkled skins Wallowing Elephant, hippopotamuses and buffaloes keep their body cool by wallowing in mud holes Humps Camels store food and water in the form Of fats in the humps on their back. Thick Fur Polar bears have thick fur to prevent the body From losing heat to cold surroundings. Fat Layers Under The Skins Penguins, seals, and whales have fat layers under their skin to keep their bodies warm Small Ears Seals and Walruses have small ears to prevent Heat loss from their bodies. Hibernate Polar bears hibernates during extreme cold Weather

12. 3.4 Plants have specific characteristics to protect themselves from enemy Th e specific characteristics of plants that protect them from enemies How the specific characteristics of plants help to protect them from enemies. characteristics that protect plants. Have thorns poisonous Have fine hairs Produces latex Close leaflets when touch

13. 3.5 Plants have specific characteristics to protect themselves from dry region and strong wind strong wind dry region Eg : cactus . Long roots to absorb water Succulent stem can store water Thorn can can prevent the excessive loss of water Eg: Coconut tree, bamboo tree, mangrove tree Have stems that bend easily Have buttress roots Have separated leaves Needle- shaped leaves

14. INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY

15. MEASUREMENT Volume 1.1 Length 1.2 Area 1.5 Mass 1.6 Time 1.7 Standard units 1.3 Solid 1.4 Liquid

16. 1.1Length Terminology - The distance between two points/place/position Ways to measure Measuring tape Cubit Arm span String Ruler Standard Tools Measuring tape Ruler Unit mm cm m km Correct technique - The eye must be directly above the end of object

17. 1.2 Area - Area is the amount of Space taken up by the surface of an object. Terminology - Using square card with a sides of 1 centimetre Standard unit - Square millimetre (mm 2 ) - Square centimetre (cm 2 ) - Square metre (m 2 ) - Square kilometre (km 2 ) - Using formula Area = length X width 1cm 1cm Different ways to measure area 2cm 4cm = 4cm X 2 cm = 8cm 2 3cm 3cm by placing uniform objects such as tiles, books and stamps on the surface of the objects

18. Volume Terminology The amount of space that something takes up 1.3 Solid 1.4 Liquid Formula Length x width x height Standard Units mm3, cm 3 , m 3 Tools Standard Units measuring cylinder ml, l Correct technique a) taking the reading at the lowest part of the meniscus. b) eyes must be at the same level as the lowest part of the meniscus

19. 1.5 Mass Terminology - Amount of matter in an object Tools Electronic balance Simple balance Beam balance Kitchen scale Bathroom scale Lever balance Standard unit mg g kg Correct technique

20. 1.6 Time Terminology - Duration between two event Way to measure - Sundial , sand clock , candle clock Process that repeats uniformly can be used to measure time Swinging pendulum Pulse rate candle water dripping Changing day and night Tool Standard unit - Second , minute , hour - Digital clock , watch , wrist watch , clock Old clock Events can be used measuring time

21. 1.7 The Importance of Standard Units - for accuracy and consistency - easy to communicate and understanding

22. Investigating Materials

23. 1.1 The properties of materials Insulator Float on water Conduct electricity metal conduct heat Sink in water Light to pass through Can be stretch wood stone rubber ring glass carbon plastics metal wood

24. 1.2 Applying knowledge properties of materials in everyday life Suggest ways to keep things hot Covered with insulators Suggest ways to keep things cold hot thing cold thing To prevent heat loss prevent from absorbing heat

25. 1.3 Uses of materials based on their properties List of object and materials that they are made of Reason why particular materials are used to make an object cheap easy to get strength good quality transparent glass glasses Soft wood tissue hard metal spoon properties materials object

26. natural materials Man-made materials wood metal rubber cotton plastics synthetic cloth glass State that man-made materials comes from natural materials reducing reusing recycling public transport plastic bag bottle plastics glass 1.4 The importance of reuse, reduce and recycle of materials

27. RUSTING CAN BE PREVENTED DIFFERENT WAYS TO PREVENT OBJECTS FROM RUSTING Coating with non rusting materials *paint *oil *grease THE NECESSARY TO PREVENT RUSTING *Everlasting Live *Save Natural material *Save Cost *Looking good 1.6 *Conclusion; Rusting can be avoided by preventing iron contact with air and water.

28. UNDERSTANDING THAT SOME MATERIALS CAN BE RUST RUSTY OBJECTS NON RUSTY OBJECTS OBJECT MADE OF IRON AND STEEL OBJECT MADE OF GLASS PLASTIC, WOOD, CLAY AND SILK *Nail *Spoon *Knife *Needle *Glass *Bottle *Cup *Pencil

29. INVESTIGATING THE EARTH AND THE UNIVERSE

30. 1.1 The solar system List of constituents List of planets Planets move around the Sun Nine Planets Natural satellites Meteors Comets Asteroids M ercury – M y V enus – V ery E arth – E xcellent M ars – M other J upiter – J ust S aturn – S erved U ranus – U s N eptune – N ine P luto – P udding THE SOLAR SYSTEM

31. 1.2 The relative size and distance between the Earth, the Moon and the Sun Size of the Sun relative to the size of the Earth. Size of the Earth relative to the size of the Moon. The relative distance from the Earth to the Sun compared to the relative distance from the Earth to the Moon. the Sun 1 the Earth 100 the Earth 1 the Moon 4 the Sun the Earth the Moon 150 000 000 km 382 500 km 1 : 400

32. 1.3 Appreciating the perfect placement of the planet Earth in the Solar System Why certain planets are not conducive for living things . EFFECT The Earth is the only planet in the Solar System that has living things. The nearer a planet to the Sun is, the hotter is the surface of the planet . The farther a planet from the Sun is, the colder is the surface of the planet. Do not have enough air and water. Earth is the third planet from the Sun, it receives enough light and heat from the Sun. It is not too hot or too cold. The atmosphere of the Earth contains air and there is water on Earth. Much nearer : The temperature on the Earth would rise. Water on Earth would evaporate. No water and the temperature would be very hot. Much farther : The temperature on the Earth would drop. Water would freeze into ice. All living things would die.

33. INVESTIGATING TECHNOLOGY

34. 1.1.Understanding the importance of technology in everyday life Limitation of human ability Examples of human limitations are Unable to see fine objects Unable to speak loud Unable to walk for long distance Unable to see far away objects Devices to overcome human limitation Microscope - The usage of lens to see fine features of objects and microbes Microphone - To increase the voice volume Telephone -To communicate from long distance Bicycle, motorcycle, airplanes Can travel long distance in a shorter time Telescope, binocular - To see far away objects

35. TECHNOLOGY 1.2 Understanding The Development Of Technology Agriculture e.g.: hoe plough tractor combine harvester Transportation Land: Animal bicycle car train Air: hot air balloon airship glider aeroplane Water: canoe raft sampan ferry ship Communication Drawing carrier pigeon Telephone Construction Cave hut wooden house apartment Examples

36. Problems they encounter in their daily life TECHNOLOGY Ideas to solve the problems identified Device to solve the problem identified . Demonstrate that device invented can be used to solve the problem identified 1.3 Synthesising how technology can be used to solve problems Cannot move and lift heavy thing Cannot move farther Sketch the model Brain storming lever wheelbarrow Pulley – can lift everything Wheel barrow – can move heavy thing easily

37. 1.4 Analysing That Technology Can Benefit Mankind If Used Wisely Advantages of Technology Disadvantages of Technology Communication Enable human to learn more about things happening around the world Transportation Enable human to travel far away places in shorter time Agriculture Machines make it easier to plants and harvest their crops Construction Roads, highways, bridges and building is easier and faster to build Environmental pollution from increase In waste materials Environmental destruction result from excessive usage of natural resources Social problem Bad effects on health result from environmental pollution and excessive use of chemicals