This presentation from IEEE Wireless Communications & Networking Conference in 2011 started the 5G conversation and busted many of the myths about millimeter waves and their applicability to mobile wireless communications.
Millimeter wave channel modelıng via generatıve neural network pptMirza Baig
Introduction of Millimeter Wave Channel Modelıng
Millimeter Wave frequencies often refer to the frequency range from 30GHz to 300GHz.
Such frequencıes are desıgnated as extremely hıgh frequency (EHF) band.
The wavelength of which ıs between 10mm to 1mm.
5G and Millimetre Wave Communications (author Isabelle tardy)Edouard DEBERDT
1) 5G networks will require 1000x greater capacity than current networks, which can be achieved through additional spectrum, improved spectral efficiency, and cell densification. However, cell densification risks greater interference. Millimeter wave frequencies provide non-interfering options for dense deployments.
2) Key challenges for 5G mmWave communications include integrating mmWave into 5G networks for indoor, outdoor, access, backhaul and fronthaul. Beamforming and antenna technologies must balance performance, complexity and power. MAC protocols need new control channel architectures and handling of initial access and handover.
3) Standards like IEEE 802.11ad and ay specify mmWave communication, primarily indoors in 57-
Millimeter wave technology uses frequencies between 25GHz and 300GHz for 5G cellular networks. This allows for higher bandwidth and multi-Gbps data rates compared to existing wireless technologies. Millimeter waves enable highly directional beamforming through small antennas and narrow beams. This reduces interference while improving security. However, millimeter waves experience greater path loss and attenuation than lower frequencies, requiring line-of-sight propagation or reflective surfaces for connectivity. Further research is working to address limitations and realize the full potential of millimeter wave spectrum for 5G and beyond.
Millimeter wave mobile communication has several advantages over traditional cellular frequencies. It utilizes the 30-300GHz spectrum which has much larger channel bandwidths available, enabling significantly higher data rates. Key benefits include multi-Gbps speeds, narrow beams allowing frequency reuse, and inherent security. However, mm-waves also have challenges including higher attenuation over distance, difficulty passing through walls, and interference from rain and oxygen. Potential applications include small cell 5G networks, wireless backhaul between small cells, and outdoor coverage up to 300 meters using beamforming.
Perspectives and challenges with millimetre wave communications (author Isabe...Edouard DEBERDT
This document discusses the potential for using millimeter-wave (mmW) communications technology between 30-300 GHz to increase network capacity for 5G networks. It outlines three approaches to increasing capacity: allocating additional spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, and cell densification. MmW frequencies could enable dense deployments without interference due to their propagation characteristics. The document then examines specific mmW frequency bands between 28-80 GHz and their available bandwidths and usage scenarios. Key challenges discussed include developing mmW channel models, beamforming techniques, and medium access control protocols.
The document discusses millimeter wave communication in 5G cellular networks. It outlines the introduction, characteristics of millimeter wave networks, challenges and existing solutions, and conclusions. Millimeter wave networks offer advantages like large bandwidth and reduced hardware size but face limitations of higher attenuation and costs. Challenges include integration, interference management, and anti-blockage, which can be addressed by solutions such as phased array antennas and dynamic association algorithms. Millimeter wave communication is a promising technology for 5G networks to meet future mobile traffic demands.
5 g Millimeter Wave Directional Cell DiscoveryAbdul Qudoos
This document discusses problems and solutions related to directional cell discovery in 5G millimeter wave networks. It describes how high frequencies and small antenna sizes in millimeter wave led to reduced coverage areas initially. Using multiple antennas helped increase capacity by combining transmitted power. Other challenges discussed include delays from directional beamforming and solutions proposed like using legacy base stations for initial synchronization and context sharing to reduce discovery times. Query-based access to stored context information and decreasing cell sizes are presented as solutions to reduce load on the network from frequent context calculations.
Millimeter wave channel modelıng via generatıve neural network pptMirza Baig
Introduction of Millimeter Wave Channel Modelıng
Millimeter Wave frequencies often refer to the frequency range from 30GHz to 300GHz.
Such frequencıes are desıgnated as extremely hıgh frequency (EHF) band.
The wavelength of which ıs between 10mm to 1mm.
5G and Millimetre Wave Communications (author Isabelle tardy)Edouard DEBERDT
1) 5G networks will require 1000x greater capacity than current networks, which can be achieved through additional spectrum, improved spectral efficiency, and cell densification. However, cell densification risks greater interference. Millimeter wave frequencies provide non-interfering options for dense deployments.
2) Key challenges for 5G mmWave communications include integrating mmWave into 5G networks for indoor, outdoor, access, backhaul and fronthaul. Beamforming and antenna technologies must balance performance, complexity and power. MAC protocols need new control channel architectures and handling of initial access and handover.
3) Standards like IEEE 802.11ad and ay specify mmWave communication, primarily indoors in 57-
Millimeter wave technology uses frequencies between 25GHz and 300GHz for 5G cellular networks. This allows for higher bandwidth and multi-Gbps data rates compared to existing wireless technologies. Millimeter waves enable highly directional beamforming through small antennas and narrow beams. This reduces interference while improving security. However, millimeter waves experience greater path loss and attenuation than lower frequencies, requiring line-of-sight propagation or reflective surfaces for connectivity. Further research is working to address limitations and realize the full potential of millimeter wave spectrum for 5G and beyond.
Millimeter wave mobile communication has several advantages over traditional cellular frequencies. It utilizes the 30-300GHz spectrum which has much larger channel bandwidths available, enabling significantly higher data rates. Key benefits include multi-Gbps speeds, narrow beams allowing frequency reuse, and inherent security. However, mm-waves also have challenges including higher attenuation over distance, difficulty passing through walls, and interference from rain and oxygen. Potential applications include small cell 5G networks, wireless backhaul between small cells, and outdoor coverage up to 300 meters using beamforming.
Perspectives and challenges with millimetre wave communications (author Isabe...Edouard DEBERDT
This document discusses the potential for using millimeter-wave (mmW) communications technology between 30-300 GHz to increase network capacity for 5G networks. It outlines three approaches to increasing capacity: allocating additional spectrum, improving spectral efficiency, and cell densification. MmW frequencies could enable dense deployments without interference due to their propagation characteristics. The document then examines specific mmW frequency bands between 28-80 GHz and their available bandwidths and usage scenarios. Key challenges discussed include developing mmW channel models, beamforming techniques, and medium access control protocols.
The document discusses millimeter wave communication in 5G cellular networks. It outlines the introduction, characteristics of millimeter wave networks, challenges and existing solutions, and conclusions. Millimeter wave networks offer advantages like large bandwidth and reduced hardware size but face limitations of higher attenuation and costs. Challenges include integration, interference management, and anti-blockage, which can be addressed by solutions such as phased array antennas and dynamic association algorithms. Millimeter wave communication is a promising technology for 5G networks to meet future mobile traffic demands.
5 g Millimeter Wave Directional Cell DiscoveryAbdul Qudoos
This document discusses problems and solutions related to directional cell discovery in 5G millimeter wave networks. It describes how high frequencies and small antenna sizes in millimeter wave led to reduced coverage areas initially. Using multiple antennas helped increase capacity by combining transmitted power. Other challenges discussed include delays from directional beamforming and solutions proposed like using legacy base stations for initial synchronization and context sharing to reduce discovery times. Query-based access to stored context information and decreasing cell sizes are presented as solutions to reduce load on the network from frequent context calculations.
Millimeter wave technology enables 5G communication by utilizing spectrum in the 30-300 GHz range. It allows for significantly wider channel bandwidths than 4G. Issues include high propagation losses that can be mitigated by beamforming and network densification. Initial 5G deployments may use a hybrid system with millimeter wave for high-speed data and 4G for control to address challenges like device power constraints. Narrow beams reduce interference but make initial access difficult, requiring techniques like MIMO. Building penetration is limited at millimeter wave frequencies.
This document discusses research on millimeter wave spectrum and applications for 5G networks. It analyzes channel characteristics at 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 60 GHz, and 73 GHz frequencies, including path loss, penetration, reflection, angle of arrival, and mobility effects. Key findings include high path losses from materials like tinted glass and bricks, strong reflections from some surfaces, and non-line-of-sight signals traveling over long distances through reflections. Millimeter wave faces challenges for integrated circuit design, interference management, and handling blockages and mobility. Potential solutions involve using millimeter wave for small cell access and wireless backhaul between base stations.
Millimeter wave technology for future wireless communication systemsApurv Modi
This document discusses the potential for using millimeter wave technology in future 5G cellular communication networks. It explores using the underutilized millimeter wave frequency spectrum to help address the global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers. The paper aims to define millimeter wave technology, discuss its pros and cons, applications, and the wireless devices that use millimeter wave technology, and how it could be applied to future 5G cellular communications.
Dr. Varun Kumar's presentation discusses full duplex radio and mm-wave communication. It covers key wireless resources like frequency and bandwidth. Full duplex radio allows bidirectional communication simultaneously, while mm-wave uses high frequencies from 30-300GHz for short-range, high-bandwidth applications. Challenges include interference and path loss, but mm-wave offers benefits like security and potential multi-gigabit speeds for 5G networks through massive MIMO and beamforming.
ABSTRACT The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
INDEX TERMS 28GHz, 38GHz, millimeter wave propagation measurements, directional antennas, channel models, 5G, cellular, mobile communications, MIMO.
- Professor Andrew Nix gave a presentation on 5G and beyond communication from a Bristol perspective. He discussed the Communication Systems & Networks group at the University of Bristol, their work on mmWave simulations and beamforming for 5G, applications for automotive, and their leadership in European 5G research projects. He highlighted Bristol's testbeds and infrastructure for innovations in areas like the Internet of Things and smart cities.
2015 D-STOP Symposium session by Robert Heath, UT Austin's Wireless Networking & Communications Group.
Get symposium details: http://ctr.utexas.edu/research/d-stop/education/annual-symposium/
Seminar report on Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
This document provides an introduction to using millimeter wave technology for 5G cellular networks. It discusses the limitations of current cellular spectrum and the need for higher bandwidth. Millimeter wave spectrum from 30-300GHz is proposed as a solution due to the large amounts of unused spectrum available. However, propagation characteristics and device technologies present challenges at these frequencies that must be addressed. The document outlines some of these challenges and argues that millimeter wave mobile broadband could enable gigabit-per-second data rates at distances up to 1 km in urban mobile environments.
Radio Resource Management for Millimeter Wave & Massive MIMOEduardo Castañeda
We present some of the current trends at different research topics in PHY layer and system level analysis. We cover some aspects of the wireless channel for mmWave and talk about candidate bands with nice multi-path and non line-of-sight properties for cellular communications. We discuss about critical resource management techniques and how they can be applied for mmWaves. For cellular communications, the presentation explains that beamforming and scheduling depend on channel estimation, the geometry of the antenna array, the transceiver architecture, and the interference from adjacent cells. We also describe some of the main issues due to mobility and mention how centralized management can be used to avoid waste of resources and group base stations for coordinated operation. Finally we mention some of the most promising techniques to achieve load balance in heterogeneous networks.
Check out the video link in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmGnoXW5wr0
This document provides an overview of massive MIMO technology in 5G networks. It begins with an introduction to 5G and a literature review. It then discusses 5G technology, including spectrum deployment, features, architecture and challenges. It also covers MIMO in 4G LTE networks. The main topic of massive MIMO in 5G is then explained, including its construction, operation modes, limitations and the issue of pilot contamination. Applications and the scope of massive MIMO are discussed before concluding with a summary of the key points.
A Proposal of Antenna Topologies for 5G Communication Systems - Vedaprabhu Ba...Vedaprabhu Basavarajappa
This document outlines a doctoral thesis proposal on antenna topologies for 5G communication systems. It discusses the need for new 5G antenna designs to meet changing requirements compared to 4G. Three proposed solutions are presented: a quasi-optic endfire antenna, a massive MIMO and single RF antenna array, and a millimeter wave antenna. Details are provided on the design, simulation results and measured performance of prototypes for each solution.
Dynamic frequency allocation in femtocells-based systems: algorithms and perf...Remo Pomposini
This document summarizes the PhD candidate Remo Pomposini's research on dynamic frequency allocation algorithms for femtocell-based systems. It discusses the problem of interference between densely deployed femtocells and proposes using cognitive radio techniques and dynamic frequency selection algorithms to intelligently allocate frequencies. It analyzes the performance of greedy and operator-oriented algorithms through simulations in various network topologies and deployment scenarios. The results show that the greedy algorithm comes closest to optimal frequency assignment and significantly increases the number of active femtocells compared to random assignment.
IRJET - Comparative Study of Rural Macrocell (RMA) and Urban Macrocell (U...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study of rural macrocell (RMa) and urban macrocell (UMa) propagations for millimeter wave 5G cellular networks. It analyzes the performance of RMa and UMa based on their power delay profiles (PDP) for specific frequencies between 16-82 GHz. The study is done for line of sight communication. Simulations are performed using the NYUSIM software which uses MATLAB. Parameters like pathloss, pathloss exponent, and received power are used to measure performance. The results show characteristic curves for each frequency band in both RMa and UMa propagations. The outcomes are compared to determine the most effective frequency bands for 5G cellular communication based on propagation type.
The document discusses light trees, which are point-to-multipoint optical channels that can span multiple fiber links, enabling single-hop communication between a source node and destination nodes. Light trees were first proposed in 1978 and allow WDM systems to combine multiple signals onto a single fiber. They increase network throughput by reducing hop distances in a wavelength routed optical network. Light trees can support unicast, multicast, and broadcast traffic and require multicast-capable wavelength routing switches at network nodes and additional optical amplifiers to maintain signal power over split signals. They provide benefits like high bandwidth, ease of installation, and data security but also have disadvantages regarding cost, fragility, and technical skills required.
DINItex develops and plans to produce revolutionary tunable multi-layer non-linear dielectric chips and modules based on them for the wide range of RF applications including smart phones, mobile computers, automotive active safety systems.
The E3 project aims to design cognitive radio systems and gradually evolve wireless networks for increased efficiency. The project involves network operators, equipment manufacturers, regulators and academia. It focuses on using cognitive radio concepts like dynamic spectrum allocation and selection to flexibly use spectrum between operators. This allows systems like LTE-Advanced to potentially use opportunistic spectrum access. The project also examines reconfigurable base stations and terminals, cognition enablers like a cognitive pilot channel, and self-optimization of radio networks.
Femtocell is a small cellular base station,designe d for use in residential or enterprise. Connects to the service provider�s network via broa dband.Femtocell is one type of Indoor network which provide the wireless access within th e particular area. Femtocells ensure that carefully planned cellular networks which may conne ct anespecially of the citizens to the Internet and with one another. In this paper femtoc ells has such network which maintains the specialty of the data transfer through the network will femtocells prove more trouble than they are worth,femtocells just an exciting but Minimum stage of network evolution that will beimproved Wireless offloading,new backhaul regula tions and/or pricing,or other unforeseen technological developments? This paper overviews th e history of femtocells,demystifies their key aspects,and provides a preview of the next few years� acceleration towards small cell technology. This paper reports,we also position an d introduce the articles that headline this special issue.
This document summarizes the design of a MIMO 1x8 antenna operating at 38 GHz for future 5G applications. The antenna array uses an RT/duroid 5880 substrate with 0.787 mm thickness and 2.2 dielectric constant. Simulation results show the 1x8 element antenna achieves 13.4 dBi gain and -15.76 dB return loss within a 1.294 GHz bandwidth from 37.485 to 38.779 GHz. Increasing the number of antenna elements from 1x4 to 1x8 improves the gain but maintains similar radiation patterns, meeting the gain requirements for 5G.
This document discusses 5G antenna technology for user devices. It provides an overview of cellular communication evolution, mobile phone evolution, and mobile antenna evolution. It then discusses 5G introductions, applications, frequency coverage, antenna requirements, and MIMO and massive MIMO technologies as they relate to 5G. Key points covered include the need for antennas to cover low to high frequency bands for 5G, isolation and interference challenges for multi-antenna designs, and using massive MIMO arrays and beamforming to improve throughput.
Millimeter wave mobile communication for 5G cellular.Apurv Modi
Introducing the Fifth generation(5G) cellular technology that is use "millimeter wave" technology,as research is going on this approach and by 2020 5G mobile cellular will work on to the millimeter wave with great spectrum bandwidth and very less cost with serving of 100 billion wireless connection across the world
Millimeter wave technology enables 5G communication by utilizing spectrum in the 30-300 GHz range. It allows for significantly wider channel bandwidths than 4G. Issues include high propagation losses that can be mitigated by beamforming and network densification. Initial 5G deployments may use a hybrid system with millimeter wave for high-speed data and 4G for control to address challenges like device power constraints. Narrow beams reduce interference but make initial access difficult, requiring techniques like MIMO. Building penetration is limited at millimeter wave frequencies.
This document discusses research on millimeter wave spectrum and applications for 5G networks. It analyzes channel characteristics at 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 60 GHz, and 73 GHz frequencies, including path loss, penetration, reflection, angle of arrival, and mobility effects. Key findings include high path losses from materials like tinted glass and bricks, strong reflections from some surfaces, and non-line-of-sight signals traveling over long distances through reflections. Millimeter wave faces challenges for integrated circuit design, interference management, and handling blockages and mobility. Potential solutions involve using millimeter wave for small cell access and wireless backhaul between base stations.
Millimeter wave technology for future wireless communication systemsApurv Modi
This document discusses the potential for using millimeter wave technology in future 5G cellular communication networks. It explores using the underutilized millimeter wave frequency spectrum to help address the global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers. The paper aims to define millimeter wave technology, discuss its pros and cons, applications, and the wireless devices that use millimeter wave technology, and how it could be applied to future 5G cellular communications.
Dr. Varun Kumar's presentation discusses full duplex radio and mm-wave communication. It covers key wireless resources like frequency and bandwidth. Full duplex radio allows bidirectional communication simultaneously, while mm-wave uses high frequencies from 30-300GHz for short-range, high-bandwidth applications. Challenges include interference and path loss, but mm-wave offers benefits like security and potential multi-gigabit speeds for 5G networks through massive MIMO and beamforming.
ABSTRACT The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
INDEX TERMS 28GHz, 38GHz, millimeter wave propagation measurements, directional antennas, channel models, 5G, cellular, mobile communications, MIMO.
- Professor Andrew Nix gave a presentation on 5G and beyond communication from a Bristol perspective. He discussed the Communication Systems & Networks group at the University of Bristol, their work on mmWave simulations and beamforming for 5G, applications for automotive, and their leadership in European 5G research projects. He highlighted Bristol's testbeds and infrastructure for innovations in areas like the Internet of Things and smart cities.
2015 D-STOP Symposium session by Robert Heath, UT Austin's Wireless Networking & Communications Group.
Get symposium details: http://ctr.utexas.edu/research/d-stop/education/annual-symposium/
Seminar report on Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
This document provides an introduction to using millimeter wave technology for 5G cellular networks. It discusses the limitations of current cellular spectrum and the need for higher bandwidth. Millimeter wave spectrum from 30-300GHz is proposed as a solution due to the large amounts of unused spectrum available. However, propagation characteristics and device technologies present challenges at these frequencies that must be addressed. The document outlines some of these challenges and argues that millimeter wave mobile broadband could enable gigabit-per-second data rates at distances up to 1 km in urban mobile environments.
Radio Resource Management for Millimeter Wave & Massive MIMOEduardo Castañeda
We present some of the current trends at different research topics in PHY layer and system level analysis. We cover some aspects of the wireless channel for mmWave and talk about candidate bands with nice multi-path and non line-of-sight properties for cellular communications. We discuss about critical resource management techniques and how they can be applied for mmWaves. For cellular communications, the presentation explains that beamforming and scheduling depend on channel estimation, the geometry of the antenna array, the transceiver architecture, and the interference from adjacent cells. We also describe some of the main issues due to mobility and mention how centralized management can be used to avoid waste of resources and group base stations for coordinated operation. Finally we mention some of the most promising techniques to achieve load balance in heterogeneous networks.
Check out the video link in
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmGnoXW5wr0
This document provides an overview of massive MIMO technology in 5G networks. It begins with an introduction to 5G and a literature review. It then discusses 5G technology, including spectrum deployment, features, architecture and challenges. It also covers MIMO in 4G LTE networks. The main topic of massive MIMO in 5G is then explained, including its construction, operation modes, limitations and the issue of pilot contamination. Applications and the scope of massive MIMO are discussed before concluding with a summary of the key points.
A Proposal of Antenna Topologies for 5G Communication Systems - Vedaprabhu Ba...Vedaprabhu Basavarajappa
This document outlines a doctoral thesis proposal on antenna topologies for 5G communication systems. It discusses the need for new 5G antenna designs to meet changing requirements compared to 4G. Three proposed solutions are presented: a quasi-optic endfire antenna, a massive MIMO and single RF antenna array, and a millimeter wave antenna. Details are provided on the design, simulation results and measured performance of prototypes for each solution.
Dynamic frequency allocation in femtocells-based systems: algorithms and perf...Remo Pomposini
This document summarizes the PhD candidate Remo Pomposini's research on dynamic frequency allocation algorithms for femtocell-based systems. It discusses the problem of interference between densely deployed femtocells and proposes using cognitive radio techniques and dynamic frequency selection algorithms to intelligently allocate frequencies. It analyzes the performance of greedy and operator-oriented algorithms through simulations in various network topologies and deployment scenarios. The results show that the greedy algorithm comes closest to optimal frequency assignment and significantly increases the number of active femtocells compared to random assignment.
IRJET - Comparative Study of Rural Macrocell (RMA) and Urban Macrocell (U...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study of rural macrocell (RMa) and urban macrocell (UMa) propagations for millimeter wave 5G cellular networks. It analyzes the performance of RMa and UMa based on their power delay profiles (PDP) for specific frequencies between 16-82 GHz. The study is done for line of sight communication. Simulations are performed using the NYUSIM software which uses MATLAB. Parameters like pathloss, pathloss exponent, and received power are used to measure performance. The results show characteristic curves for each frequency band in both RMa and UMa propagations. The outcomes are compared to determine the most effective frequency bands for 5G cellular communication based on propagation type.
The document discusses light trees, which are point-to-multipoint optical channels that can span multiple fiber links, enabling single-hop communication between a source node and destination nodes. Light trees were first proposed in 1978 and allow WDM systems to combine multiple signals onto a single fiber. They increase network throughput by reducing hop distances in a wavelength routed optical network. Light trees can support unicast, multicast, and broadcast traffic and require multicast-capable wavelength routing switches at network nodes and additional optical amplifiers to maintain signal power over split signals. They provide benefits like high bandwidth, ease of installation, and data security but also have disadvantages regarding cost, fragility, and technical skills required.
DINItex develops and plans to produce revolutionary tunable multi-layer non-linear dielectric chips and modules based on them for the wide range of RF applications including smart phones, mobile computers, automotive active safety systems.
The E3 project aims to design cognitive radio systems and gradually evolve wireless networks for increased efficiency. The project involves network operators, equipment manufacturers, regulators and academia. It focuses on using cognitive radio concepts like dynamic spectrum allocation and selection to flexibly use spectrum between operators. This allows systems like LTE-Advanced to potentially use opportunistic spectrum access. The project also examines reconfigurable base stations and terminals, cognition enablers like a cognitive pilot channel, and self-optimization of radio networks.
Femtocell is a small cellular base station,designe d for use in residential or enterprise. Connects to the service provider�s network via broa dband.Femtocell is one type of Indoor network which provide the wireless access within th e particular area. Femtocells ensure that carefully planned cellular networks which may conne ct anespecially of the citizens to the Internet and with one another. In this paper femtoc ells has such network which maintains the specialty of the data transfer through the network will femtocells prove more trouble than they are worth,femtocells just an exciting but Minimum stage of network evolution that will beimproved Wireless offloading,new backhaul regula tions and/or pricing,or other unforeseen technological developments? This paper overviews th e history of femtocells,demystifies their key aspects,and provides a preview of the next few years� acceleration towards small cell technology. This paper reports,we also position an d introduce the articles that headline this special issue.
This document summarizes the design of a MIMO 1x8 antenna operating at 38 GHz for future 5G applications. The antenna array uses an RT/duroid 5880 substrate with 0.787 mm thickness and 2.2 dielectric constant. Simulation results show the 1x8 element antenna achieves 13.4 dBi gain and -15.76 dB return loss within a 1.294 GHz bandwidth from 37.485 to 38.779 GHz. Increasing the number of antenna elements from 1x4 to 1x8 improves the gain but maintains similar radiation patterns, meeting the gain requirements for 5G.
This document discusses 5G antenna technology for user devices. It provides an overview of cellular communication evolution, mobile phone evolution, and mobile antenna evolution. It then discusses 5G introductions, applications, frequency coverage, antenna requirements, and MIMO and massive MIMO technologies as they relate to 5G. Key points covered include the need for antennas to cover low to high frequency bands for 5G, isolation and interference challenges for multi-antenna designs, and using massive MIMO arrays and beamforming to improve throughput.
Millimeter wave mobile communication for 5G cellular.Apurv Modi
Introducing the Fifth generation(5G) cellular technology that is use "millimeter wave" technology,as research is going on this approach and by 2020 5G mobile cellular will work on to the millimeter wave with great spectrum bandwidth and very less cost with serving of 100 billion wireless connection across the world
Chp 9 - Mobile systems and networks.pptxEhabomar18
This document discusses mobile radio systems and networks. It covers mobile network models and access methods such as FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and OFDMA. Key mobile network technologies discussed include AMPS, 2G, 3G, 4G/LTE and the evolution to 5G. Cellular network design and architecture are explained. GSM systems are described in detail including network components like the BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR and VLR. Call routing and handoff processes in GSM are also summarized. The document concludes with sections on managing network capacity and coverage as well as the growing role of Wi-Fi and the transition to 5G.
the file is related to my online seminars over Instagram.
this is first presentation about 5G
5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices.
#5G
#5GNR
#Massive MIMO
#tactile_internet
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This document provides an overview of mobile communication and cellular technologies. It begins with learning objectives which are to refresh basics of cellular technologies, understand functioning in a cellular environment, and explain technical aspects of cellular telecommunications. The document then outlines the course agenda which will cover topics like access methods, multiple access techniques, mobile services, evolution of cellular communication standards like GSM and CDMA, cellular networks, and wireless data technologies. It dives into concepts like electromagnetic waves, frequency division multiple access, time division multiple access, duplexing, cellular architecture with frequency reuse, and elements of mobile communication systems.
The document discusses 5G fundamentals including:
- 5G is expected to enable a fully mobile and connected society from 2020 onward.
- 5G will require new technologies like millimeter wave communications, massive MIMO, and network densification to meet requirements for high data rates, low latency, and connectivity of many devices.
- Millimeter wave frequencies above 30 GHz offer vast amounts of unused spectrum but propagation is sensitive to blockages. Massive MIMO using hundreds of antennas can compensate through beamforming.
Massive MIMO uses large antenna arrays at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. It is a promising technique for 5G networks to boost capacity while reducing transmission power. However, pilot contamination from neighboring cells reusing the same pilot sequences limits performance. Small cell networks can help mitigate this issue by reducing cell sizes and the distance between co-pilot cells. Overall, massive MIMO has the potential to increase capacity over 10 times and improve energy efficiency for 5G communication systems.
Wireless data traffic is increasing exponentially, posing challenges for cellular network capacity. Heterogeneous networks address this by deploying low-power small cells alongside traditional macro cells. This creates a complex RF environment with interference between tiers. Techniques like intelligent association algorithms and dynamic resource partitioning can enhance performance by improving coverage, balancing load, and managing interference across the heterogeneous network. Simulations evaluate the benefits of mixed macro and small cell deployments.
This document discusses the requirements for developing new channel models to support 5G wireless networks. 5G networks will operate at higher frequencies between 500 MHz to 100 GHz, requiring new channel models. Key requirements for 5G channel models include supporting a wide frequency range, large bandwidths, various propagation scenarios, 3D modeling, smooth time evolution, spatial consistency, frequency dependency, massive MIMO, high mobility, and device-to-device communication. Accurate modeling is needed to understand signal propagation for 5G network planning and performance optimization.
2015 02 04 international optical transport developments wdm africa 2015Xtera Communications
This presentation reviews the current status and the forecast for international connectivity to Africa and traffic demands inside the continent. In a second step, the technical solutions, including wider spectrum as enabled by Xtera’s Wise Raman technology, to respond to the traffic growth are described. This presentation was delivered at WDM & Next Generation Optical Networking Africa 2015 conference (4-5 February 2015 – Cape Town, South Africa).
IRJET- Synthesis and Simulation for MIMO Antennas with Two Port for Wide Band...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas with two ports for wideband isolation. Specifically, it focuses on analyzing two designs for planar MIMO antennas operating across the entire ultra-wideband spectrum of 3.1-10.6 GHz. The first design proposes a printed UWB MIMO antenna system consisting of two semicircular radiating elements on a single substrate with a compact size of 35x40mm. The second design analyzes various isolation structures to reduce coupling between antenna elements. Both designs are analyzed for isolation performance, bandwidth, and radiation characteristics.
This paper discusses a new cellular wireless network architecture that uses an unlimited number of antennas at base stations. This allows base stations to better distinguish between user signals and eliminate pilot contamination. Pilot contamination occurs now when pilot sequences are reused in nearby cells, causing interference. With many antennas, base stations can spatially separate pilot signals from different cells. This noncooperative approach could improve spectral efficiency without cell coordination. The paper introduces new techniques to address fundamental issues in multi-user MIMO networks with massive antenna arrays at base stations.
5G will be the 5th generation of cellular technology providing high-speed wireless connectivity. It will have high throughput, wide coverage, and use high carrier frequencies and massive bandwidth. Key features include speeds over 100 Mbps for downloading and uploading, support for multimedia and video streaming, and global access. 5G will use technologies like OFDM, mmWave frequencies, and massive MIMO to achieve data rates 1000x faster than previous generations and support new applications and more connected devices. Significant engineering challenges remain around network densification, mobility, and costs to fully realize the potential of 5G.
This document is a training course on digital microwave communications from Huawei Technologies. It provides an overview of key concepts in digital microwave including:
- Microwave refers to electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz that can be used for communication. Digital microwave uses digital modulation of microwave frequencies.
- Common digital microwave frequency bands include 7GHz, 11GHz, and 23GHz, defined by the ITU. Channels are configured within each band with defined center frequencies, ranges, spacings, and transmit/receive offsets.
- Popular digital modulation schemes for microwave include PSK and QAM, which modulate phase and amplitude of the carrier signal. These are able to transmit digital baseband signals over the
Enabling Device-to-Device Communications in Millimeter-Wave 5G Cellular Netw...Naresh Biloniya
Enabling Device-to-Device Communications in Millimeter-Wave 5G Cellular Networks
* Features of Millimeter wave
* Architecture of 5G cellular network
* Challenges and Scope of 5G network
Read other blog posts by the author, Zahid Ghadialy, here: https://communities.cisco.com/people/ZahidGhadialy/content
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Similar to Millimeter Wave Mobile Broadband: Unleashing 3-300 GHz Spectrum (20)
67. MMB Beamforming
The “most critical” technology for MMB
Beamforming Options
• Baseband Digital Beamforming
• Baseband Analog Beamforming (phase shifters)• Baseband Analog Beamforming (phase shifters)
• RF Beamforming (phase shifters)
Challenges
• Beam pattern/codebook design
• Beam training signal/procedure/algorithm design
• Beam tracking signal/procedure/algorithm design
67
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
68. Array of 2 Point Sources [1/3]
θ
r
cos
2
d
θ
cos
2
d
θ
1 2
2 2
cos cos
2 2
0 0
2 2
cos cos
2 2
02
2
d d
j j
d d
j j
E E E
E E e E e
e e
E E
π π
θ θ
λ λ
π π
θ θ
λ λ
−
−
= +
= +
+
=
Same amplitude, same phase
20
0
0
2
2
2 cos cos
2
Assuming 2 1 and / 2
cos cos
2
d
E E
E d
E
π
θ
λ
λ
π
θ
=
= =
=
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
69. Array of 2 Point Sources [2/3]
θ
r
cos
2
d
θ
cos
2
d
θ
1 2
2 2
cos cos
2 2
0 0
2 2
cos cos
2 2
02
2
d d
j j
d d
j j
E E E
E E e E e
e e
E E
π π
θ θ
λ λ
π π
θ θ
λ λ
−
−
= −
= −
−
=
Same amplitude, opposite phase
20
0
0
2
2
2 sin cos
2
Assuming 2 1 and / 2
sin cos
2
d
E jE
jE d
E
π
θ
λ
λ
π
θ
=
= =
=
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
70. Array of 2 Point Sources [2/3]
1 2
2 2
cos cos
2 2 2 2
0 0
2 2
cos cos
2 2 2 2
02
2
d d
j j
d d
j j
E E E
E E e E e
e e
E E
π δ π δ
θ θ
λ λ
π δ π δ
θ θ
λ λ
− + +
− + +
= +
= +
+
=
Same amplitude, arbitrary phase difference
θ
r
cos
2
d
θ
0
0
0
2
2
2
2 cos cos
2 2
Assuming 2 1 and / 2
cos cos
2 2
E E
d
E E
E d
E
π δ
θ
λ
λ
π δ
θ
=
= +
= =
= +
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
cos
2
d
θ
71. Dynamic Antenna Array [1/2]
)
)
+∆
)
3
cosθ+∆
)
4
cosθ+∆
θ
(
)
cos
d
θ+∆
d
2
2 cosj d
e
π
θ
λ
−2
cosj d
e
π
θ
λ
−
( )s t( )s t( )s t( )s t
2
2 cosj d
e
π
θ
λ
+
2
cosj d
e
π
θ
λ
+
( )s t
∆
(2
cos
d
θ+∆
(3
cos
d
θ
(4
cos
d
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
72. Dynamic Antenna Array [2/2]
A dynamic antenna array can point in any direction to maximize the received signal
Enhanced receiver/transmitter antenna gain (reduced PA power, LNA gain)
Improved diversity
Reduced multi-path fadingReduced multi-path fading
Null/ Suppress interfering signals
Spatial power combining:
•Less power per PA
•Simpler PA architecture
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
73. BB Digital Beamforming
( ) ( )1M
s t− ( ) ( )1N
r t−
( )1s t 1
t
w 1
r
w ( )2r t
( )0s t 0
t
w 0
r
w ( )1r t
M
Optimal capacity for all channel conditions: min(M,N) data streams
Can support a variety of MA schemes (TDMA / OFDMA / SC-FDMA / SDMA)
High hardware complexity: M(N) full transceivers
High system power consumption
( ) ( )1M − ( ) ( )1N
r t−
( )1
t
M
w −
( )1
r
N
w −
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
74. BB Analog Beamforming
1
t
w 1
r
w( )s t
0
t
w 0
r
w
( )r t
M
1 data stream, antenna weights applied at “analog” baseband
Achieves high antenna gain in an arbitrary direction
Intermediate hardware complexity: M(N) RF mixers
Intermediate power consumption
( )1
t
M
w −
( )1
r
N
w −
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
75. RF Beamforming
1
r
w
( )s t
0
r
w
( )r t
M
1
t
w
0
t
w
Σ
1 data stream, RF phase shifters only, digitally controlled
Achieves high antenna gain in an arbitrary direction
Low hardware complexity: N RF phase shifters
Low system power consumption
No (or limited) support simultaneous transmissions to multiple users (e.g. OFDMA / SC-FDMA / SDMA)
( )1
r
N
w −( )1
t
M
w −
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
82. RF Transceiver
Transceiver key RF components
• Antenna, Filters, Power Amplifier (PA), Low-Noise Amplifier
(LNA), Oscillator (VCO), Mixer and Data converters (DAC/ADC)
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
83. Nonlinear Device
In the most general sense, the output response of a nonlinear circuit
can be modeled as a Taylor series in terms of the input signal voltage
2 3
0 0 1 2 3
where the Taylor Coefficients are defined as
i i iv a a v a v a v= + + + +L
( )0 0
0
1
2
0
2 2
where the Taylor Coefficients are defined as
0
0
0
and higher order terms
ii
ii
a v
dv
a
vdv
d v
a
vdv
=
=
=
=
=
iv ov
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
84. Gain Compression
Consider the case where a single frequency sinusoid is applied to the input of a
nonlinear device such as a power amplifier
0 0
2 2 3 3
0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0
cos
cos cos cos
iv V t
v a aV t a V t a V t
ω
ω ω ω
ω
=
= + + + +
+
L
2 0
0 0 1 0 0 2 0
3 3 0 0
3 0 0 3 0
2 3
0 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 0
2
2 0 0 3
1 cos2
cos
2
cos cos21
cos
2 4
1 3
cos
2 4
1 1
cos2
2 4
t
v a aV t a V
t t
a V t a V
v a a V aV a V t
a V t a
ω
ω
ω ω
ω
ω
ω
+
= + + +
+
+ +
= + + + +
+
L
3
0 0cos3V tω +L
0
3
1 0 3 0
2
1 3 0
0
3
Voltage gain at frequency
3
34
4
is negative in most practical amplifiers
aV a V
G a a V
V
a
ω
+
= = +
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
85. Intermodulation Distortion
Consider two-tone input voltage consisting of two closely spaced frequencies
2 1ω ω− 1 22ω ω− 2 12ω ω−
1ω 2ω
12ω 22ω
2 1ω ω+
13ω 23ω
2 12ω ω+1 22ω ω+
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 1 2
2 32 3
0 1 0 1 2 2 0 1 2 3 0 1 2
2 2
0 1 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 1 2 0 2
2 2 3
2 0 1 2 2 0 1 2 3 0 1
cos cos
cos cos cos cos cos cos
1 1
cos cos 1 cos2 1 cos2
2 2
3 1
cos( ) cos( ) cos cos3
4 4
i
o
o
v V t t
v a aV t t a V t t a V t t
v a aV t aV t a V t a V t
a V t a V t a V t
ω ω
ω ω ω ω ω ω
ω ω ω ω
ω ω ω ω ω ω
= +
= + + + + + + +
= + + + + + +
+ − + + + +
L
3
1 3 0 2 2
3 3
3 0 2 1 2 1 2 3 0 1 2 1 2 1
1 2
3 1
cos cos3
4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
cos cos(2 ) cos(2 ) cos cos(2 ) cos(2 )
2 4 4 2 4 4
Output spectrum consists of harmonics of the form
,
t a V t t
a V t t t a V t t t
m n m n
ω ω
ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω
ω ω
+ +
+ + − + + + + − + + +
+ =
L
0, 1, 2 3,
These combinations of the two input frequencies are called intermodulation products
± ± ± L
2 1 1 22ω ω− 2 12ω ω− 2 1 2 12ω ω+1 22ω ω+
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
86. Third-Order Intercept Point (IP3)
1
1 2
2 2
1 0
2
2 2 6
2 3 0 3 0
1
2
1 3 9
2 4 32
These two powers are equal at the third-order IP
P a V
P a V a V
ω
ω ω−
=
= =
1 0
2 2 2 6
1 3
1
2
3
2 2 1
3 1
3
These two powers are equal at the third-order IP
Let input signal voltage at the IP be
1 9
2 32
4
3
21
2 3IP
IP
IP IP
IP
V V IP
V
a V a V
a
V
a
a
P P a V
a
ω =
=
=
= = =
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
87. Mixer
IFf
LOf
RF LO IFf f f= ± RFf
LOf
IF RF LOf f f= ±
IFf LOf
LO IFf f+LO IFf f−
0
RF LO IFf f f− =
RF LOf f+LOf0 RFf
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
cos2 cos2
cos2 cos2
2
RF LO IF LO IF
RF LO IF LO IF
v t K v t v t K f t f t
K
v t f f t f f t
π π
π π
= =
= − + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
cos2 cos2
cos2 cos2
2
IF LO RF LO RF
IF RF LO RF LO
v t K v t v t K f t f t
K
v t f f t f f t
π π
π π
= =
= − + +
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
88. Image Frequency
IFf LOf
RF LO IFf f f= +
0
IM LO IFf f f= −
IFf LOf
IM LO IFf f f= +
0
RF LO IFf f f= −
2 IFf 2 IFf
-fIF is mathematically identical to fIF because the frequency spectrum of any real signal is
symmetric about zero frequency , and thus contains negative as well as positive frequencies
A received RF signal at the image frequency fIM is indistinguishable at the IF stage from the
desired RF signal of frequency fRF
( )
( )
IF RF LO LO IF LO IF
IF IM LO LO IF LO IF
f f f f f f f
f f f f f f f
= − = + − =
= − = − − = −
( )
( )
IF RF LO LO IF LO IF
IF IM LO LO IF LO IF
f f f f f f f
f f f f f f f
= − = − − = −
= − = + − =
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
89. Homodyne (Zero-IF) Receiver
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1 cos2
cos cos cos
2
After low pass filtering
1
2
1 cos2
sin sin sin
2
After low pass filtering
1
RF
RF RF RF
RF
RF RF RF
t
I t t t t
I t
t
Q t t t t
ω
ω ω ω
ω
ω ω ω
+
= = =
=
−
= = =
( )
1
2
Q t =
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
Benefits Drawbacks
Less hardware LO Leakage
Low power consumption DC offset errors
No IF stage and hence no image filter I/Q mis-match
Flicker (or 1/f) noise
90. Super-heterodyne Receiver
LOf
IFf
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
Benefits Drawbacks
Good sensitivity High Q filter
Good selectivity High performance oscillator
LNA output impedance matched to 50 ohm is
difficult
Integration of HF image reject filter is a major
problem
91. Wideband-IF Receiver
( )sin IF tω
( )cos IF tω
LOω
( )I t
( )Q t
( )'I t
( )cos IF tω
( )Q t
( )'Q t
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
Benefits Drawbacks
Image cancellation by IR mixer IR Mixer
Image rejection from the RF front-end pre-
selection filter
Good phase noise performance
92. Wideband-IF Receiver (Image Rejection)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ){ } ( ) ( ){ }
( ) ( ) ( )
cos cos cos
1 1
cos cos cos cos
2 2
cos cos sin
RF RF IM IM LO
RF IF RF LO IM IF IM LO
RF RF IM IM LO
I t x t x t t
x t t x t t
Q t x t x t t
ω α ω β ω
ω α ω ω α ω β ω ω β
ω α ω β ω
= − + −
= − + + − + + + + −
= − + −
Low-side injection
Signal of interest
Image
RF LO LO IM IFω ω ω ω ω− = − =
( )cos cos cos sin sinRF RF RF RF RF RFx t x t x tω α α ω α ω− = +
( )cos cos cos sin sinIM IM IM IM IM IMx t x t x tω β β ω β ω− = +
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ){ } ( )
cos cos sin
1 1
sin sin sin sin
2 2
RF RF IM IM LO
RF IF RF LO IM IF IM
Q t x t x t t
x t t x t
ω α ω β ω
ω α ω ω α ω β ω
= − + −
= − − + + − + + + ( ){ }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
After low-pass filtering
1 1
cos cos , sin sin
2 2
1 1
' cos sin cos cos 2
2 2
1 1
' sin cos sin sin 2
2 2
LO
RF IF IM IF RF IF IM IF
IF IF RF IM IF
IF IF RF IM
t
I t x t x t Q t x t x t
I t I t t Q t t x x t
Q t I t t Q t t x x
ω β
ω α ω β ω α ω β
ω ω α ω β
ω ω α ω
+ −
= − + + = − − + +
= − = + +
= + = + ( )
( ) ( )
After low-pass filtering
1 1
' cos , ' sin
2 2
IF
RF RF
t
I t x Q t x
β
α α
+
= =
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
93. Low-IF Receiver
( )2sin 2 LOf tπ
( )2cos 2 LOf tπ
( )2cos 2 LOf tπ
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
Benefits Drawbacks
Potential advantages of both heterodyne and
homodyne receivers.
ADC dynamic range
The IF frequency is just one or two channels
bandwith away from DC, which is just enough to
overcome DC offset problems.
Image reject mixer which is implemented in
digital baseband
94. Downlink RF Transceiver Requirement
Base station transmitter
•Transmit antennas / antenna arrays
• 20 – 30 dB antenna gain, horn antennas or phase antenna arrays (64 – 1024 elements)
•Power amplifier
• 20 – 50 dBm, >20% efficiency, EVM < 5% for OFDM waveform
•Packaging
• Integrated solution of antenna array / PA / MMIC / RFIC to minimize transmission loss• Integrated solution of antenna array / PA / MMIC / RFIC to minimize transmission loss
Mobile station receiver
• Receive antenna arrays
• 6 – 18 dB antenna gain, phase antenna arrays (4 – 64 elements)
• Receiver sensitivity < -80dBm
• Total Rx chain Noise Figure < 7dB
• Similar solutions exist today!
• 60GHz CMOS RFIC with phase antenna array (BWRC)
• 60GHz Single-chip integrated antenna and RFIC (GEDC)
• Packaging
• Integrated solution of antenna array / LNA / MMIC / RFIC to minimize transmission loss
94
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
95. Uplink RF Transceiver Requirement
Mobile station transmitter
• Transmit antenna arrays
• 6 – 18 dB antenna gain, phase antenna arrays (4 – 64 elements)
• Power amplifier
• 20 – 23 dBm, >20% efficiency, EVM < 5% for 16QAM single-carrier waveform
• Packaging• Packaging
• Integrated solution of antenna array / PA / MMIC / RFIC to minimize transmission loss
• Power consumption on the order of 100mW ~ 1W
Base station receiver
• Receiving antennas / antenna arrays
• 20 – 30 dB antenna gain, horn antennas or phase antenna arrays (64 – 1024 elements)
• Receiver sensitivity < -95 dBm
• Total Rx Noise Figure < 5dB
• Packaging
• Integrated solution of antenna array / PA / MMIC / RFIC to minimize transmission loss
95
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
96. Travelling Wave Tube (TWT) Power Amplifier
TWT amplifiers have been extensively used for high power applications at millimeter wave
frequencies
• Provides KWs to MWs power for satellite and radar
• Cost in 10K’s of US$ (too expensive for cellular)
Need to consider solid-state amplifier design for MMB
Copyright by the authors, all rights reserved
97. Solid-state Power Amplifier
Gallium-Nitride based power amplifier
•Wide bandgap materials such as gallium nitride (GaN) or silicon carbide (SiC) have much larger bandgaps
than conventional semiconductors
•Gallium-nitride High Electron Mobility Transistor (GaN HEMT) devices have breakdown voltages 10 times
higher than GaAs HEMT devices, allowing GaN HEMT devices to operate with much higher voltages
97
Source: “Gallium Nitride
(GaN) Microwave
Transistor Technology
For Radar Applications”,
Microwave Journal,
January 2008
98. Solid-state Power Amplifier
State-of-the-art for solid-state mmWave PAs
•11 Watts at 34 GHz (D. C. Streit, et. al., “The future of compound semiconductors for aerospace and
defense applications”, CSIC 2005)
•842 mW at 88 GHz (M. Micovic, et. al., “W-Band GaN MMIC with 842mW output power at 88 GHz”, IMS
2010)
•5.2 Watts at 95 GHz with a 12-way radial-line combiner (James Schellenberg, et. al., “W-Band, 5W solid-
state power amplifier/combiner”, IMS 2010)
98
Source: “Gallium Nitride
(GaN) Microwave
Transistor Technology
For Radar Applications”,
Microwave Journal,
January 2008
99. Cascaded Constructive Wave Amplifier
• Forward wave is amplified as it propagates along the transmission line
• Backward wave is attenuated as it propagates
• Distribution of N cascaded traveling wave stages
• Active devices along the transmission line provide feedback
• Relative phase of transmission line and active device determines amplification/
attenuation.
Source: J. Buckwalter and J. Kim, ISSCC 2009
100. Low-Noise Amplifier [1/2]
Single Stage 60 GHz LNA
Source: Javier Alvarado, PhD thesis, May 2008
Gain 12 dB
Noise Figure 5 dB over 57 – 64 GHz
Power Consumption 4.5mA from a 1.8 V source
1-dB compression point +1.5dBm
Efficiency 17.4%
Process IBM0.12 μm, 200 GHz fT, SiGe technology.
101. Low-Noise Amplifier [2/2]
Two Stage 23–32GHz LNA
Source: El-Nozahi et al,
IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, FEB 2010
Gain 12 dB
Noise Figure 4.5–6.3dB over 23–32 GHz
Power Consumption 13mW from a 1.5 V source
IP3 -4.5dBm to -6.3dBm [stage1=-2dBm, stage2=7dBm]
Efficiency NA
Process Jazz Semiconductor 0.18 m BiCMOS
1
3, 3,1 3,2
1 1
tot
G
IP IP IP
= +