Mikhail Bakhtin was a Russian philosopher and scholar who worked on literary theory, ethics, and philosophy of language. He believed that language is learned through social interaction and that all language use has a point of view and context, making it inherently ideological. Bakhtin also argued that every utterance is a product of interaction between speakers and is influenced by the social situation. He developed concepts of how languages have centripetal forces that aim to standardize language but also centrifugal forces from diverse social uses that challenge standardization and make language heteroglossic.

1. Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin was a Russian philosopher, literary critic, semiotician and
scholar who worked on literary theory, ethics, and the philosophy of language. His writings,
on a variety of subjects, inspired scholars working in a number of different traditions
(Marxism, semiotics, structuralism, religious criticism) and in disciplines as diverse as literary
criticism, history, philosophy, sociology, anthropology and psychology.
Word
“A word is a bridge thrown between myself and another. If one end of the bridge depends
on me, then the other depends on my addressee. A word is a territory shared by both
addresser and addressee, by the speaker and his interlocutor”
Voloshinov and Bakhtin, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language
Centrifugal/Centripetal
Every concrete utterance of a speaking subject serves as a point where centrifugal as well as
centripetal forces are brought to bear. The processes of centralization and decentralization,
of unification and disunification, intersect in the utterance; the utterance not
only answers the requirements of its own language as an individualized
embodiment of a speech act, but it answers the requirements of heteroglossia
as well; it is in fact an active participant in such speech diversity. And this
active participation of every utterance in living heteroglossia determines the linguistic
profile and style of the utterance to no less a degree than its inclusion in any normativecentralizing system of a unitary language.
--Bakhtin: Discourse on the novel. p. 272
Dialogism
No utterance in general can be attributed to the speaker exclusively; it is the product of the
interaction of the interlocutors, and broadly speaking, the product of the whole complex
social situation in which it has occurred.
-- Freudianism: A Marxist Critique

2. Key concepts
language is learned through contextualized social interaction. (Marxism and the Philosophy
of Language ). It lives "in a living impulse toward the object" (H 292), in a specific located
social interaction.
consequently all language use is language use from a point of view, in a context, to an
audience. There is no such thing as language use which is not dialogic (having and
addressee, real or imagined), which is not contextual, and which is not (hence) ideological.
Any language has certain centripetal forces which work to render it monoglossic, a "unitary
language" -- forces of regulation, of discipline; this includes the literary.
Any language, however, as it is lived, socially, over a variety of social, professional, class and
so forth positions, is really an interacting and at times contesting amalgam of different
language uses. Hence every language instance is marked by centrifugal (heteroglossic,
socially distinguishing) as well as centripetal (monoglossic, societally unifying) forces.
(Warning: Bakhtin at times uses the term 'language' to refer to the use of a particular class
of persons, sometimes to refer to the language as a whole.)
Each of these 'languages' embodies a distinct view of the world, its own sense of meanings,
relations, intentions
Bakhtin sees the 'language' or ideolect of a class or social position, etc., as a potentially a
prison-house, constructing its own set of understandings beyond which the person
imaginatively cannot go -- a dogma, he says, "a sealed-off and impermeable monoglossia." It
is clear, then, that Bakhtin believes that one can think only what one's language allows one
to think.