Migraine is a common type of severe headache that affects 12-28% of people aged 15-55 worldwide. It often causes moderate to severe throbbing pain on one side of the head along with nausea and sensitivity to light and sound. While the exact cause is unclear, migraines involve changes in brain activity and blood vessel dilation that are triggered by factors like stress, hormones, food sensitivities and environmental changes. Treatment focuses on preventing migraines through lifestyle modifications, medications and alternative therapies as well as stopping attacks once they begin using over-the-counter or prescription pain relievers and anti-nausea drugs.
Migraines are severe, recurring, and painful headaches. The article gives an overview of the condition along with symptoms, causes and treatment options.
Conceptual Study of Migraine in Ayurveda (Ardhavbhedaka)ijtsrd
Migraine is one of the most common neurovascular disabling disorders encountered in Shalakya practice. Migraine can be defined as a paroxysmal affection having a sudden onset accompanied by usually unilateral severe headache. In Ayurveda, Migraine is described as Ardhaavabhedhaka which is a major health issue among people of age group 30 to 50 years. According to WHO, migraine is the third most common disease in the world with an estimated global prevalence of 14.7% (around 1 in 7 people).1 Chronic Migraine affects about 2% of world population2 with female and male ratio 3:1.3 It is a widespread, chronic and intermittently disabling disorder characterized by recurrent headaches with or without aura. The attack gives warning before it strikes black spots or a brilliant zigzag line appears before the eyes or the patient has blurring of vision or has part of his vision blanked out. It is also called as 'œsick headache' because nausea and vomiting occasionally accompany the excruciating pain which lasts for as long as three days. Suppressing migraine pain with NSAIDS and analgesics gives short term relief and the pain can rebound. Dependence on medicines decreases the body's natural pain relief mechanism and long-term dependence can damage kidneys, liver or other vital organs. Ayurveda believes in treating the disease at its root cause from within. Therefore, treatments focus on balancing the vitiated Doshas in the digestive and nervous systems. This can be achieved by avoiding triggering factors and prescribing doshic specific diet, stress management, herbal formulas, lifestyle modification, Panchakarma, Kriyakalpa and other holistic modalities to create a balanced physiology. Dr Shyam Kumar Sah | Dr Deeraj BC | Dr Ashwini MJ"Conceptual Study of Migraine in Ayurveda (Ardhavbhedaka)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15633.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/15633/conceptual-study-of-migraine-in-ayurveda-ardhavbhedaka/dr-shyam-kumar-sah
Migraines are severe, recurring, and painful headaches. The article gives an overview of the condition along with symptoms, causes and treatment options.
Conceptual Study of Migraine in Ayurveda (Ardhavbhedaka)ijtsrd
Migraine is one of the most common neurovascular disabling disorders encountered in Shalakya practice. Migraine can be defined as a paroxysmal affection having a sudden onset accompanied by usually unilateral severe headache. In Ayurveda, Migraine is described as Ardhaavabhedhaka which is a major health issue among people of age group 30 to 50 years. According to WHO, migraine is the third most common disease in the world with an estimated global prevalence of 14.7% (around 1 in 7 people).1 Chronic Migraine affects about 2% of world population2 with female and male ratio 3:1.3 It is a widespread, chronic and intermittently disabling disorder characterized by recurrent headaches with or without aura. The attack gives warning before it strikes black spots or a brilliant zigzag line appears before the eyes or the patient has blurring of vision or has part of his vision blanked out. It is also called as 'œsick headache' because nausea and vomiting occasionally accompany the excruciating pain which lasts for as long as three days. Suppressing migraine pain with NSAIDS and analgesics gives short term relief and the pain can rebound. Dependence on medicines decreases the body's natural pain relief mechanism and long-term dependence can damage kidneys, liver or other vital organs. Ayurveda believes in treating the disease at its root cause from within. Therefore, treatments focus on balancing the vitiated Doshas in the digestive and nervous systems. This can be achieved by avoiding triggering factors and prescribing doshic specific diet, stress management, herbal formulas, lifestyle modification, Panchakarma, Kriyakalpa and other holistic modalities to create a balanced physiology. Dr Shyam Kumar Sah | Dr Deeraj BC | Dr Ashwini MJ"Conceptual Study of Migraine in Ayurveda (Ardhavbhedaka)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15633.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/15633/conceptual-study-of-migraine-in-ayurveda-ardhavbhedaka/dr-shyam-kumar-sah
Please find the power point on Tension Type Headache (TTH). I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
cluster headaches are also called as
Familial cluster headaches
Histamine cephalalgia
Vasogenic facial pain
Horton’s Syndrome
Cluster headache (CH) is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, severe headaches on one side of the head, typically around the eye.
A cluster headache commonly awakens paitent in the middle of the night with intense pain in or around one eye on one side of head.Cluster headache often accompanied with eye watering, nasal congestion, or swelling around the eye, on the affected side. These symptoms typically last 15 minutes to 3 hours.
The starting date and the duration of each cluster period might be consistent from period to period. For example, cluster periods can occur seasonally, such as every spring or every fall.
Most people have episodic cluster headaches. In episodic cluster headaches, the headaches occur for one week to a year, followed by a pain-free remission period that can last as long as 12 months before another cluster headache develops
A precise and general information on different types of headaches dealing with Symptoms, Precipitating Factors, Treatment and Prevention.
there are about 23 +/- different types of headaches mentioned according to ICD-10 and different medical sources.
some of them are
- Migraine
- Tension type headaches
- Cluster headaches
- Caffeine Withdrawal headaches
- Chronic Daily headaches
- Eyestrain headaches
- Hypertension headaches
- Sinus headaches
- TMJ headaches
- Ice Pick headaches
- Medication overuse headaches
- Children's headaches
there are different types of triggering factors of headaches, Diagnosis of headaches and Tests of headaches.
Hope this information may be helpful,
Regards,
SYED MASOOD AHMED QUADRI.
Please find the power point on Tension Type Headache (TTH). I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
cluster headaches are also called as
Familial cluster headaches
Histamine cephalalgia
Vasogenic facial pain
Horton’s Syndrome
Cluster headache (CH) is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, severe headaches on one side of the head, typically around the eye.
A cluster headache commonly awakens paitent in the middle of the night with intense pain in or around one eye on one side of head.Cluster headache often accompanied with eye watering, nasal congestion, or swelling around the eye, on the affected side. These symptoms typically last 15 minutes to 3 hours.
The starting date and the duration of each cluster period might be consistent from period to period. For example, cluster periods can occur seasonally, such as every spring or every fall.
Most people have episodic cluster headaches. In episodic cluster headaches, the headaches occur for one week to a year, followed by a pain-free remission period that can last as long as 12 months before another cluster headache develops
A precise and general information on different types of headaches dealing with Symptoms, Precipitating Factors, Treatment and Prevention.
there are about 23 +/- different types of headaches mentioned according to ICD-10 and different medical sources.
some of them are
- Migraine
- Tension type headaches
- Cluster headaches
- Caffeine Withdrawal headaches
- Chronic Daily headaches
- Eyestrain headaches
- Hypertension headaches
- Sinus headaches
- TMJ headaches
- Ice Pick headaches
- Medication overuse headaches
- Children's headaches
there are different types of triggering factors of headaches, Diagnosis of headaches and Tests of headaches.
Hope this information may be helpful,
Regards,
SYED MASOOD AHMED QUADRI.
Headache is one of the most common disorders seen to occur in all age groups but much more so in women. Broadly headaches can be classified as Primary and Secondary Headaches disorders. Primary Headache disorders have no apparent causative factor and are thought to be interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental provocative factors. The most common by far is Migraine. Secondary headaches are those that result from a cause e.g. Brain Tumor.
Migraine and its homeopathy treatment at Anubhuti Homeo ClinicsPranav Pandya
Migraine is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches often in association with a number of autonomic nervous system symptoms.
What Is Migraine And How Stem Cell Treatment Can Help - Dr. David Greene R3 S...R3 Stem Cell
What is a migraine? The word migraine evokes images of throbbing headaches, nausea, and light sensitivity. Migraine may be debilitating yet the good news is that stem cell therapy can help you get rid of migraines. In this presentation, Dr. David Greene R3 Stem Cell talks about what is a Migraine and how stem cell therapy can help in this.
Migraine Headaches: Causes, Symptoms, Types and Treatmentsshubham vijay
Now a days, everyone is going through stress and it becomes the problem of headaches. So if you are suffering from headaches or migraine headaches then this post is for you.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Maxilla, Mandible & Hyoid Bone & Clinical Correlations by Dr. RIG.pptx
migraine
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All you need to know: Migraine headaches
Sat, 14 Jun 2008 17:13:57
By Patricia Khashayar, MD., Press TV, Tehran
Migraine is a severe throbbing headache, commonly on one side of the head, which may or may
not be accompanied by nausea, visual disturbances among other symptoms.
Epidemiology
Migraine is a common condition, which typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood,
affecting 12-28% of 15- to 55-year-old individuals worldwide.
The disease is more prevalent in women until menopause thereafter the number of male and
female sufferers becomes equal.
More than 80% of migraineurs have a positive family history of the disease, suggesting a genetic
component for the disease.
Pathophysiology
The exact cause of migraine headaches is unclear, but experts have announced a complex
process involving excessive dilation and contraction of cerebral blood vessels, the release of
certain inflammatory chemicals or inflammation of the brain membranes are responsible for the
disorder.
Signs and symptoms
Migraines usually cause episodes of moderate to severe headaches (often one-sided and
pulsating), which last for several hours and their frequency varies from person to person.
These headaches often worsen with physical activity and interfere with daily activities. They are
often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, photophobia (increased sensitivity to bright
lights) and hyperacusis (increased sensitivity to noise).
Visual changes (blurred vision or blind spots, zigzags of light or light flashes), fatigue, confusion,
nasal congestion, feeling cold or sweating, neck stiffness, restlessness, lightheadedness and cold
hands and feet are other accompanying factors.
Migraine attacks consist of four phases which are not necessarily experienced by all migraineurs.
1. Prodrome phase
A variety of warning signs including mood changes (euphoria, irritability or depression), a subtle
change in sensation (a funny taste or smell), fatigue, yawning, excessive sleepiness, craving
certain foods (chocolate), stiff muscles (especially in the neck), constipation or diarrhea,
increased urination and other vegetative symptoms may precede the headache phase of the
migraine attack by several hours or days.
2. Aura phase
http://www.presstv.ir/pop/print.aspx?id=59953 7/15/2008
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Aura precedes or accompanies the attack in 20-30% of migraineurs. These focal neurological
phenomena gradually appear over 5 to 20 minutes and generally last for less than 60 minutes.
Symptoms of migraine aura can be visual, somatosensory or motor in nature.
- The visual aura is typically a slowly expanding area of blindness surrounded by a sparkling edge
that increases.
Some migraineurs develop blind spots (scotomas), geometric patterns or unformed flashes of
white and/or black or rarely of multicolored lights (photopsia), formations of dazzling zigzag lines
(scintillating scotoma or fortification spectra or teichopsia), blurred, shimmering or cloudy vision
or lose vision on one side (hemianopsia).
- The somatosensory aura includes paresthesia, feeling pins-and-needles in the hand and arm as
well as in the ipsilateral nose-mouth area.
- The motor aura typically presents as muscular weakness on one side of the body.
3. Pain phase
Migraine can occur at any time of the day, though it often starts in the morning. The typical
migraine headache is unilateral, throbbing and moderate to severe.
The pain may be bilateral at the onset or start on one side and become generalized. The onset is
usually gradual. The pain peaks and then subsides, usually lasting between 4 to 72 hours in
adults and 1 to 48 hours in children.
The frequency of attacks is extremely variable, from a few in a lifetime to several times a week;
the average migraineur experiences from one to three headaches a month.
4. Postdrome phase
The pain may persist for some days after the main headache has ended; during this time, the
patient may feel tired, irritable or listless and may even experience impaired concentration, scalp
tenderness or mood changes.
Some people feel unusually refreshed or euphoric after an attack, whereas others note
depression and malaise. Often, some of the minor headache phase symptoms such as appetite
loss, photophobia and lightheadedness continue after the headache has ended.
Migraine symptoms in children
In children, migraines tend to last for a shorter period. The pain is bilateral, often disabling and
accompanied by more severe symptoms. The frequency and intensity of attacks reduces as they
grow older.
Children may also have all of the signs and symptoms of a migraine without the headache. This
condition known as 'abdominal migraines', is difficult to diagnose.
Childhood headaches can also be indicators for more serious problems such as depression.
Classification
According to the International Headache Society, migraines are classified in various subtypes:
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3. Press TV Print Page 3 of 6
- Common Migraine (migraine without aura)
This kind of headache accounts for about 80% of migraines and is accompanied by symptoms
such as nausea and vomiting. These migraineurs may develop aura in later attacks.
- Classic Migraine (migraine with aura)
Individuals suffering from this type of headache experience an aura, generally in the form of
visual disturbance before their headaches.
- Basilar type migraine
BTM is an uncommon complicated migraine resulting from brainstem dysfunction. Serious BTM
episodes can lead to stroke, coma and death.
- Familial hemiplegic migraine
FHM is a migraine with a possible polygenetic component. These migraineurs experience typical
migraine headaches preceded and/or accompanied by reversible limb weakness on one side as
well as visual, sensory or speech difficulties.
- Abdominal migraine
This migraine, which mainly afflicts children, is characterized by moderate to severe central
abdominal pain that last 1-72 hours.
- Acephalgic migraine
This migraine is a neurological syndrome in which the patient may experience aura symptoms in
the absence of any headache.
- Menstrual migraine
Some 50% of female migraineurs claim their attacks are aggravated right before, during or after
their periods, suggesting that hormones also trigger the condition. Migraines usually disappear
during pregnancy in a substantial number of sufferers.
- Status migrainosus
This type of migraine is characterized by severe headaches which last for over 24 hours and do
not go away without intervention. There are rare cases in which an aura occurs, but not a
headache.
- Hemiplegic migraine
Muscular weakness or partial paralysis, lasting less than an hour characterize this type of
headache.
- Ophthalmoplegic migraine
This type of headache involves temporary eye dysfunction such as droopy eyelid or pupillary
changes which last from several days to weeks.
Triggers
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The major triggers responsible for migraine attacks include allergic reactions, bright lights, loud
noises, certain odors or perfumes, physical or emotional stress and anxiety, changes in sleep
patterns, smoking or exposure to smoke, weather changes, skipping meals, dehydration, alcohol,
caffeine (in excess), hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle and tension headaches.
Consuming special foods such as chocolate, nuts, peanut butter, avocado, banana, citrus, onions
and dairy products as well as foods containing tyramine (aged cheese, smoked fish, chicken
livers, figs and some beans), monosodium glutamate or nitrates (canned and preserved meats)
are also considered migraine triggers.
Medications such as nitroglycerin, lithium, certain anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory,
bronchodilating drugs and hormone-related medications can increase migraine risk.
Diagnosis
There are no tests available to diagnose a migraine accurately. Diagnosis is based on the findings
of physical examination and medical and family history.
Neurological examination is usually performed to rule out other headache causes including
stroke, tumor, meningitis and sinusitis.
Treatment
Migraine treatment is more an art than science. A drug that works well for one migraineur may
not provide any relief for another. A combination of different medications is sometimes required
to treat resistant headaches.
Although there is no cure for migraine, numerous interventions may help restore the quality of
life in migraineurs.
Prophylactic therapy is the best way to prevent migraines. This method includes eliminating
controllable triggers as well as improving the patient's physical, mental and emotional health.
Migraineurs should adopt a diet that is low in simple carbohydrates and high in protein. The diet
should also be rich in almonds, almond milk, watercress, parsley, fennel, garlic, cherries and
fresh pineapple.
Such individuals should eat small meals along with nutritious snacks between meals. They should
avoid foods containing tyramine, salt and acid-forming foods (meat, cereal, bread and grains).
Self-Care at Home
Most migraineurs can manage mild-to-moderate attacks at home with the strategies including
using a cold compress on the pain area, resting with pillows supporting the head or neck in a
room with little or no sensory stimulation (light, sound and odors), withdrawing from stressful
surroundings, drinking moderate amounts of caffeine and taking certain over-the-counter
headache medications.
Medical Treatment
Migraine treatments are directed at preventing attacks (prophylactic or preventive therapy) and
alleviating them when they occur (abortive therapy). Many people with migraine use both forms
of treatment.
1-Abortive Therapy
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This method aims to prevent migraine attacks or to stop them once they start using Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil,
Motrin), naproxen (Naprosyn), naproxen sodium (Anaprox), ketoprofen (Orudis) and ketorolac
(Toradol).
Taking NSAIDs with acetaminophen have an additive effect in treating migraine. Moreover,
acetaminophen or ibuprofen plus sleep are effective enough to stop mild headaches.
Other over-the-counter painkillers including Excedrin Migraine (containing acetaminophen and
aspirin combined with caffeine) are also approved for use with migraine.
Serotonin receptor agonists (triptans) are effective in certain patients; however, individuals with
basilar, hemiplegic and ophthalmoplegic migraines should not use such medications.
Prochlorperazine (compazine) and promethazine (phenergan), mainly used for nausea, have an
abortive or preventive effect on headaches as well.
Due to the habit-forming effects of butalbital compound (fioricet, fiorinal) and acetaminophen
codeine, they should be reserved for resistant cases.
2- Prophylactic Therapy
This type of treatment is considered when migraines occur on a regular basis and migraineurs
experience more than one attack per week. This treatment aims to lessen the frequency and
intensity of attacks rather than eliminate the headache.
In order to be effective, these medications must be taken every day, in the presence or absence
of a headache.
- Medication used to treat high blood pressure including Beta-blockers, and calcium channel
blockers.
- Tricyclic antidepressants and newer antidepressant drugs including the selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors.
- Antiepileptics such as Gabapentin (Neurontin), valproic acid (Depakote), topiramate
(Topamax).
- Some antihistamines and anti-allergy drugs including diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and
cyproheptadine (Periactin)
Alternative methods
Biofeedback is shown to be effective in some migraineurs. In this method, individuals learn to
control and lessen their bodily reaction to stress.
Massage, acupuncture and relaxation can also help relieve stress. Counseling is also effective if
the migraine is depression- or anxiety-related.
Botulinum toxin (BOTOX) injection is another effective alternative in certain migraineurs.
Herbs effective in treating migraine include bio-rizin, cordyceps, feverfew, ginkgo biloba, clued
cayenne, chamomile, fumitory, ginger, peppermint, rosemary, valerian, willow bark and
wormwood.
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