The document discusses the impact of childhood sexual abuse on substance abuse and criminal behavior in women. It summarizes research showing that childhood sexual abuse increases the likelihood of substance abuse and mental health issues. This is due to changes in brain development and increased feelings of guilt and shame. Substance abuse then increases the risk of criminal behavior as it impairs cognitive functioning. The document also presents findings from a study that surveyed 50 women who experienced childhood sexual abuse to determine if untreated abuse leads to earlier and more severe drug and criminal problems.
This document summarizes research on the effects of childhood sexual abuse on mental health and behaviors in adulthood. It discusses how childhood sexual abuse can lead to mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It also explores how abuse survivors are more likely to engage in risky behaviors like substance abuse, unprotected sex, and prostitution. The document examines several studies that found links between childhood abuse and poor physical health and obesity in adulthood. It suggests that early intervention and counseling for abuse survivors could help alleviate medical issues stemming from their trauma.
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of transgender populations including estimates of prevalence, challenges with data collection, and HIV risk factors. Key points include:
- There are no reliable estimates of the transgender population due to lack of data collection and social stigma. Estimates range from 1 in 30,000 to 1 in 1,000 for MTF individuals and 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 33,800 for FTM individuals.
- HIV prevalence among transgender women averages 28% according to a meta-analysis, with the highest rates among African American transgender women. Risk factors driving transmission include social stigma, gender identity validation through sex, and survival sex work.
- Very little data exists on transgender
This study examined predictors of suicide attempts among adolescents attending Seventh-day Adventist schools in the US. It found depression to be the strongest predictor of suicide attempts. Having a negative family climate and less caring parenting also predicted higher rates of suicide attempts, while intrinsic religious orientation predicted lower rates. A survey of over 10,000 students found that depression, family relationships, parenting styles, and religious commitment were significant factors influencing suicidal ideation among this conservative religious group.
An Exploration of the Literature Concerning the Correlation
Between Child Abuse and the Subsequent Abuse of Alcohol
and Illicit Drugs by the Surviving Adult
This document summarizes women's health issues in the modern day. It discusses topics like consent, the orgasm gap between men and women, hookup culture, and access to birth control and STI testing. Specifically, it notes that women experience orgasm less frequently than men, access to healthcare varies depending on factors like income, and resources like Planned Parenthood help fill gaps in care. The document also provides information on resources available in the local area like campus health centers and LGBTQ organizations that provide services related to women's health issues.
1) A woman in Peru describes sleeping in fields with her children over 10 times to escape her husband's physical abuse.
2) A global WHO study from 2005 found that between 15-71% of ever-partnered women experienced physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime. Pregnancy is not a protected time, with 1-12% of pregnant women experiencing abuse.
3) Partner violence often involves multiple forms, with 1/3-1/2 of physically abused women also experiencing sexual violence and almost all also experiencing severe emotional abuse.
This study examined whether a person's need for sex predicts their comfort with casual sex and likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behaviors. 111 participants completed online questionnaires measuring their need for sex, views on casual sex, and sexual history. Higher need for sex correlated with more unrestricted views of casual sex and a higher frequency of risky sexual encounters. However, there was no significant interaction between the three measures. The findings suggest an individual's need for sex can impact their psychology and behaviors regarding casual and risky sex, which has implications for understanding hazardous sexual behavior.
The document reports on a study that examined correlations between subscales of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) and subscales of the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II) in a sample of 576 juvenile sex offenders. Significant positive correlations were found between measures of callous-unemotional traits on the PCL:YV and subscales of the J-SOAP-II related to treatment progress and antisocial tendencies, suggesting callous-unemotional traits are predictive of treatment failure and aggression. The results provide insight into tailoring risk assessment and treatment for different profiles of juvenile sex offenders.
This document summarizes research on the effects of childhood sexual abuse on mental health and behaviors in adulthood. It discusses how childhood sexual abuse can lead to mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It also explores how abuse survivors are more likely to engage in risky behaviors like substance abuse, unprotected sex, and prostitution. The document examines several studies that found links between childhood abuse and poor physical health and obesity in adulthood. It suggests that early intervention and counseling for abuse survivors could help alleviate medical issues stemming from their trauma.
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of transgender populations including estimates of prevalence, challenges with data collection, and HIV risk factors. Key points include:
- There are no reliable estimates of the transgender population due to lack of data collection and social stigma. Estimates range from 1 in 30,000 to 1 in 1,000 for MTF individuals and 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 33,800 for FTM individuals.
- HIV prevalence among transgender women averages 28% according to a meta-analysis, with the highest rates among African American transgender women. Risk factors driving transmission include social stigma, gender identity validation through sex, and survival sex work.
- Very little data exists on transgender
This study examined predictors of suicide attempts among adolescents attending Seventh-day Adventist schools in the US. It found depression to be the strongest predictor of suicide attempts. Having a negative family climate and less caring parenting also predicted higher rates of suicide attempts, while intrinsic religious orientation predicted lower rates. A survey of over 10,000 students found that depression, family relationships, parenting styles, and religious commitment were significant factors influencing suicidal ideation among this conservative religious group.
An Exploration of the Literature Concerning the Correlation
Between Child Abuse and the Subsequent Abuse of Alcohol
and Illicit Drugs by the Surviving Adult
This document summarizes women's health issues in the modern day. It discusses topics like consent, the orgasm gap between men and women, hookup culture, and access to birth control and STI testing. Specifically, it notes that women experience orgasm less frequently than men, access to healthcare varies depending on factors like income, and resources like Planned Parenthood help fill gaps in care. The document also provides information on resources available in the local area like campus health centers and LGBTQ organizations that provide services related to women's health issues.
1) A woman in Peru describes sleeping in fields with her children over 10 times to escape her husband's physical abuse.
2) A global WHO study from 2005 found that between 15-71% of ever-partnered women experienced physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime. Pregnancy is not a protected time, with 1-12% of pregnant women experiencing abuse.
3) Partner violence often involves multiple forms, with 1/3-1/2 of physically abused women also experiencing sexual violence and almost all also experiencing severe emotional abuse.
This study examined whether a person's need for sex predicts their comfort with casual sex and likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behaviors. 111 participants completed online questionnaires measuring their need for sex, views on casual sex, and sexual history. Higher need for sex correlated with more unrestricted views of casual sex and a higher frequency of risky sexual encounters. However, there was no significant interaction between the three measures. The findings suggest an individual's need for sex can impact their psychology and behaviors regarding casual and risky sex, which has implications for understanding hazardous sexual behavior.
The document reports on a study that examined correlations between subscales of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) and subscales of the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II) in a sample of 576 juvenile sex offenders. Significant positive correlations were found between measures of callous-unemotional traits on the PCL:YV and subscales of the J-SOAP-II related to treatment progress and antisocial tendencies, suggesting callous-unemotional traits are predictive of treatment failure and aggression. The results provide insight into tailoring risk assessment and treatment for different profiles of juvenile sex offenders.
The document discusses the rationale for teaching a course on human sexuality. It notes that sex is prevalent in media and politics but parents are not a primary source of information for most teenagers. The course aims to provide accurate information to dispel myths, examine societal influences, and promote sexual literacy and healthy relationships. A quiz is included to assess common misconceptions about sexuality. The document also discusses how different cultures and historical periods shaped views of sexuality and morality over time.
Mehta, Walls et al_2013_Associations between affect, context, and sexual desi...Clare Mehta
This article investigates associations between sexual desire, affect, context, and time of day in depressed young women. It summarizes previous research showing both reduced and unchanged sexual desire in depressed adult women. The study uses momentary sampling to examine 44 depressed young women aged 18 on average. Results show sexual desire was experienced when with boyfriends and later in the evening. Sexual desire was also positively associated with positive affect but not negative affect or physical context. The findings suggest depressed young women experience sexual desire in normative social contexts and help correct assumptions they lack sexual desire.
Wechsler, A., Kaur, H., Patterson, C., Kearney, C. (2009, November). The additive traumatic effects of neglect on maltreated adolescents. Poster presented at the 2009 U.S. Psychiatric and Mental Health Congress, Las Vegas, Nevada.
This chapter discusses gender differences in delinquency. It explores biological, psychological, social, and feminist theories for why males generally have higher delinquency rates than females. However, the gender gap has been narrowing. The chapter examines how gender affects socialization and development from infancy. Factors like cognitive differences, personality traits, and dysfunctional family lives may partially explain differing delinquency rates between males and females. The chapter also analyzes how gender influences treatment within the juvenile justice system.
1) The study examined the sexual experiences, arousal levels, and desires of over 1,000 people, including 41 who identified as asexual.
2) Asexual participants reported lower levels of sexual desire and arousal than other participants, but their sexual behaviors and inhibitions did not significantly differ.
3) The study suggests that asexuality may be better characterized by low sexual motivation rather than by behaviors, and that asexuals appear to have comparable sexual experience to others due to factors like partner pressures or the young age of comparison groups.
This document discusses family violence and domestic abuse as growing public health concerns. It defines domestic violence, abuse, and what constitutes a family. It outlines the various forms of abuse including physical, emotional, economic, and digital/cyber abuse. The document discusses who can be abused, noting that it can affect anyone regardless of gender, age, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status or other factors. Statistics about the prevalence of domestic violence in the US and its human costs are provided. Risk factors for abuse and myths about abuse are debunked. The trajectory of violence and cultural and structural barriers to care are examined. Guidelines for assessing, intervening in, and preventing domestic violence are proposed.
7. The LGBT Movement Health Issues - Oral Sex DangersAntonio Bernard
This document discusses the health risks associated with oral sex and homosexual behaviors. It presents findings from several medical and scientific studies that have found oral sex can transmit diseases like HPV, herpes, gonorrhea, and hepatitis. Studies cited found homosexual men have higher rates of sexually transmitted infections and diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract from oral-anal contact. The document also discusses how lesbians can transmit infections through oral-genital contact and menstrual blood exchange. Overall, it argues behaviors like oral and anal sex are unnatural and pose dangers to physical and mental health.
Female sexual orientation and pubertal onsetTeresa Levy
This article examines the relationship between female sexual orientation and pubertal onset. The researchers hypothesized that lesbians would have a later, more masculine age of pubertal onset compared to heterosexual women based on theories that both sexual orientation and pubertal timing are influenced by prenatal androgens. They studied samples of community volunteers and discordant twins but found no significant differences in pubertal onset between homosexual and heterosexual women, contrary to their hypothesis.
This study explored the perceptions and experiences of African immigrants in the US regarding the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak. 116 African immigrants participated in focus groups and interviews. The qualitative analysis identified 5 main themes: 1) beliefs in conspiracy theories about the origins of Ebola, 2) comparisons between community responses to sickness in Africa vs the US, 3) reports of discrimination experienced due to fears around Ebola, 4) perceptions of media bias in coverage when Westerners became infected, and 5) varying knowledge about Ebola transmission and prevention. Participants drew on histories of colonialism to inform their beliefs about Ebola's origins, and compared caring for the sick in their home cultures to individualistic responses in the US.
This document discusses sex education in the United States. It provides an overview of the current approaches, including abstinence-only education which stems from Puritan values that became ingrained in American society. Comprehensive sex education is rising as an approach but the U.S. still lags in sexual health outcomes for teens compared to other developed nations. Improving sex education policy by learning from foreign approaches may help address the high rates of teen pregnancy and STIs in the U.S.
Domestic violence psychologically affects victims and families in several ways. It can cause health issues for victims like depression, substance abuse, and chronic illness. Witnessing domestic violence can negatively impact children's development and behavior, lowering IQs and increasing aggression and emotional problems. Exposure to domestic violence has also been linked to intergenerational cycles of abuse, with children of abuse being more likely to become future victims or abusers themselves. Treatment for abusers and support for victims is important to help break these harmful cycles.
Caribbean journal of psychology abstractsdresimple
The document contains summaries of three studies:
1) A study of 100+ Trinidadians over age 50 which found that more negative childhood memories, and stronger emotional reactions to those memories, were associated with greater depression later in life. Anger in childhood memories specifically predicted more depressive symptoms.
2) A study of Jamaicans who lighten their skin which found they had comparable racial self-esteem to non-lighteners but lower personal self-esteem, and they used their racial identity strategically in interactions about skin lightening.
3) A study of 70+ male and female juvenile offenders in Barbados which found those with conduct disorder were more likely to come from low-income homes with
So I made this presentation for my inglish class my first year of college. I love the message it sends and watching it continues to inspire me to pass it on. Hope you guys enjoy
This document summarizes the results of a survey on sex and secularism conducted by Darrel Ray and Amanda Brown. Over 14,500 people participated in the online survey, with over 9,500 completing it during a 2-week period in January 2011. Key findings include:
1) Respondents reported higher levels of sexual satisfaction after leaving religion, depending on how conservative their religious upbringing was.
2) Religiously conservative parents were perceived to be less effective at teaching sex education than more secular parents.
3) Once people left religion, over 50% saw an improvement in their sex life.
4) The sample was younger and more highly educated than typical surveys. Most respondents identified as atheist
E2al theilgaard (1984) the criminal geneAarono1979
This document discusses research into whether chromosomal abnormalities like XYY could be linked to criminal behavior. It summarizes a 1984 study by Alice Theilgaard that took blood samples from over 30,000 men to check for XXY and XYY patterns. Men with these patterns were interviewed and given intelligence and personality tests to see if they displayed more aggression. While XYY men tended to be slightly less intelligent and more aggressive, the sample sizes were small and a link between the abnormalities and criminality was not definitively proven. The study had limitations and left open ethical dilemmas about how such information could be used if a genetic link was established.
This document summarizes key aspects of women's health, including leading causes of death and conditions that disproportionately affect women. It discusses health issues specific to women like reproductive health and cancers. It also explains how some common conditions like heart disease, lung cancer, and diabetes present differently and may be more severe for women. Ensuring women receive appropriate diagnosis and treatment requires addressing gaps in understanding these gender differences and improving access to women-centered healthcare.
anal use of female condoms NDG Edits 02102016NextF1Nikole Gettings
This document discusses anal sex and the potential use of female condoms during anal intercourse. It provides background information on surveys that have assessed anal sex practices and STI rates. Studies on men who have sex with men's experiences using female condoms for anal sex are summarized, finding issues like discomfort, difficulty with insertion, and slippage. Gaps in research are noted. Recommendations include further exploring proper use techniques, safety, efficacy compared to male condoms for STI protection during anal sex, and increasing access and education.
This study investigated whether the previously observed association between pedophilia and lower IQ scores is influenced by the source of patient referrals. The study analyzed data from 832 male patients referred to a clinic for sexual behavior evaluations. Patients were assigned to groups based on their erotic preferences for children or adults, as assessed by phallometric testing. Results showed lower IQ scores and increased rates of non-right-handedness were associated with pedophilia, regardless of whether patients were referred by lawyers, parole/probation officers, or other sources. This supported the conclusion that the link between pedophilia and cognitive function is real and not due to referral biases. The findings were interpreted as evidence that neurodevelopmental problems may increase
This paper examines how African American women are portrayed in reality television through the lens of cultivation theory. Previous research has found that reality TV depicts African American women through negative stereotypes like the "angry black woman" and portrays them engaging in more violence than men. Additionally, reality TV influences perceptions of body image, suggesting empowerment comes through sexuality. The author proposes to survey college students to explore whether reality TV could develop positive stereotypes for African American women, allow empowerment through other means than sex, and depict them as less violent.
CHAPTER 10 Mental Health Needs of Female Offenders Ann Booker Lope.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 10 Mental Health Needs of Female Offenders Ann Booker Loper and Lacey Levitt
Introduction There are more women in prison today than at any other point in U.S. history. The number of female offenders has climbed steadily since the early 1990s, with an increase of approximately 25% between the years 2000 and 2008 (Greenfeld & Snell, 1999; West & Sabol, 2009). Although still a minority compared to male offenders, the increasing presence of women in correctional settings raises the question, What is bringing women to prison? One early answer to this question was the simple one—with women becoming more liberated and therefore more “man-like,” they were increasingly emulating masculine behavior (Adler, 1975). However, this easy answer was quickly disputed by overwhelming evidence that the new brigade of women entering prison was anything but liberated. As a group, women in prison are poor, financially stressed, and tend to adhere to traditional role models of femininity (Bunch, Foley, & Urbina, 1983; Widom, 1979). Moreover, female patterns of offending do not resemble the patterns for men. Men account for more than 80% of the arrests for violent offenses, and proportionately fewer of the arrests of women are for violent crimes (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2009). In the cases of violent offending committed by women, the gender patterns likewise differ: When a woman commits a violent offense, she is relatively more likely than a male to aggress against a family member or intimate, usually in the context of an emotional relational conflict (Loper & Cornell, 1996). Closer examination of the lives of women in prison reveals one obvious pathway—women in prison suffer from high levels of mental illness, substance abuse, and emotional distress, both before and during their time in prison, that can perpetuate criminal patterns. The heightened mental distress among a large portion of female offenders interacts with the broader societal changes in prison policies that have served to increase the entire prison population, such as abolition of parole, criminalization of drug possession, and stricter sentencing legislation. The net result is not only more women in prison today, but a population of women who face numerous emotional difficulties.
Mentally Ill Women in Prison: Why So Many? Prevalence of Mental Illness in Female Offenders Numerous women in prison experience mental illness (James & Glaze, 2006). Magaletta, Diamond, Faust, Daggett, and Camp (2009) documented several indicators of mental illness among approximately 2,900 newly committed federal offenders. For each indicator, women exceeded the rates among men. Relative to men, proportionately more female offenders suffered from a serious mental illness (9.6% versus 17.4%), had previously received inpatient psychiatric care (8.8% versus 15%), and had previously used psychotropic medications (11.4% versus 24.3%). This pattern of higher levels of mental illness among female offenders likewi ...
Transgender Clients : We Need Effective Care Too!Santé des trans
Il s'agit d'une présentation powerpoint de la Directrice du Center of excellence for transgender HIV prevention de l'UCSF, qui passe en revue l'ensemble des enjeux liés à l'épidémie de sida parmi les trans, ainsi que les déterminants de santé globaux. Date inconnue.
Plan de l'intervention
Getting on the Same Page:
Establishing a Common Language
What Are the Facts?
What is the HIV Prevalence among Trans People in the US?
Effects of Stigma & Discrimination on Trans Communities
What are the Barriers and Challenges?
What Are We Going To Do?
Addressing Transphobia
Action Steps & Recommendations
Where do we go for help?
The document discusses the rationale for teaching a course on human sexuality. It notes that sex is prevalent in media and politics but parents are not a primary source of information for most teenagers. The course aims to provide accurate information to dispel myths, examine societal influences, and promote sexual literacy and healthy relationships. A quiz is included to assess common misconceptions about sexuality. The document also discusses how different cultures and historical periods shaped views of sexuality and morality over time.
Mehta, Walls et al_2013_Associations between affect, context, and sexual desi...Clare Mehta
This article investigates associations between sexual desire, affect, context, and time of day in depressed young women. It summarizes previous research showing both reduced and unchanged sexual desire in depressed adult women. The study uses momentary sampling to examine 44 depressed young women aged 18 on average. Results show sexual desire was experienced when with boyfriends and later in the evening. Sexual desire was also positively associated with positive affect but not negative affect or physical context. The findings suggest depressed young women experience sexual desire in normative social contexts and help correct assumptions they lack sexual desire.
Wechsler, A., Kaur, H., Patterson, C., Kearney, C. (2009, November). The additive traumatic effects of neglect on maltreated adolescents. Poster presented at the 2009 U.S. Psychiatric and Mental Health Congress, Las Vegas, Nevada.
This chapter discusses gender differences in delinquency. It explores biological, psychological, social, and feminist theories for why males generally have higher delinquency rates than females. However, the gender gap has been narrowing. The chapter examines how gender affects socialization and development from infancy. Factors like cognitive differences, personality traits, and dysfunctional family lives may partially explain differing delinquency rates between males and females. The chapter also analyzes how gender influences treatment within the juvenile justice system.
1) The study examined the sexual experiences, arousal levels, and desires of over 1,000 people, including 41 who identified as asexual.
2) Asexual participants reported lower levels of sexual desire and arousal than other participants, but their sexual behaviors and inhibitions did not significantly differ.
3) The study suggests that asexuality may be better characterized by low sexual motivation rather than by behaviors, and that asexuals appear to have comparable sexual experience to others due to factors like partner pressures or the young age of comparison groups.
This document discusses family violence and domestic abuse as growing public health concerns. It defines domestic violence, abuse, and what constitutes a family. It outlines the various forms of abuse including physical, emotional, economic, and digital/cyber abuse. The document discusses who can be abused, noting that it can affect anyone regardless of gender, age, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status or other factors. Statistics about the prevalence of domestic violence in the US and its human costs are provided. Risk factors for abuse and myths about abuse are debunked. The trajectory of violence and cultural and structural barriers to care are examined. Guidelines for assessing, intervening in, and preventing domestic violence are proposed.
7. The LGBT Movement Health Issues - Oral Sex DangersAntonio Bernard
This document discusses the health risks associated with oral sex and homosexual behaviors. It presents findings from several medical and scientific studies that have found oral sex can transmit diseases like HPV, herpes, gonorrhea, and hepatitis. Studies cited found homosexual men have higher rates of sexually transmitted infections and diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract from oral-anal contact. The document also discusses how lesbians can transmit infections through oral-genital contact and menstrual blood exchange. Overall, it argues behaviors like oral and anal sex are unnatural and pose dangers to physical and mental health.
Female sexual orientation and pubertal onsetTeresa Levy
This article examines the relationship between female sexual orientation and pubertal onset. The researchers hypothesized that lesbians would have a later, more masculine age of pubertal onset compared to heterosexual women based on theories that both sexual orientation and pubertal timing are influenced by prenatal androgens. They studied samples of community volunteers and discordant twins but found no significant differences in pubertal onset between homosexual and heterosexual women, contrary to their hypothesis.
This study explored the perceptions and experiences of African immigrants in the US regarding the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak. 116 African immigrants participated in focus groups and interviews. The qualitative analysis identified 5 main themes: 1) beliefs in conspiracy theories about the origins of Ebola, 2) comparisons between community responses to sickness in Africa vs the US, 3) reports of discrimination experienced due to fears around Ebola, 4) perceptions of media bias in coverage when Westerners became infected, and 5) varying knowledge about Ebola transmission and prevention. Participants drew on histories of colonialism to inform their beliefs about Ebola's origins, and compared caring for the sick in their home cultures to individualistic responses in the US.
This document discusses sex education in the United States. It provides an overview of the current approaches, including abstinence-only education which stems from Puritan values that became ingrained in American society. Comprehensive sex education is rising as an approach but the U.S. still lags in sexual health outcomes for teens compared to other developed nations. Improving sex education policy by learning from foreign approaches may help address the high rates of teen pregnancy and STIs in the U.S.
Domestic violence psychologically affects victims and families in several ways. It can cause health issues for victims like depression, substance abuse, and chronic illness. Witnessing domestic violence can negatively impact children's development and behavior, lowering IQs and increasing aggression and emotional problems. Exposure to domestic violence has also been linked to intergenerational cycles of abuse, with children of abuse being more likely to become future victims or abusers themselves. Treatment for abusers and support for victims is important to help break these harmful cycles.
Caribbean journal of psychology abstractsdresimple
The document contains summaries of three studies:
1) A study of 100+ Trinidadians over age 50 which found that more negative childhood memories, and stronger emotional reactions to those memories, were associated with greater depression later in life. Anger in childhood memories specifically predicted more depressive symptoms.
2) A study of Jamaicans who lighten their skin which found they had comparable racial self-esteem to non-lighteners but lower personal self-esteem, and they used their racial identity strategically in interactions about skin lightening.
3) A study of 70+ male and female juvenile offenders in Barbados which found those with conduct disorder were more likely to come from low-income homes with
So I made this presentation for my inglish class my first year of college. I love the message it sends and watching it continues to inspire me to pass it on. Hope you guys enjoy
This document summarizes the results of a survey on sex and secularism conducted by Darrel Ray and Amanda Brown. Over 14,500 people participated in the online survey, with over 9,500 completing it during a 2-week period in January 2011. Key findings include:
1) Respondents reported higher levels of sexual satisfaction after leaving religion, depending on how conservative their religious upbringing was.
2) Religiously conservative parents were perceived to be less effective at teaching sex education than more secular parents.
3) Once people left religion, over 50% saw an improvement in their sex life.
4) The sample was younger and more highly educated than typical surveys. Most respondents identified as atheist
E2al theilgaard (1984) the criminal geneAarono1979
This document discusses research into whether chromosomal abnormalities like XYY could be linked to criminal behavior. It summarizes a 1984 study by Alice Theilgaard that took blood samples from over 30,000 men to check for XXY and XYY patterns. Men with these patterns were interviewed and given intelligence and personality tests to see if they displayed more aggression. While XYY men tended to be slightly less intelligent and more aggressive, the sample sizes were small and a link between the abnormalities and criminality was not definitively proven. The study had limitations and left open ethical dilemmas about how such information could be used if a genetic link was established.
This document summarizes key aspects of women's health, including leading causes of death and conditions that disproportionately affect women. It discusses health issues specific to women like reproductive health and cancers. It also explains how some common conditions like heart disease, lung cancer, and diabetes present differently and may be more severe for women. Ensuring women receive appropriate diagnosis and treatment requires addressing gaps in understanding these gender differences and improving access to women-centered healthcare.
anal use of female condoms NDG Edits 02102016NextF1Nikole Gettings
This document discusses anal sex and the potential use of female condoms during anal intercourse. It provides background information on surveys that have assessed anal sex practices and STI rates. Studies on men who have sex with men's experiences using female condoms for anal sex are summarized, finding issues like discomfort, difficulty with insertion, and slippage. Gaps in research are noted. Recommendations include further exploring proper use techniques, safety, efficacy compared to male condoms for STI protection during anal sex, and increasing access and education.
This study investigated whether the previously observed association between pedophilia and lower IQ scores is influenced by the source of patient referrals. The study analyzed data from 832 male patients referred to a clinic for sexual behavior evaluations. Patients were assigned to groups based on their erotic preferences for children or adults, as assessed by phallometric testing. Results showed lower IQ scores and increased rates of non-right-handedness were associated with pedophilia, regardless of whether patients were referred by lawyers, parole/probation officers, or other sources. This supported the conclusion that the link between pedophilia and cognitive function is real and not due to referral biases. The findings were interpreted as evidence that neurodevelopmental problems may increase
This paper examines how African American women are portrayed in reality television through the lens of cultivation theory. Previous research has found that reality TV depicts African American women through negative stereotypes like the "angry black woman" and portrays them engaging in more violence than men. Additionally, reality TV influences perceptions of body image, suggesting empowerment comes through sexuality. The author proposes to survey college students to explore whether reality TV could develop positive stereotypes for African American women, allow empowerment through other means than sex, and depict them as less violent.
CHAPTER 10 Mental Health Needs of Female Offenders Ann Booker Lope.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 10 Mental Health Needs of Female Offenders Ann Booker Loper and Lacey Levitt
Introduction There are more women in prison today than at any other point in U.S. history. The number of female offenders has climbed steadily since the early 1990s, with an increase of approximately 25% between the years 2000 and 2008 (Greenfeld & Snell, 1999; West & Sabol, 2009). Although still a minority compared to male offenders, the increasing presence of women in correctional settings raises the question, What is bringing women to prison? One early answer to this question was the simple one—with women becoming more liberated and therefore more “man-like,” they were increasingly emulating masculine behavior (Adler, 1975). However, this easy answer was quickly disputed by overwhelming evidence that the new brigade of women entering prison was anything but liberated. As a group, women in prison are poor, financially stressed, and tend to adhere to traditional role models of femininity (Bunch, Foley, & Urbina, 1983; Widom, 1979). Moreover, female patterns of offending do not resemble the patterns for men. Men account for more than 80% of the arrests for violent offenses, and proportionately fewer of the arrests of women are for violent crimes (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2009). In the cases of violent offending committed by women, the gender patterns likewise differ: When a woman commits a violent offense, she is relatively more likely than a male to aggress against a family member or intimate, usually in the context of an emotional relational conflict (Loper & Cornell, 1996). Closer examination of the lives of women in prison reveals one obvious pathway—women in prison suffer from high levels of mental illness, substance abuse, and emotional distress, both before and during their time in prison, that can perpetuate criminal patterns. The heightened mental distress among a large portion of female offenders interacts with the broader societal changes in prison policies that have served to increase the entire prison population, such as abolition of parole, criminalization of drug possession, and stricter sentencing legislation. The net result is not only more women in prison today, but a population of women who face numerous emotional difficulties.
Mentally Ill Women in Prison: Why So Many? Prevalence of Mental Illness in Female Offenders Numerous women in prison experience mental illness (James & Glaze, 2006). Magaletta, Diamond, Faust, Daggett, and Camp (2009) documented several indicators of mental illness among approximately 2,900 newly committed federal offenders. For each indicator, women exceeded the rates among men. Relative to men, proportionately more female offenders suffered from a serious mental illness (9.6% versus 17.4%), had previously received inpatient psychiatric care (8.8% versus 15%), and had previously used psychotropic medications (11.4% versus 24.3%). This pattern of higher levels of mental illness among female offenders likewi ...
Transgender Clients : We Need Effective Care Too!Santé des trans
Il s'agit d'une présentation powerpoint de la Directrice du Center of excellence for transgender HIV prevention de l'UCSF, qui passe en revue l'ensemble des enjeux liés à l'épidémie de sida parmi les trans, ainsi que les déterminants de santé globaux. Date inconnue.
Plan de l'intervention
Getting on the Same Page:
Establishing a Common Language
What Are the Facts?
What is the HIV Prevalence among Trans People in the US?
Effects of Stigma & Discrimination on Trans Communities
What are the Barriers and Challenges?
What Are We Going To Do?
Addressing Transphobia
Action Steps & Recommendations
Where do we go for help?
This document discusses research on the effects of pornography on male adolescents. It explores how pornography exposure influences adolescent male socialization, attitudes, and perceptions of sexuality. While pornography may help some explore their interests, it also provides unrealistic depictions that could hinder real-life experiences. Effects depend on factors like amount of use and how individuals perceive the content.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between identity and risky sexual behaviors in middle school students. The study surveyed 200 middle school students about their identities, attitudes towards sexuality, and intentions around sexual behaviors. The findings suggested that students' identities can predict their engagement in risky sexual activities. Specifically, students higher in fear of negative evaluation were more likely to engage in such behaviors. The document discusses theories of identity and self-presentation that provide context for how identities can influence health behaviors in adolescents.
The paper explores masculinity and / or femininity and their relationship to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe. The paper implicates both masculinity and femininity as accomplices in spreading HIV and AIDS. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the growing concern that cultural practices contribute to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe and beyond. The paper further argues that whereas the masculine (male or female) may impose themselves on the feminine (female or male), the latter also contributes to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS by willingly accepting the imposition as a societal ‘norm’ or value to use Taylor’s (2003) theory of scenarios. The unquestioned acceptance of the masculine’s demands becomes the norm or scenario that should be viewed as ‘natural’ by both the hegemonic masculine and the subaltern feminine in a relationship. To carry out the study, a case study design was adopted as the operational framework for data gathering. Data was collected from Mount Zion, Temeraire Baptist Church in Mashava, Masvingo province by engaging Practice As Research (PAR) and participant observation. The sample comprised 20 adolescents made up of 10 boys and 10 girls. The results gathered from the research confirmed that to a greater extent, societal norms and attitudes influence one’s behaviour towards life in general and sex to be specific. These findings demonstrate the need for academics, government, families and other interested stakeholders to re-evaluate cultural practices and specifically, gender roles.
This literature review examines research on the prevalence and effects of heroin use among women. The percentage of heroin users who are women has increased from 20% in the 1960s to over 50% today. Heroin use is associated with a variety of negative physical, emotional, and social consequences. Research suggests women may be more vulnerable to heroin addiction due to common experiences of trauma, mental health issues, and involvement in prostitution. More research is still needed to better understand the biological and psychological effects of heroin on women, as well as the relationships between heroin use, prostitution, and human trafficking. Treatment approaches need to consider gender differences and underlying issues like trauma that influence women's heroin use.
This document discusses a research study that aimed to determine if countries with higher literacy rates and involvement in higher level economic sectors (industry/services rather than agriculture) had lower rates of reported sexual violence. The study analyzed data on literacy rates, economic sectors, and reported sexual crimes for 58 countries. No correlation was found between literacy rates and sexual crimes. The economic sector data could not be adequately analyzed due to lack of available data from many developing countries. The conclusion was that developed countries have better infrastructure and data collection abilities than developing countries.
Child sexual abuse has significant negative impacts beyond just the direct victim. Survivors often develop post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, which influence their relationships and social interactions. They also struggle with emotion regulation and forming secure attachments with others. As a result, survivors typically have more troubled intimate relationships as adults, characterized by less satisfaction, intimacy issues, and higher risk of violence. Their difficulties processing the abuse psychologically and regulating emotions spillover to harming relationships with family, friends, and partners.
Gender Differences in Intimate Partner Violence OutcomesJe.docxhanneloremccaffery
The document summarizes a literature review on gender differences in outcomes of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. The review finds that while men and women both experience negative physical and mental health effects from IPV, the literature largely shows that women suffer disproportionately and to a greater degree. Specifically, studies have found that women generally experience more injuries, poorer physical health, higher rates of depression/anxiety, greater posttraumatic stress, and larger decreases in relationship satisfaction as a result of IPV compared to men. The review proposes that these gender differences in outcomes may be due to cultural and social factors that typically give men higher status and power over women.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses the impact that a history of childhood sexual abuse can have on parenting. Mothers who experienced CSA often struggle with high levels of fear, anxiety, shame and guilt. They may have trouble establishing boundaries with their children and providing emotional support. Other issues that can arise include post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, substance abuse, unhealthy sexual behaviors, and difficulty forming attachments. Therapy and support systems can help mothers process their trauma and develop skills for healthy parenting.
SPECIAL SECTION SEXUAL HEALTH IN GAY AND BISEXUAL MENComp.docxwilliame8
SPECIAL SECTION: SEXUAL HEALTH IN GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN
Complexity of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Predictors of Current Post-
TraumaticStressDisorder,MoodDisorders,SubstanceUse,andSexual
Risk Behavior Among Adult Men Who Have Sex with Men
Michael S. Boroughs1,2 • Sarah E. Valentine1,2 • Gail H. Ironson3 • Jillian C. Shipherd4,5 •
Steven A. Safren1,2,6 • S. Wade Taylor6,7 • Sannisha K. Dale1,2, • Joshua S. Baker6 •
Julianne G. Wilner1 • Conall O’Cleirigh1,2,6
Received: 11 August 2014/Revised: 7 April 2015/Accepted: 10 April 2015/Published online: 10 July 2015
� Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract Men who have sex with men (MSM) are the group
mostatriskforHIVandrepresentthemajorityofnewinfections
intheUnitedStates.Ratesofchildhoodsexualabuse(CSA)among
MSM have been estimated as high as 46%. CSA is associated
with increased risk of HIV and greater likelihood of HIV sexual
risk behavior. The purpose of this study was to identify the
relationships between CSA complexity indicators and mental
health, substance use, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV
sexual risk among MSM. MSM with CSA histories (n=162)
whowerescreenedforanHIVpreventionefficacytrialcompleted
comprehensive psychosocial assessments. Five indicators
ofcomplexCSAexperienceswerecreated:CSAbyfamilymember,
CSA withpenetration,CSA withphysicalinjury,CSA withintense
fear,andfirstCSAinadolescence.Adjustedregressionmodelswere
used to identify relationships between CSA complexity and
outcomes.ParticipantsreportingCSAbyfamilymemberwere
at 2.6 odds of current alcohol use disorder (OR 2.64: CI
1.24–5.63), two times higher odds of substance use disorder
(OR 2.1: CI 1.02–2.36), and 2.7 times higher odds of reporting
anSTIinthepastyear(OR2.7:CI1.04–7.1).CSAwithpenetration
wasassociatedwithincreasedlikelihoodofcurrentPTSD(OR
3.17: CI 1.56–6.43), recent HIV sexual risk behavior (OR 2.7:
CI 1.16–6.36), and a greater number of casual sexual partners
(p= 0.02). Both CSA with Physical Injury (OR 4.05: CI 1.9–
8.7) and CSA with Intense Fear (OR 5.16: CI 2.5–10.7) were
related to increased odds for current PTSD. First CSA in ado-
lescencewasrelatedtoincreasedoddsofmajordepressivedis-
order.Thesefindings suggest thatCSA,with one ormorecom-
plexities,createspatternsofvulnerabilitiesforMSM,includingpost-
traumaticstressdisorder,substanceuse,andsexualrisktaking,
and suggests the need for detailed assessment of CSA and the
development of integrated HIV prevention programs that address
mental health and substance use comorbidities.
Keywords Men who have sex with men (MSM) �
Childhoodsexualabuse(CSA)�PTSD�HIV�Sexualorientation
Introduction
Childhood Sexual Abuse: Mental Health and Sexual
Health Consequences
Intheextantliterature,childhoodsexualabuse(CSA)hasemerged
asanon-specificriskfactorforarangeofnegativehealthandmen-
talhealthsequelaeinadults.Forinstance,CSAhasbeenassociated
withmentalhealthproblemssuchasdepressionandpost-traumatic
stress disor.
SPECIAL SECTION SEXUAL HEALTH IN GAY AND BISEXUAL MENComp.docxrafbolet0
SPECIAL SECTION: SEXUAL HEALTH IN GAY AND BISEXUAL MEN
Complexity of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Predictors of Current Post-
TraumaticStressDisorder,MoodDisorders,SubstanceUse,andSexual
Risk Behavior Among Adult Men Who Have Sex with Men
Michael S. Boroughs1,2 • Sarah E. Valentine1,2 • Gail H. Ironson3 • Jillian C. Shipherd4,5 •
Steven A. Safren1,2,6 • S. Wade Taylor6,7 • Sannisha K. Dale1,2, • Joshua S. Baker6 •
Julianne G. Wilner1 • Conall O’Cleirigh1,2,6
Received: 11 August 2014/Revised: 7 April 2015/Accepted: 10 April 2015/Published online: 10 July 2015
� Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract Men who have sex with men (MSM) are the group
mostatriskforHIVandrepresentthemajorityofnewinfections
intheUnitedStates.Ratesofchildhoodsexualabuse(CSA)among
MSM have been estimated as high as 46%. CSA is associated
with increased risk of HIV and greater likelihood of HIV sexual
risk behavior. The purpose of this study was to identify the
relationships between CSA complexity indicators and mental
health, substance use, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV
sexual risk among MSM. MSM with CSA histories (n=162)
whowerescreenedforanHIVpreventionefficacytrialcompleted
comprehensive psychosocial assessments. Five indicators
ofcomplexCSAexperienceswerecreated:CSAbyfamilymember,
CSA withpenetration,CSA withphysicalinjury,CSA withintense
fear,andfirstCSAinadolescence.Adjustedregressionmodelswere
used to identify relationships between CSA complexity and
outcomes.ParticipantsreportingCSAbyfamilymemberwere
at 2.6 odds of current alcohol use disorder (OR 2.64: CI
1.24–5.63), two times higher odds of substance use disorder
(OR 2.1: CI 1.02–2.36), and 2.7 times higher odds of reporting
anSTIinthepastyear(OR2.7:CI1.04–7.1).CSAwithpenetration
wasassociatedwithincreasedlikelihoodofcurrentPTSD(OR
3.17: CI 1.56–6.43), recent HIV sexual risk behavior (OR 2.7:
CI 1.16–6.36), and a greater number of casual sexual partners
(p= 0.02). Both CSA with Physical Injury (OR 4.05: CI 1.9–
8.7) and CSA with Intense Fear (OR 5.16: CI 2.5–10.7) were
related to increased odds for current PTSD. First CSA in ado-
lescencewasrelatedtoincreasedoddsofmajordepressivedis-
order.Thesefindings suggest thatCSA,with one ormorecom-
plexities,createspatternsofvulnerabilitiesforMSM,includingpost-
traumaticstressdisorder,substanceuse,andsexualrisktaking,
and suggests the need for detailed assessment of CSA and the
development of integrated HIV prevention programs that address
mental health and substance use comorbidities.
Keywords Men who have sex with men (MSM) �
Childhoodsexualabuse(CSA)�PTSD�HIV�Sexualorientation
Introduction
Childhood Sexual Abuse: Mental Health and Sexual
Health Consequences
Intheextantliterature,childhoodsexualabuse(CSA)hasemerged
asanon-specificriskfactorforarangeofnegativehealthandmen-
talhealthsequelaeinadults.Forinstance,CSAhasbeenassociated
withmentalhealthproblemssuchasdepressionandpost-traumatic
stress disor.
Domestic violence affects people across all demographics and has many negative consequences. Studies have shown that domestic violence contributes to homelessness, substance abuse, depression, and poor mental health. The vast majority of abusers are male, many have criminal histories, and personality disorders. Children who witness domestic violence are at greater risk of long-term harm. Firearms are the most common weapon used in severe domestic violence cases, and abuse often continues during pregnancy.
The document discusses syndemics, which are closely intertwined health problems that mutually reinforce each other within social contexts. Examples include the SAVA syndemic of substance abuse, violence, and AIDS. Research found that psychological problems like depression, childhood abuse, and partner violence increased risks of unprotected sex and HIV infection among gay men. Minority stress models show how homophobia leads to poor health outcomes by increasing psychological stress. Potential solutions discussed include increasing LGBTQ health access, anti-homophobia education and legislation, and community programs.
Family Risk Factors and Conduct Disorder among Committed Male and .docxmydrynan
Family Risk Factors and Conduct Disorder among Committed Male and Female Juveniles in Barbados
Joana Matthews
University of the West Indies, Cave-Hill
Abstract
The differences between juveniles with and without a Conduct Disorder (CD) diagnosis on family risk factors was investigated in a sample of 71 male and female youth, aged 11-16, from a juvenile facility in Barbados. Psychological reports and case notes were coded for presence and absence of a diagnosis of CD and family risk factors. Gender differences were also investigated among those with a CD diagnosis. Results of the Mann-Whitney and Pearson Chi-square analyses revealed that significantly more juveniles with CD compared to those without CD were from low income homes and families characterized by parental conflict and psychopathology. Implications for treatment and rehabilitation are discussed.
Key words: Conduct Disorder; Barbados; Family risk factors; committed youth
Family Risk Factors and Conduct Disorder among Committed Male and Female Juveniles in Barbados
Caribbean reports suggest that high crime rates, including juvenile crime rates, are undermining social growth and threatening human welfare in the region (Rodriguez, 2007; Charles, 2007). Incarceration or custodial punishment of youth inadvertently leads to disruption in family, community ties and education (Singh, 1997) which further leads to increased probability of re-offending. The economic cost of juvenile crime is also high. In 1996 in Barbados, it cost BD$77.42 per day to maintain a juvenile at the Government Industrial School (GIS) (Singh, 1997).
Traditionally in the Caribbean, law enforcement agencies and courts were expected to manage juvenile crime and the problems of at-risk youth. According to a past Regional Director of the Caribbean Youth Programme, Mr. Henry Charles (2007), the regional justice and penal systems were not having the desired impact. Today, young offenders’ cases are still managed through mainly punitive responses in the region (Charles, 2007). Due to the increase in juvenile crime, more countries also lean towards harsher punishment as a deterrent (Charles, 2007). Yet, research clearly indicates that large-scale imprisonment hinders development and uses resources inappropriately (Song & Lieb, 1993; Mash & Wolfe, 2007; Office of the Surgeon General, 2001).
There is a growing sentiment in the Caribbean that alternative methods/services to incarceration are not luxuries, but investments in the security and stability of our region. The current study examines family risk factors related to conduct problems in a sample of committed youth in Barbados. Such a study may increase the focus on alternative methods, prevention and intervention, through scientific analysis of the nature and extent of problem behaviours within this group. More Caribbean helping professionals are becoming aware of the impact of these factors on the prevalence of conduct problems. It should also be useful in determining ...
This document discusses female child sexual offenders (FCSOs) from an Adlerian perspective. It begins by outlining cultural opposition to recognizing females as sexual offenders and how this leads to underreporting of abuse. It then describes three typologies of FCSOs: teacher/lover offenders who abuse authority; intergenerationally predisposed offenders who were severely abused themselves; and male-coerced offenders who are dominated by abusive partners. The document applies Adlerian concepts like social interest, masculine protest, and family constellation to understand FCSO motivations. It concludes by suggesting Adlerian treatment techniques could help address underlying issues driving sexually abusive behaviors.
Women Accused of Sex Offenses: A Gender-Based ComparisonVirginia Lemus
This document summarizes a study that compares women and men accused of sexual offenses who were referred for psychiatric evaluation. Some key findings include:
- Women accused of sexual offenses were similar in age to male counterparts, ranging from 19-62 years old. Many had prior arrests and histories of victimization.
- Both female and male sex offenders were most often referred for sexual predator classification evaluations. However, women were more likely to have victims of both genders.
- While there are some similarities between female and male sex offenders, research shows women are more likely to have histories of abuse, mental illness, and relationship issues. They also tend to know their victims and have victims of the same gender.
Gender & Sexual Violence
Sexual Objectification
Sexual objectification is the reduction of a person to his or her sex appeal.
Both men and women are objectified in popular culture.
Gay men are objectified more than heterosexual men.
Women overall are objectified much more than men.
There’s now so much competition for attention that media content has learned that more is better. This has extended to more sex in the media, and women are conventionally portrayed as sex objects and sexually objectified.
Can you think of examples of sexual objectification in any shows or films you’ve recently watched? Who was sexually objectified? After hearing the responses, do the students’ examples confirm the book’s findings (i.e., that women are objectified more than men and that gay men are objectified more than heterosexual men)? Why or why not?
2
The Heterosexual Male Gaze
Media privileges male desire and assumes a heterosexual male gaze.
Content is designed to appeal to a hypothetical heterosexual man.
Men undergo a process of sexual subjectification.
They are told what their internal thoughts and feelings should be.
This privilege of male desire leads to a heterosexual male gaze. Can you think of how this gaze can negatively impact men?
3
Self-Objectifying
The heterosexual male gaze means that women are regularly exposed to idealized images of female bodies.
Many women self-objectify.
They internalize the idea that their physical attractiveness determines their worth.
During sex, worrying about how you look can translate into a process called spectating.
Instructor Note: You can build from the previous slide by now discussing how the heterosexual male gaze can negatively impact women. You should also discuss how gay and bisexual men in same-sex encounters can be positioned as the objectifier, the objectified, or both. Heterosexual men are less likely to be sexually objectified than others are.
How can the heterosexual male gaze impact women? How can it impact men? Do you think there are negative consequences to the heterosexual male gaze for men? For women? If yes, how so?
4
Sexual Scripts
A sexual script refers to the social rules that guide sexual interaction.
The scripts of both mixed-sex and same-sex couples have a somewhat rigid ascending order of intimacy.
Sexual scripts are also gendered.
The masculine role is assertive.
The feminine role is responsive.
This creates a push-and-resist dynamic, whereby it’s normal for men to push for sexual activity and for women to stop or slow it down.
Instructor Note: Here you can discuss how our views on gender also shape how our sexual interactions are expected to go.
Can you develop a sexual script for a mixed-sex couple? Are there any gendered dynamics within the script? If yes, how so?
5
Sexual Violence
In the United States, one in three women and one in sex men have experienced sexual violence.
Acquaintance rape: rape by a person who is known to the victim
Stranger rape: ...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
Power point 7 17-2013
1. IMPACT OF SEXUAL ABUSE ONIMPACT OF SEXUAL ABUSE ON
WOMEN PRISONERS ARRESTEDWOMEN PRISONERS ARRESTED
FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSEFOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE
RELATED CRIMESRELATED CRIMES
Lillian Rosell IrwinLillian Rosell Irwin
Masters of Psychology Program,Masters of Psychology Program,
Kaplan UniversityKaplan University
July 2013July 2013
2. AgendaAgenda
Literature Review: Background/Scope of StudyLiterature Review: Background/Scope of Study
Methodology: What I DidMethodology: What I Did
Results: What I FoundResults: What I Found
Discussion: What It MeansDiscussion: What It Means
3. Sexual AbuseSexual Abuse
Research suggests that sexual abuse (SA) increases likelihood ofResearch suggests that sexual abuse (SA) increases likelihood of
alcohol/drug use (AOD), and that AOD increases criminality.alcohol/drug use (AOD), and that AOD increases criminality.
Girls are three times more likely to have been sexually abused thanGirls are three times more likely to have been sexually abused than
boys (US Department of Health and Human Services, 1996).boys (US Department of Health and Human Services, 1996).
An estimated seven to 36 percent of women in the US who wereAn estimated seven to 36 percent of women in the US who were
sexually abused in childhood have never reported the abuse.sexually abused in childhood have never reported the abuse.
The US Department of Justice (2010) estimates that 54 percent ofThe US Department of Justice (2010) estimates that 54 percent of
adult sexual assault victims do not report the crime. Michael,adult sexual assault victims do not report the crime. Michael,
Gagnon, Laumann, and Kolata (1994), 96% of victims knew theirGagnon, Laumann, and Kolata (1994), 96% of victims knew their
attackers .attackers .
4. Sexual AbuseSexual Abuse
Drug abuse is the primary reason why men and women in the USDrug abuse is the primary reason why men and women in the US
become involved in the criminal justice system and land in prisonbecome involved in the criminal justice system and land in prison
(NIDA, 2012).(NIDA, 2012).
Women who were sexually abused as children are more likely toWomen who were sexually abused as children are more likely to
have substance abuse problems (Ullman, Najdowski & Filipas,have substance abuse problems (Ullman, Najdowski & Filipas,
2009)2009)
Sexually abused girls are prone to increased academic failure,Sexually abused girls are prone to increased academic failure,
interpersonal distrust, eating disorders, and higher rates of teeninterpersonal distrust, eating disorders, and higher rates of teen
pregnancy (Acoca, 1998).pregnancy (Acoca, 1998).
5. Sexual AbuseSexual Abuse
Childhood sexual abuse affects the development of the human brainChildhood sexual abuse affects the development of the human brain
(Teicher, Andersen, Polcari, Navalta, & Kim, 2003) and may be(Teicher, Andersen, Polcari, Navalta, & Kim, 2003) and may be
linked to neurochemical mechanisms that predispose personslinked to neurochemical mechanisms that predispose persons
directly to addictions as well as to dysfunctions in emotions thatdirectly to addictions as well as to dysfunctions in emotions that
mediate the use of substances, such as Depression, Posttraumaticmediate the use of substances, such as Depression, Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD), and other Anxiety Disorders. women areStress Disorder (PTSD), and other Anxiety Disorders. women are
twice as likely as men to develop Post Traumatic Stress Disordertwice as likely as men to develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
(Keane, Weathers, & Friedman, 2000).(Keane, Weathers, & Friedman, 2000).
Teicher (2002) brain scans in sexually abused children showTeicher (2002) brain scans in sexually abused children show
decreased functioning in the area of the brain that deals withdecreased functioning in the area of the brain that deals with
attention and emotion. Women with a known history of sexualattention and emotion. Women with a known history of sexual
abuse have less blood flow in the cerebellar vermis area of the brain,abuse have less blood flow in the cerebellar vermis area of the brain,
the area of the brain that is related to maintaining emotional balancethe area of the brain that is related to maintaining emotional balance
(Cromie, 2003).(Cromie, 2003).
6. Sexual AbuseSexual Abuse
SA causes damage to the amygdala which heightens state ofSA causes damage to the amygdala which heightens state of
awareness of preconceived threats, causing the individual to overawareness of preconceived threats, causing the individual to over
respond and become hypervigilant at the first hint of dangerrespond and become hypervigilant at the first hint of danger
(Goodman, Quas, & Ogle, 2009)This neurobiological(Goodman, Quas, & Ogle, 2009)This neurobiological
hypervigilance can lead to PTSD, anxiety, depression, and otherhypervigilance can lead to PTSD, anxiety, depression, and other
mental health issues (LeDoux, 1996). This situation may bemental health issues (LeDoux, 1996). This situation may be
exacerbated by structural abnormalities in the amygdala causedexacerbated by structural abnormalities in the amygdala caused
by CSA.by CSA.
7. Sexual AbuseSexual Abuse
Culture can affect how a victim of abuse will view the problem,Culture can affect how a victim of abuse will view the problem,
assess the meaning and impact of the abuse, and whether or notassess the meaning and impact of the abuse, and whether or not
the victim will seek further assistance and report the crimethe victim will seek further assistance and report the crime
(Brabecl & Guzman, 2009). Yet Moses, Reed, Marzelis, and(Brabecl & Guzman, 2009). Yet Moses, Reed, Marzelis, and
D’Ambrosio, (2003) state that violence against women is soD’Ambrosio, (2003) state that violence against women is so
widespread across socioeconomic classes and cultures that it iswidespread across socioeconomic classes and cultures that it is
considered part of a female’s normal experience in most parts ofconsidered part of a female’s normal experience in most parts of
America.America.
8. Sexual AbuseSexual Abuse
According to Boudewyn and Liem (1995), women who do notAccording to Boudewyn and Liem (1995), women who do not
receive treatment for their SA are more likely to blamereceive treatment for their SA are more likely to blame
themselves, this increases rate of self-harming behavior andthemselves, this increases rate of self-harming behavior and
mental illnesses, such as panic attacks, anxiety, and flashbacks.mental illnesses, such as panic attacks, anxiety, and flashbacks.
Women with a history of unreported and untreated sexual abuseWomen with a history of unreported and untreated sexual abuse
are more likely to feel ongoing guilt and/or shame related to theare more likely to feel ongoing guilt and/or shame related to the
experience, and it is well documented that continuing feelings ofexperience, and it is well documented that continuing feelings of
guilt and shame are related to the development of substanceguilt and shame are related to the development of substance
abuse (Bradshaw, 2005). Unreported and untreated childhoodabuse (Bradshaw, 2005). Unreported and untreated childhood
sexual abuse may also predispose the children and women tosexual abuse may also predispose the children and women to
repeat instances of trauma (Bradshaw, 2005).repeat instances of trauma (Bradshaw, 2005).
9. Sexual AbuseSexual Abuse
20% fewer sexually abused women attend college compared with20% fewer sexually abused women attend college compared with
women who have not been abused (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley,women who have not been abused (Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley,
2009). Goodman, Quas, and Ogle (2009) state that women who2009). Goodman, Quas, and Ogle (2009) state that women who
suffered from sexual abuse will also have a greater inability tosuffered from sexual abuse will also have a greater inability to
create and maintain healthy attachments within relationships, andcreate and maintain healthy attachments within relationships, and
attachment problems are also a known pathway to substanceattachment problems are also a known pathway to substance
abuse.abuse.
10. Sexual AbuseSexual Abuse
Females who were sexually abused are more likely to use hardFemales who were sexually abused are more likely to use hard
drugs as adolescents and are more likely to be multiple substancedrugs as adolescents and are more likely to be multiple substance
abusers (Harrison, Fulkerson, & Beebe, 1997). Likewise,abusers (Harrison, Fulkerson, & Beebe, 1997). Likewise,
according to Wingood and DiClemente (1997), women whoaccording to Wingood and DiClemente (1997), women who
were sexually abused as children have a higher rate of alcoholismwere sexually abused as children have a higher rate of alcoholism
and hard drug usage. Childhood sexual abuse is associated with aand hard drug usage. Childhood sexual abuse is associated with a
higher rate of drug and alcohol usage for victims during bothhigher rate of drug and alcohol usage for victims during both
their adolescence and adulthood. Drugs might be a way that thetheir adolescence and adulthood. Drugs might be a way that the
individual copes with the emotional trauma of the sexual abuseindividual copes with the emotional trauma of the sexual abuse
(Singer, Petchers, & Hussey, 1989)(Singer, Petchers, & Hussey, 1989)
11. Substance Abuse to CriminalSubstance Abuse to Criminal
BehaviorBehavior
Drug usage increases the risk of involvement in criminalDrug usage increases the risk of involvement in criminal
behavior (Hiller, Garrity, Webster, Leukefeld, Narevic, & Staton,behavior (Hiller, Garrity, Webster, Leukefeld, Narevic, & Staton,
2005). ). Drug usage leads to decrease cognitive functioning and2005). ). Drug usage leads to decrease cognitive functioning and
increases disregard for the law (Sinha & Easton, 1999).increases disregard for the law (Sinha & Easton, 1999).
According to Hiller et al. (2005), individuals with a mental illnessAccording to Hiller et al. (2005), individuals with a mental illness
who self-medicate by using drugs and alcohol typically end up inwho self-medicate by using drugs and alcohol typically end up in
court or jail. For instance, two million individuals suffering fromcourt or jail. For instance, two million individuals suffering from
mental illness along with substance abuse were incarcerated inmental illness along with substance abuse were incarcerated in
2000 (Hiller et al., 2005). According to Sommers and Basking2000 (Hiller et al., 2005). According to Sommers and Basking
(1994), a large percentage of women reported being under the(1994), a large percentage of women reported being under the
influence or intoxicated when committing criminal acts.influence or intoxicated when committing criminal acts.
12. Substance Abuse to CriminalSubstance Abuse to Criminal
BehaviorBehavior
CSA often causes children to runaway , these children lack theCSA often causes children to runaway , these children lack the
skills for legitimate employment panhandling, theft, prostitution,skills for legitimate employment panhandling, theft, prostitution,
and drug dealing (Wormer & Bartollas, 2011).and drug dealing (Wormer & Bartollas, 2011). Bennett,Bennett,
Holloway, and Farrington (2008), individuals who use drugs areHolloway, and Farrington (2008), individuals who use drugs are
more likely to commit all crimes, both violent and propertymore likely to commit all crimes, both violent and property
crimes.crimes.
Sterk and Elifson (1990), other acts of violence also arise fromSterk and Elifson (1990), other acts of violence also arise from
the income-generating needs of drug involved prostitutes: theythe income-generating needs of drug involved prostitutes: they
can become violent and steal, or beat and rob others to obtaincan become violent and steal, or beat and rob others to obtain
money for drugs.money for drugs.
13. Substance Abuse to CriminalSubstance Abuse to Criminal
BehaviorBehavior
Individuals who abuse drugs experience a cortisol relatedIndividuals who abuse drugs experience a cortisol related
interference with intellectual functioning. More specifically,interference with intellectual functioning. More specifically,
according to Tapert and Brown (1999), substance abuse canaccording to Tapert and Brown (1999), substance abuse can
cause problems with sustaining attention, speed of informationcause problems with sustaining attention, speed of information
processing, verbal and non-verbal learning, memory retrieval,processing, verbal and non-verbal learning, memory retrieval,
language ability, and academic achievement.language ability, and academic achievement.
14. Substance Abuse to CriminalSubstance Abuse to Criminal
BehaviorBehavior
Drug addiction and crime are also intertwined because of howDrug addiction and crime are also intertwined because of how
addictive drugs can be. Once individuals use an addictive drugaddictive drugs can be. Once individuals use an addictive drug
over a period of time, they will need more of that drug to obtainover a period of time, they will need more of that drug to obtain
the desired effect. This is known as drug tolerance because ofthe desired effect. This is known as drug tolerance because of
drug tolerance, drug addicts need to obtain a higher dosage ofdrug tolerance, drug addicts need to obtain a higher dosage of
the drug they use . Drugs are expensive, and often crime will bethe drug they use . Drugs are expensive, and often crime will be
involved within a drug addict’s life to obtain income for theirinvolved within a drug addict’s life to obtain income for their
drug of choice. A very common crime in these situations isdrug of choice. A very common crime in these situations is
prostitution (Nurco, Hanlon, & Kinlock, 1990). Winick (1992),prostitution (Nurco, Hanlon, & Kinlock, 1990). Winick (1992),
prostitution normally precedes drug addictionprostitution normally precedes drug addiction
15. Substance Abuse to CriminalSubstance Abuse to Criminal
BehaviorBehavior
Impaired intellectual functioning also hinders judgment andImpaired intellectual functioning also hinders judgment and
reasoning, again predisposing individuals to poor choices, suchreasoning, again predisposing individuals to poor choices, such
as criminal activities aimed at obtaining money to pay for drugs.as criminal activities aimed at obtaining money to pay for drugs.
Gordon and Tarter (1994) also demonstrate that drug abuse isGordon and Tarter (1994) also demonstrate that drug abuse is
associated with abstract reasoning and problem solving deficits,associated with abstract reasoning and problem solving deficits,
resulting in lower measured intelligence. According to Herrnsteinresulting in lower measured intelligence. According to Herrnstein
& Murray (1994), there is a strong association between lower& Murray (1994), there is a strong association between lower
intelligence and criminal behavior. Criminal offenders as a wholeintelligence and criminal behavior. Criminal offenders as a whole
have lower than average intelligence by at least eight points.have lower than average intelligence by at least eight points.
Moffitt (1990) explains this phenomenon in terms of their abilityMoffitt (1990) explains this phenomenon in terms of their ability
to understand society as a whole. In order to be a productiveto understand society as a whole. In order to be a productive
member of society, individuals must collaborate. This ismember of society, individuals must collaborate. This is
accomplished through verbal and non-verbal skills along withaccomplished through verbal and non-verbal skills along with
abstract reasoning.abstract reasoning.
16. Research QuestionsResearch Questions
There is a strong likelihood of a link betweenThere is a strong likelihood of a link between
substance abuse, crime and Sexual Abuse (SA)substance abuse, crime and Sexual Abuse (SA)
Therefore, we ask:Therefore, we ask:
Does untreated CSA/ASA lead to earlier andDoes untreated CSA/ASA lead to earlier and
more severe drug abuse and criminality?more severe drug abuse and criminality?
17. MethodologyMethodology
The participants were chosen randomly fromThe participants were chosen randomly from
Facebook groups that are directly linked to theFacebook groups that are directly linked to the
subject matter.subject matter.
50 Participants responded and participated in50 Participants responded and participated in
the study.the study.
18. SurveySurvey
All major issues identified in theAll major issues identified in the
literature review were turned intoliterature review were turned into
questions for the surveyquestions for the survey
Questions were also asked about theQuestions were also asked about the
sociodemographics of the participantssociodemographics of the participants
19. Survey QuestionsSurvey Questions
How old were you when you first starting using drugs orHow old were you when you first starting using drugs or
alcohol?alcohol?
In your opinion, did you ever or do you now abuse alcohol?In your opinion, did you ever or do you now abuse alcohol?
Has anyone ever told you that you are abusing alcohol or thatHas anyone ever told you that you are abusing alcohol or that
you are an alcoholic?you are an alcoholic?
What was the first drug you ever abused, if any?What was the first drug you ever abused, if any?
list all drugs that you have ever abused.list all drugs that you have ever abused.
How old were you when you committed your first crime?How old were you when you committed your first crime?
What was your first crime?What was your first crime?
20. Survey QuestionsSurvey Questions
How old were you when you first went to jail?How old were you when you first went to jail?
For what crime did you first go to jail?For what crime did you first go to jail?
What crimes have you been convicted of?What crimes have you been convicted of?
How long did you serve in prison for each?How long did you serve in prison for each?
When you have engaged in a crime, have you usually beenWhen you have engaged in a crime, have you usually been
under the influence of any type of substance or alcohol?under the influence of any type of substance or alcohol?
21. Survey QuestionsSurvey Questions
Have you been a victim of any type of sexual abuse, incest,Have you been a victim of any type of sexual abuse, incest,
rape, or sexual assault?rape, or sexual assault?
If so, how old were you when it occurred?If so, how old were you when it occurred?
Did you use drugs or alcohol prior to the sexualDid you use drugs or alcohol prior to the sexual
abuse/assault?abuse/assault?
If you answered yes to being a victim of any type of sexualIf you answered yes to being a victim of any type of sexual
abuse, did you report the abuse/assault?abuse, did you report the abuse/assault?
If you answered yes to being a victim of any type of sexualIf you answered yes to being a victim of any type of sexual
abuse, did you get any type of psychological treatment orabuse, did you get any type of psychological treatment or
counseling for the sexual abuse/assault?counseling for the sexual abuse/assault?
22. Survey QuestionsSurvey Questions
Was the person who committed the sexual abuse/assault aWas the person who committed the sexual abuse/assault a
relative?relative?
If so, how were they related to you?If so, how were they related to you?
Have you ever gotten treatment for substance abuse?Have you ever gotten treatment for substance abuse?
If so, was it outpatient, inpatient, and/or 12 step?If so, was it outpatient, inpatient, and/or 12 step?
If you have gotten treatment for substance abuse, was theIf you have gotten treatment for substance abuse, was the
treatment court ordered?treatment court ordered?
If you have gotten treatment for substance abuse, was theIf you have gotten treatment for substance abuse, was the
screening and assessment process done by a male of by ascreening and assessment process done by a male of by a
female counselor?female counselor?
If you were ever sexually abused/assaulted, did youIf you were ever sexually abused/assaulted, did you
disclose this information to the person who was doing yourdisclose this information to the person who was doing your
intake process for the substance abuse treatment?intake process for the substance abuse treatment?
If you did not disclose the sexual abuse/assault to theIf you did not disclose the sexual abuse/assault to the
counselor, what were your reasons for choosing not tocounselor, what were your reasons for choosing not to
disclose?disclose?
23. Survey QuestionsSurvey Questions
If you have ever been a victim of sexual abuse/assault, haveIf you have ever been a victim of sexual abuse/assault, have
you ever disclosed this experience on a written form, such as ayou ever disclosed this experience on a written form, such as a
questionnaire or survey, other than this present questionnaire?questionnaire or survey, other than this present questionnaire?
If you have ever been a victim of sexual abuse/assault, haveIf you have ever been a victim of sexual abuse/assault, have
you ever disclosed this information to anyone? If so, toyou ever disclosed this information to anyone? If so, to
whom?whom?
24. 10 Sociodemographics of the
Participants
Age
Gender
Marital Status
Highest Degree Achieved
Living situation
Housing
Sexuality
Spirituality
Ethnicity
Community
25. AnalysisAnalysis
MANOVAs were run to analyze 3 predictive factors in relationMANOVAs were run to analyze 3 predictive factors in relation
to 5 outcome measures.to 5 outcome measures.
Chi-Square was run for the comparison questions.Chi-Square was run for the comparison questions.
13 out of 15 trended in the correct direction, statistically13 out of 15 trended in the correct direction, statistically
significant.significant.
5 means trended correct direction for those participants that5 means trended correct direction for those participants that
reported SA vs those who did not, and for those whoreported SA vs those who did not, and for those who
received treatment for SA vs. those who did not.received treatment for SA vs. those who did not.
3 out of five means trended in the correct direction for those3 out of five means trended in the correct direction for those
with a history of SA vs. those without.with a history of SA vs. those without.
27. Marital StatusMarital Status
38% were married38% were married
24% were divorced or separated24% were divorced or separated
28% were never married28% were never married
10% widowed10% widowed
28. EducationEducation
34% have some High School34% have some High School
10% have a High School/GED10% have a High School/GED
32% have a some college32% have a some college
10% have their Associates Degree10% have their Associates Degree
4% have their Bachelors Degree4% have their Bachelors Degree
10% have their Graduates Degree10% have their Graduates Degree
30. SpiritualitySpirituality
32% are Christian32% are Christian
4% are Buddhist4% are Buddhist
4% are Muslim4% are Muslim
4% are Hindu4% are Hindu
4% are A follower of another religion4% are A follower of another religion
34% are Not religious but still spiritual34% are Not religious but still spiritual
6% are Agnostic6% are Agnostic
12% are Atheist12% are Atheist
31. MANOVAsMANOVAs
Three MANOVAs were run to analyze the three predictiveThree MANOVAs were run to analyze the three predictive
factors in relation to five outcome measures. Of the threefactors in relation to five outcome measures. Of the three
MANOVAs only one reached statistical significance, such thatMANOVAs only one reached statistical significance, such that
having received treatment for sexual abuse was related overall tohaving received treatment for sexual abuse was related overall to
the five outcome measures, which included age of first drug use,the five outcome measures, which included age of first drug use,
total number of drugs used, age of first crime, age of firsttotal number of drugs used, age of first crime, age of first
incarceration, and total prison time.incarceration, and total prison time.
32. MANOVAsMANOVAs
The outcomes for the five measurements in relation toThe outcomes for the five measurements in relation to
treatment vs. no-treatment received, for all five the meanstreatment vs. no-treatment received, for all five the means
trended in the hypothesized direction, such that those who didtrended in the hypothesized direction, such that those who did
not receive treatment for sexual abuse had a lower age of firstnot receive treatment for sexual abuse had a lower age of first
drug use, used more drugs, had a lower age of first crime, had adrug use, used more drugs, had a lower age of first crime, had a
lower age of first incarceration, and reported longer total prisonlower age of first incarceration, and reported longer total prison
time. The age of first crime was itself significantly differenttime. The age of first crime was itself significantly different
between those who received treatment for sex abuse and thosebetween those who received treatment for sex abuse and those
who did not.who did not.
Two out of three MANOVAs failed to reach significance moreTwo out of three MANOVAs failed to reach significance more
than likely do to the low number of participants. and otherthan likely do to the low number of participants. and other
limitations for the study. Because of this factor the means werelimitations for the study. Because of this factor the means were
analyzedanalyzed post hocpost hoc using a Chi squareusing a Chi square
33. Chi Square Results:Chi Square Results:
Of the 15 comparisons, 13 trended in the correctOf the 15 comparisons, 13 trended in the correct
direction. A 2 x 1 Chi square on these trend datadirection. A 2 x 1 Chi square on these trend data
suggests that the proportion of endorsements in linesuggests that the proportion of endorsements in line
with the hypotheses is statistically significantly differentwith the hypotheses is statistically significantly different
from chance;from chance; XX22
= 4.66,= 4.66, dfdf = 1,= 1, pp < .05. In particular, all< .05. In particular, all
five means trended in the correct direction for thosefive means trended in the correct direction for those
who reported their sexual abuse vs. those who did not,who reported their sexual abuse vs. those who did not,
and for those who received treatment for their sexualand for those who received treatment for their sexual
abuse vs. those who did not. Only three of five meansabuse vs. those who did not. Only three of five means
trended in the correct direction for those with a historytrended in the correct direction for those with a history
of sexual abuse vs. those without such a history.of sexual abuse vs. those without such a history.
34. TablesTables
Outcome Measures by History of Sexual AbuseOutcome Measures by History of Sexual Abuse
MeasureMeasure No CSA/ASANo CSA/ASA CSA/ASACSA/ASA FF(1,48)(1,48)
((nn = 12)= 12) ((nn = 38)= 38)
Age of 1Age of 1stst
Drug UseDrug Use
15.25 (4.35) 18.89 (15.15) 0.6315.25 (4.35) 18.89 (15.15) 0.63
Total # Drugs UsedTotal # Drugs Used
3.08 (3.03) 3.82 (2.71) 0.433.08 (3.03) 3.82 (2.71) 0.43
Age 1Age 1stst
CrimeCrime
19.50 (6.76) 20.68 (13.08) 0.8819.50 (6.76) 20.68 (13.08) 0.88
Age 1Age 1stst
IncarcerationIncarceration
23.00 (8.02) 22.78 (13.49) 0.6723.00 (8.02) 22.78 (13.49) 0.67
Total Prison TimeTotal Prison Time
2.75 (2.45) 3.66 (2.89) 0.332.75 (2.45) 3.66 (2.89) 0.33
Wilks’ Lamba = 0.90,Wilks’ Lamba = 0.90, FF(5,44) = 1.01,(5,44) = 1.01, pp = .43= .43
35. TablesTables
Outcome Measures by Sexual Abuse ReportingOutcome Measures by Sexual Abuse Reporting
MeasureMeasure Did Not Reported Sex AbuseDid Not Reported Sex Abuse Reported Sex AbuseReported Sex Abuse FF(1,48)(1,48)
((nn = 42)= 42) ((nn = 8)= 8)
Age of 1Age of 1stst
Drug UseDrug Use
16.85 (11.15) 24.13 (12.92) 0.9616.85 (11.15) 24.13 (12.92) 0.96
Total # Drugs UsedTotal # Drugs Used
3.74 (2.93) 3.13 (1.81) 0.323.74 (2.93) 3.13 (1.81) 0.32
Age 1Age 1stst
CrimeCrime
19.21 (9.80) 26.63 (19.06) 1.7919.21 (9.80) 26.63 (19.06) 1.79
Age 1Age 1stst
IncarcerationIncarceration
21.73 (9.99) 28.63 (20.79) 0.6421.73 (9.99) 28.63 (20.79) 0.64
Total Prison TimeTotal Prison Time
4.00 (3.42) 3.33 (2.69) 0.384.00 (3.42) 3.33 (2.69) 0.38
Wilks’ Lamba = 0.94,Wilks’ Lamba = 0.94, FF(6,43) = 0.53,(6,43) = 0.53, pp = .75.= .75.
36. TablesTables
Outcome Measures by Sex Abuse TreatmentOutcome Measures by Sex Abuse Treatment
MeasureMeasure No TreatmentNo Treatment TreatmentTreatment FF(1,48)(1,48)
((nn = 40)= 40) ((nn = 10)= 10)
Age of 1Age of 1stst
Drug UseDrug Use
16.40 (11.46) 24.45 (18.78) 2.9716.40 (11.46) 24.45 (18.78) 2.97
Total # Drugs UsedTotal # Drugs Used
3.8 3 (2.94) 2.90 (1.91) 0.893.8 3 (2.94) 2.90 (1.91) 0.89
Age 1Age 1stst
CrimeCrime
18.70 (10.09) 27.20 (15.99) 3.86*18.70 (10.09) 27.20 (15.99) 3.86*
Age 1Age 1stst
IncarcerationIncarceration
21.48 (10.14) 28.25 (18.43) 1.5621.48 (10.14) 28.25 (18.43) 1.56
Total Prison TimeTotal Prison Time
3.60 (2.68) 3.40 (3.37) 0.403.60 (2.68) 3.40 (3.37) 0.40
Wilks’ Lamba = 0.90,Wilks’ Lamba = 0.90, FF(5,44) = 1.01,(5,44) = 1.01, pp = .42. *= .42. *pp < .05< .05
37. DiscussionDiscussion
The study shows a link between CSA and the early start of drugThe study shows a link between CSA and the early start of drug
use, which causes a host of problems itself; yet combining theseuse, which causes a host of problems itself; yet combining these
life experiences increases the downward spiral of a victim’s life.life experiences increases the downward spiral of a victim’s life.
Sexual abuse has social stigma attached to it, leading manySexual abuse has social stigma attached to it, leading many
victims to be ashamed. The more victims know their abuser, thevictims to be ashamed. The more victims know their abuser, the
more stress and self-blame occur, making the likelihood ofmore stress and self-blame occur, making the likelihood of
reporting the crime dim. A host of mental illnesses, includingreporting the crime dim. A host of mental illnesses, including
PTSD and depression, often arise and cause more problems forPTSD and depression, often arise and cause more problems for
these victims. Self-medicating with drugs to feel numb and forgetthese victims. Self-medicating with drugs to feel numb and forget
the pain that was inflicted upon them leads to more problems inthe pain that was inflicted upon them leads to more problems in
the long run.the long run.
38. DiscussionDiscussion
Drugs clearly lead to crime and crime has landed theseDrugs clearly lead to crime and crime has landed these
participants behind bars. This study demonstrates thatparticipants behind bars. This study demonstrates that
unreported sexual abuse, and untreated sexual abuse, bothunreported sexual abuse, and untreated sexual abuse, both
appear to lead to greater and earlier drug use, earlier crime, andappear to lead to greater and earlier drug use, earlier crime, and
more time in prison. These relationships support the causalmore time in prison. These relationships support the causal
pathways described at the beginning of this study, namely, thatpathways described at the beginning of this study, namely, that
CSA leads to drug use, which leads to crime and imprisonment.CSA leads to drug use, which leads to crime and imprisonment.
Thus, it may be important to consider treating women withThus, it may be important to consider treating women with
CSA/ASA not only for their addiction issues, but also for theirCSA/ASA not only for their addiction issues, but also for their
sexual abuse, since this appears to be in many cases the ultimatesexual abuse, since this appears to be in many cases the ultimate
cause of a series of dysfunctional behaviors that compromise lifecause of a series of dysfunctional behaviors that compromise life
optionsoptions
39. DiscussionDiscussion
The findings suggest that a change may need to occur in the wayThe findings suggest that a change may need to occur in the way
women are screened in mental health and doctor offices, and inwomen are screened in mental health and doctor offices, and in
the court system, since many are reporting that they are notthe court system, since many are reporting that they are not
voluntarily disclosing their histories of sexual abuse. A simplevoluntarily disclosing their histories of sexual abuse. A simple
added question to normal intake paperwork might actually save aadded question to normal intake paperwork might actually save a
victim from a life full of heartache by precipitating neededvictim from a life full of heartache by precipitating needed
treatment for the core issue of sexual abuse.treatment for the core issue of sexual abuse.
40. ConclusionConclusion
This study hypothesized that there is a link betweenThis study hypothesized that there is a link between
substance abuse, crime, and SAsubstance abuse, crime, and SA
Therefore, we asked:Therefore, we asked:
Does untreated CSA/ASA lead to earlier and moreDoes untreated CSA/ASA lead to earlier and more
severe drugs abuse and criminality?severe drugs abuse and criminality?
Results suggest that this hypothesis has been amplyResults suggest that this hypothesis has been amply
confirmed.confirmed.
41. LimitationsLimitations
The questionnaire used was developedThe questionnaire used was developed
specifically for this study, and thus no reliabilityspecifically for this study, and thus no reliability
of validity data exist for it.of validity data exist for it.
Small sample size of 50Small sample size of 50
Uneven cell distributionsUneven cell distributions
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46. Thank you forThank you for
attending!attending!
Lillian Rosell IrwinLillian Rosell Irwin
Masters of Psychology ProgramMasters of Psychology Program
Kaplan UniversityKaplan University
Lillianirwin@live.comLillianirwin@live.com