This document outlines the process of water sampling and monitoring. It discusses the definitions of monitoring, survey and surveillance. Water quality monitoring involves 8 steps: setting objectives, assessing resources, conducting a reconnaissance survey, designing a network, sampling, laboratory work, data management, and quality assurance. Sampling involves representative sampling, field testing, sample preservation and transport. Laboratory work includes physical, chemical, microbiological and biological analysis. Data management covers storage, analysis, presentation and reporting. Quality assurance ensures reliable data through quality control and analytical quality control.

1. WATER SAMPLING
& MONITORING
-ASHISH UPADHYAYA
M Tech (Env. Sc. & Engg) 1st
Sem.
Env. Chem. & Microbiology

2. DEFINATION
MONITORING:
continuous surveillance undertaken to fulfil set
of objectives
SURVEY:
short term observation(s) on water quality (in
present context) to fulfil definite objective(s);
Surveillance:
a continued programme of surveys
systematically undertaken to provide a series
of observations in definite time period

3. WHY MONITORING?
• To check quality
• To watch, observe or check,
especially for a special purpose,
• To keep track of, regulate or
control

4. WATER QUALITY MONITORING
INVOLVES 8 STEPS
• Setting Water Quality Monitoring Objectives
• Assessment of Resources Availability
• Reconnaissance Survey
• Network Design
• Sampling
• Laboratory Work
• Data Management
• Quality Assurance

5. STEP-1 SETTING WATER QUALITY
MONITORING OBJECTIVES
Everybody of the programme
team should be fully aware of
the objectives, methodology,
quality assurance, data
validation and other aspects.

6. STEP-2 ASSESSMENT OF
RESOURCES AVAILABILITY
• Laboratory facilities and equipment
• Transport for sampling
• Trained Manpower – adequate
number and competence
• Funds for operation and
maintenance of laboratory

7. STEP-3 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
• Location Map of the area
• Background information on water body
• Human activities around the water body like
mass bathing, melon farming,
• Identification of Potential polluting sources
• Water quantity and uses
• Hydrological information
• Water flow regulation

8. STEP-4 NETWORK DESIGN
• Selection of sampling locations
• Optimum number of locations
• Parameters to be measured
• Frequency of sampling
• Component to be samples – water,
sediment or biota

11. STEP-5 SAMPLING
• Representative sampling
• Field testing
• Sample preservation and
transport

12. FIELD ANALYSIS
Measurements of colour, odour,
temperature, electrical conductivity,
pH and dissolved oxygen are
considered to be 'Field
Determinations' and should be made
as soon as possible after collecting a
sample

13. Sampling devices
• Water
• Bottle – Surface water sampling
• Sampler – Deep water Sampling
• Pumping – Desired volume & time
• Sediment
• Coring
• Grabbing
• Other
• Biota
• Active methods
• Passive Methods

14. Sampling devices...
• Nets. Hand nets with various mesh sizes
• Suction samplers
• Colonization samplers like baskets filled with
various substrates (e.g. bricks)
• Collection by hand is an easy and valuable
technique, especially for sessile organisms
(molluscs, water plants) or floating species

15. STEP-6 LABORATORY WORK
• Laboratory procedures
• Physical, chemical analysis
• Microbiological and biological
analysis

17. STEP-7 DATA MANAGEMENT
• Storage
• Statistical analysis
• Presentation
• Interpretation
• Reporting

18. STEP-8 QUALITY ASSURANCE
• Production of reliable data
• Quality control
• Internal AQC (Analytical Quality
Control)
• External AQC