Microbiology
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This document discusses ocular pharmacology from JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital in Pokhara, Nepal. It covers ocular microbiology including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It then discusses various classes of antibiotics that are bactericidal or bacteriostatic. The document outlines commonly used eye medications including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiallergies, artificial tears, and others. It also discusses complications from long-term steroid use.
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This document analyzes prescription habits of pediatricians in India for various respiratory medications. It finds that cough is the most prevalent childhood illness, with bronchodilators being the most commonly prescribed molecule. Pediatricians prefer flavors like mint and mixed fruits for cough preparations. Nasal decongestants make up 88% of prescriptions for nasal congestion, with xylometazoline being the leading molecule. Respules are prescribed routinely by 30% of doctors, with salbutamol/levosalbutamol being the preferred molecule for nebulization. The document provides market share data for leading respiratory medication brands prescribed by pediatricians.
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Antoine Cuer, Joe-Loïc Kodja, Arthur Lefebvre, Florian Licari, Robin Louvet, Anil Narassiguin
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Department of Technology for Biology and Healthcare, CEA-LETI MINATEC, 17 avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France.
Antoine Cuer, Joe-Loïc Kodja, Arthur Lefebvre, Florian Licari, Robin Louvet, Anil Narassiguin
These authors contributed equally to this work.
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Ocular drug delivery aims to administer drugs to the eye, which can target either the anterior (front) or posterior (back) segments. Traditional eye drops lack bioavailability and patient compliance. Recent advances in ocular drug delivery include polymers, nanoparticles, liposomes, and ocular inserts. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness where intraocular pressure increases, damaging the optic nerve. Current glaucoma treatments include prostaglandins, beta-blockers, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. New areas of research are investigating sustained release inserts, dendrimers, travoprost extended release, gene therapy, and continuous monitoring devices to better treat glaucoma.
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This document discusses various classes of antibiotics including their definitions, mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, and examples. It covers cell wall synthesis inhibitors like penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, and carbapenems. It also discusses protein synthesis inhibitors including aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, chloramphenicol, and clindamycin. Each class is described in terms of its mechanism, examples, indications, and side effects. The document provides a comprehensive overview of different antibiotic classes.
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This document discusses optometry as a profession in Nepal. It provides information on:
1) Optometrists in Nepal, who are graduates with a Bachelor of Optometry degree and provide eye care services including refraction, low vision rehabilitation, and eye disease management and referral.
2) The scope of optometry in Nepal, which involves primary, secondary, and tertiary eye care services across settings like community vision centers and hospitals.
3) The development of optometry education in Nepal, which began in 1998 and now has 66 graduated optometrists, many of whom work in eye care facilities or have private practices.
chandrakant
Chandrakant Roy has over 10 years of experience in clinical research as a research associate, clinical trial assistant, and clinical research coordinator. He has worked on Phase III and Phase IV clinical trials across various therapeutic areas. Mr. Roy holds an M.Sc. in Biomedical Sciences and a post-graduate diploma in clinical research. He is proficient in ICH GCP guidelines and has experience in clinical data management, monitoring, and pharmacovigilance activities. Currently, he works as a research associate at Quest Care Pvt Ltd conducting BA/BE studies.
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Contents:
1. Need of AST
2. Bacterial Resistance
3. Preperation of test: selection of antibiotic and bacteria
4. Types of tests
5. Process of tests
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Iris Pharma is a contract research organization specializing in ophthalmology. It provides a range of preclinical and clinical services to support drug development, including proof of concept studies, GLP toxicology studies, ocular pharmacokinetics, bioanalytical testing, clinical trials management, and regulatory consulting. Iris Pharma has over 30 years of experience in ophthalmic drug development and conducts research at its facilities in France and through partnerships worldwide.
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Primary eye care
This document discusses primary eye care (PEC) and its importance as a component of primary health care. PEC aims to change eye care services from being limited to hospitals in cities to countrywide blindness prevention programs. It describes the elements of primary health care that relate to PEC, such as immunization, control of endemic diseases, and provision of essential drugs like tetracycline eye ointment. The document also outlines the goals, components, and workers involved in comprehensive eye care delivered at the community level to make services universally accessible.
Prevention of blindness
This document discusses community ophthalmology and the prevention of blindness. It describes community ophthalmology as a shift from individualized eye care to a community-directed approach aimed at improving overall ocular health. Both hospital-based and community-based services are essential. The document also discusses defining and determining the magnitude of blindness, its leading causes globally and in Nepal, and approaches to control blindness through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention activities.
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Microbiology
- 1. JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Ocular Pharmacology J.B.Chand DCEHJ.B.Chand DCEH Himalaya Eye HospitalHimalaya Eye Hospital Pokhara, NepalPokhara, Nepal
- 2. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 2 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Ocular Microbiology • Bacteria – Cocci • Gram Positive Cocci – Staphylococi, Streptococi, Pneumococi • Gram Negative Cocci – Neisseria gonococus, meningococus – Bacilli • Gram positive bacilli – Corni bacteria, Myco bacterium • Gram negative bacilli – Pseudomonas, Haemophilus, Moraxella
- 3. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 3 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Ocular Microbiology • Virus – DNA virus – Mostly herpes (simplex and zoster), varicella, cytomegalo, Adeno virus, variolla and vaccinia – RNA virus – Picorna, Measles, Mumps, Rubella • Fungus – Candida, Aspergillus and fusarium, Rhinosporidium
- 4. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 4 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Bactericidal ( Kills Bacteria ) • Penicillin Group: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Cloxacillin • Glycocide Group: Gentamycin, Neomycin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin, Fraymycitin • Qunolones Group: Oflaxacin • Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin • Cefalosporin Group: Cefazolin
- 5. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 5 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Bacteriostatic (stop bacterial growth) • Chloramphinicol. • Sulfa Group : – Sulfonamide – Sulphamethoxazole • Tetracycline Group: – Oxytetracyclin – Doxycycline – Aeuromycin – Terramycin
- 6. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 6 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Pharmacology • Commonly available eye medicine and their indications • Antibiotic – Chloramphenicol: Broad Spectrum available in the form of Topical Drop and Ointment – Tetracycline: Broad spectrum choice of drug for Chalamydia available in the form of Ointment only
- 7. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 7 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Antibiotic contd. – Gentamycine: More effective for Gram Negative availale in the form of Topical drop and ointment. – Tobramycine: More effective for Gram negative available in the form of Topical drop and ointment
- 8. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 8 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Antibiotic contd. • Quinolone – Ofloaxicine, Ciprofroxacine, Norfloxacine – Ciprofloxacin easily available– Broad Spectrum, Available in the form of Topical drop and ointment • Sulfonamides – Broad spectrum • Penicillin – Broad spectrum except (Staphylococcus)
- 9. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 9 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Ocular Pharmacology • Antiviral – Acyclovir - Ointment – Iodoxuridine - Drops – Triflurothymidine – Drops and Ointment • Antifungal – Fluconazole - Drops – Clotrimazole – Skin Ointment – Natamycine - Drops – Miconazole - Ointments – Amphotercin B - Ointments
- 10. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 10 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Pharmacology • Antiallergy – Sodium chromoglycate - Drops – Phenil - Drops • Artificial Tear – Moisol – Drops Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose – Tear plus - Drops – Tear natural - Drops
- 11. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 11 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Pharmacology • Mydriatic and Cycloplegic – Atropine – Drop and Ointment – Homatropine - Drops – Cyclopentolate - Drops – Tropicamide - Drops – Phenylephrine - Drops
- 12. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 12 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Pharmacology • Miotic or Antiglaucoma – Pilocarpine - Drops – Timolol - Drops – Acetazolamide - Tabs – Glycerene – Oral 1 to 1.5 Gram per kg body weight of 50 % solution – Manitol – IV Infusion 0.5 to 1.5 g per kg body weight (Available in 20 % solution)
- 13. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 13 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Pharmacology • Non steroid anti-inflammatory NSAID – Flurbiprofen - Drops – Diclofenac - Drops • Steroid – Betamethasone - Drops – Dexamethasone – Drops and Ointment – Hydrocortison – Drops and Ontment – Prednisolone – Drop and Ointments – Flurmetholone - Drops – Cortison - Oitments
- 14. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 14 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Complication of steroid • Systemic complication –Peptic Ulcer –Osteoporosis –Femoral head ischemic necrosis –Exophthalmos –Teratogenic effect
- 15. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 15 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC Complication of Steroid • Local complication –Infection activation (viral, tuberculosis) –Glaucoma –Cataract –Corneal Perforation –Corneal thickness –Retinopathy –Hypersensitivity
- 16. June 28, 2014 Ocular Pharmacology 16 JBCHimalaya Eye Hospital, Pokhara JBC