This document summarizes a finite element analysis of spur gear teeth. It describes building FE models in ANSYS to analyze how varying the tip radius and tooth width affects stresses at the root and mating surfaces of gear teeth. Results from the FE models are compared to stresses calculated using Lewis's bending stress equation and the AGMA gear design standard. Stress concentrations are highest at the root of gear teeth. Varying the number of teeth changes the diametral pitch and impacts the bending stresses.
Analysis of Crack Severity on Power Density Increment of GearsIDES Editor
Helical gears are commonly used in industry as
they have advantages of higher power density, quieter
operation etc., compared to spur gears. Conventional gear
design is based on various design criteria, including durability
and bending strength load rating. In recent times, fracture
failure modes are gaining importance in addition to
conventional failure modes. Stresses due to operating fatigue
loads and internal residual stresses can cause fatigue fracture
failure on the surface, sub-surface of gear flanks or at tooth
root of gears. During gear design, various parameters are
optimized, and one such parameter is the helix angle that is
optimized for power density and gear noise. However, effect of
possible defects (voids and inclusions) in the gear tooth is not
usually considered in these calculations. This paper is a study
on severity of defects in a gear blank relative to power density
increment. Three different gear geometries (spur and helical
gears with two different helix angles) each with similar defects
are considered. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to
analyze Tooth Interior Fracture (TIF), and study variation of
Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) with crack size and helix angle.
It is seen that power density increment of a common gear
blank through helix angle increment poses a higher risk of
crack severity, as the same gear blank is exposed to higher
operating loads.
This document analyzes stress relief features for reducing stresses at the root of spur gear teeth. It summarizes previous research on gear stresses and stress relief methods. A finite element analysis is conducted to evaluate stresses in a spur gear model with different stress relief feature configurations, including circular holes of varying size and location. The analysis found that two circular holes located at specific positions provided the greatest stress reduction of up to 15%, minimizing stresses at the root to increase fatigue life. Introducing multiple optimized stress relief features through computational modeling is an effective way to reduce gear tooth stresses and failure.
A Review Paper on Design and Analysis of Helical Gear Using ANSYS, FEM & AGMA...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on analyzing the strength of helical gear teeth. It summarizes 6 research papers that used theoretical, analytical and finite element methods to calculate bending and contact stresses on helical gear teeth. The studies found that finite element analysis results aligned closely with theoretical values. Key factors analyzed included varying helix angle, face width, pressure angle and material. Increased helix angle and decreased face width were found to increase contact stress. Finite element analysis was found to provide a more accurate model than theoretical equations by considering a continuous load rather than a single point load.
Objective function to Optimize Bending Stress at Critical Section of Asymmetr...IOSR Journals
Main objective of this paper is to optimize Bending stress at critical section, which is most important
parameter in gear design. It must be low as low possible. Bending Stress optimize by all affected Parameters of
asymmetric spur gear tooth at critical section of tooth. Objective function for bending stress at critical section
has been developed to minimize/optimize bending stress at critical section thickness of asymmetric spur gear
tooth. A programme has been developed in SciLab software with help of developed objective function to
optimize the bending stress at critical section of an asymmetric spur gear. Result obtains from SciLab
programme compared to ANSYS software and give comment on validation of developed objective function
Probabilistic Design of Helical Coil Spring for Longitudinal Invariance by Us...IJERA Editor
The study represents new approach to design helical coil spring. Response surface modeling and analysis of open coiled helical spring by considering longitudinal and invariance have been carried out. Design parameters are wire diameter, spring diameter, height, number of turns elastic modulus in X and Z direction, poissions ratio, force. Simple equations is proposed which gives value of compressive stress of helical coil spring by carrying out regression analysis. It is observed that force and material property are significant parameters which affect compressive stress because their P value is 1. Relationship among design parameters and compressive stress has been obtained.
Probability of Failure of Column and Beam in Steel Structure due to Plan Irre...IRJET Journal
The document discusses assessing the probability of failure of columns and beams in steel structures due to plan irregularities. It describes generating load and resistance statistics by applying variations to parameters like concrete strength, live loads, member sizes, and heights using Monte Carlo simulation. Analysis was conducted on a 2-story steel frame building model in ETABS to determine member forces, from which failure probabilities were calculated following probabilistic modeling in MATLAB. The objective was to evaluate the safety levels ensured by the probabilistic design methodology in IS 800-2007.
IRJET-Analysis of Load Factors and Modes of Failure on Spur GearIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the load factors and modes of failure in spur gears. A finite element analysis is conducted to determine the load distribution factor in AGMA formulas for spur gears with different shaft misalignments. The 3D gear model is imported into ANSYS to calculate maximum bending and contact stresses using FEA. The results are then compared to analytical calculations to estimate the load distribution factor. Key factors influencing bending stress on gear teeth are also considered, including load distribution, stress concentration, and external factors.
The document discusses gear strength analysis and design. It summarizes the Lewis equation for bending stress in gears and its limitations. It then introduces the AGMA gear stress equation which modifies the Lewis equation to better account for factors like radial forces, stress concentrations, and multiple teeth in contact. It also discusses factors for velocity, overload, size, and others. The document further discusses surface stresses and wear between gear teeth. It provides the AGMA equation for surface (contact) stress. Finally, it outlines the design process using the bending and surface strength equations along with material properties and factors.
Analysis of Crack Severity on Power Density Increment of GearsIDES Editor
Helical gears are commonly used in industry as
they have advantages of higher power density, quieter
operation etc., compared to spur gears. Conventional gear
design is based on various design criteria, including durability
and bending strength load rating. In recent times, fracture
failure modes are gaining importance in addition to
conventional failure modes. Stresses due to operating fatigue
loads and internal residual stresses can cause fatigue fracture
failure on the surface, sub-surface of gear flanks or at tooth
root of gears. During gear design, various parameters are
optimized, and one such parameter is the helix angle that is
optimized for power density and gear noise. However, effect of
possible defects (voids and inclusions) in the gear tooth is not
usually considered in these calculations. This paper is a study
on severity of defects in a gear blank relative to power density
increment. Three different gear geometries (spur and helical
gears with two different helix angles) each with similar defects
are considered. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to
analyze Tooth Interior Fracture (TIF), and study variation of
Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) with crack size and helix angle.
It is seen that power density increment of a common gear
blank through helix angle increment poses a higher risk of
crack severity, as the same gear blank is exposed to higher
operating loads.
This document analyzes stress relief features for reducing stresses at the root of spur gear teeth. It summarizes previous research on gear stresses and stress relief methods. A finite element analysis is conducted to evaluate stresses in a spur gear model with different stress relief feature configurations, including circular holes of varying size and location. The analysis found that two circular holes located at specific positions provided the greatest stress reduction of up to 15%, minimizing stresses at the root to increase fatigue life. Introducing multiple optimized stress relief features through computational modeling is an effective way to reduce gear tooth stresses and failure.
A Review Paper on Design and Analysis of Helical Gear Using ANSYS, FEM & AGMA...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on analyzing the strength of helical gear teeth. It summarizes 6 research papers that used theoretical, analytical and finite element methods to calculate bending and contact stresses on helical gear teeth. The studies found that finite element analysis results aligned closely with theoretical values. Key factors analyzed included varying helix angle, face width, pressure angle and material. Increased helix angle and decreased face width were found to increase contact stress. Finite element analysis was found to provide a more accurate model than theoretical equations by considering a continuous load rather than a single point load.
Objective function to Optimize Bending Stress at Critical Section of Asymmetr...IOSR Journals
Main objective of this paper is to optimize Bending stress at critical section, which is most important
parameter in gear design. It must be low as low possible. Bending Stress optimize by all affected Parameters of
asymmetric spur gear tooth at critical section of tooth. Objective function for bending stress at critical section
has been developed to minimize/optimize bending stress at critical section thickness of asymmetric spur gear
tooth. A programme has been developed in SciLab software with help of developed objective function to
optimize the bending stress at critical section of an asymmetric spur gear. Result obtains from SciLab
programme compared to ANSYS software and give comment on validation of developed objective function
Probabilistic Design of Helical Coil Spring for Longitudinal Invariance by Us...IJERA Editor
The study represents new approach to design helical coil spring. Response surface modeling and analysis of open coiled helical spring by considering longitudinal and invariance have been carried out. Design parameters are wire diameter, spring diameter, height, number of turns elastic modulus in X and Z direction, poissions ratio, force. Simple equations is proposed which gives value of compressive stress of helical coil spring by carrying out regression analysis. It is observed that force and material property are significant parameters which affect compressive stress because their P value is 1. Relationship among design parameters and compressive stress has been obtained.
Probability of Failure of Column and Beam in Steel Structure due to Plan Irre...IRJET Journal
The document discusses assessing the probability of failure of columns and beams in steel structures due to plan irregularities. It describes generating load and resistance statistics by applying variations to parameters like concrete strength, live loads, member sizes, and heights using Monte Carlo simulation. Analysis was conducted on a 2-story steel frame building model in ETABS to determine member forces, from which failure probabilities were calculated following probabilistic modeling in MATLAB. The objective was to evaluate the safety levels ensured by the probabilistic design methodology in IS 800-2007.
IRJET-Analysis of Load Factors and Modes of Failure on Spur GearIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the load factors and modes of failure in spur gears. A finite element analysis is conducted to determine the load distribution factor in AGMA formulas for spur gears with different shaft misalignments. The 3D gear model is imported into ANSYS to calculate maximum bending and contact stresses using FEA. The results are then compared to analytical calculations to estimate the load distribution factor. Key factors influencing bending stress on gear teeth are also considered, including load distribution, stress concentration, and external factors.
The document discusses gear strength analysis and design. It summarizes the Lewis equation for bending stress in gears and its limitations. It then introduces the AGMA gear stress equation which modifies the Lewis equation to better account for factors like radial forces, stress concentrations, and multiple teeth in contact. It also discusses factors for velocity, overload, size, and others. The document further discusses surface stresses and wear between gear teeth. It provides the AGMA equation for surface (contact) stress. Finally, it outlines the design process using the bending and surface strength equations along with material properties and factors.
The document discusses stress analysis of spur gear teeth and methods to reduce stress using geometric features. It begins with an introduction to gears and gear terminology. It then discusses fatigue failure in gears and how to design against fatigue. The document presents four studies on spur gear models with varying module and number of teeth. The first study analyzes stress variation along the tooth contact path. The second considers actual contact ratio greater than one. The third compares stress for different gear models. The final study selected the weakest gear profile for further stress relief analysis using geometric features like holes. The goal is to investigate how features can reduce stress concentrations and increase gear life.
PERFORMANCE OF STRIP FOOTINGS ON SLOPE REINFORCED WITH INCLINED PILEIAEME Publication
The footing that placed on slope surface results in decreasing the bearing capacity of soil. The pile reinforcing the slope may affect the bearing capacity of footing and factor of safety of slope. The piles installed within the slope mechanically provide a resistance to slope system along the failure surface. The present work was focused on the analysis of strip footing behavior on slope with and without pile using a finite element software PLAXIS 2D. The various parameters considered for present work includes location of pile from slope crest, inclination of pile, effect of pile length and effect of width of load. The results indicated that stabilizing pile has a significant effect in improving the bearing capacity and factor of safety of slope. The bearing capacity of footing was found to be maximum when slope was reinforced by pile at crest. For smaller width of strip, the factor of safety of slope was maximum when pile is placed at crest while for larger width the pile location at 0.5 horizontal widths of slope gave maximum factor of safety.
1. The document summarizes recent research on gears and bearings, covering topics such as gearbox power loss, tooth stress calculation methods for spur and helical gears, mesh stiffness calculation methods, remanufacturing of large-sized skew bevel gears, dynamic analysis of marine gearboxes with crossed beveloid gears, wear behavior of machine cut polymer gears, spatial curve meshing applied to logarithmic spiral bevel gears, torque loss and wear testing of gear oils with ionic liquid additives, and improved models for calculating time-varying mesh stiffness of cracked spur gears.
2. Various analytical methods and experimental studies on gear and bearing performance, dynamics, contact stresses, mesh stiffness calculation, manufacturing techniques, and
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Damage tolerance study of honeycomb sandwich structureeSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite materials are essential component in today’s modern world. Structural sandwich construction is one of the first form of composite structures. In this study honeycomb sandwich structure which is a peculiar type of composite structure was investigated for crashworthiness. They are manmade structures with a honeycomb geometry. It consists of three elements ; Top face sheet, Core, Bottom face sheet. They are widely used in aerospace industry, marine, rail, automotive industry, in construction field as prefabricated partition walls, mezzanine floor, doors etc. The main objective of this study was to assess the damage tolerance of honeycomb sandwich structure based on serviceability and safety of the structure ie. to understand ability of structure to sustain defects safely until repair/replacement is performed. Damage tolerance study was performed to know with how much load this structure would safely withstand and also to know till how much load this structure would be made serviceable, if a damage is caused to it. Investigations were performed on both damaged and undamaged specimens by conducting. Four point bending flexure test and Edgewise compression test based on ASTM standards. Also finite element modeling of honeycomb sandwich structure was developed and analysis of the two experiments were performed in Ansys. Ultimate load, tensile and compressive stress values etc. obtained from the two experiments were compared for both damaged and undamaged specimen. Based on the results obtained it could be inferred that the load carrying capacity of honeycomb sandwich structure reduces, if a damage is caused to it but can perform its duty with reduced efficiency.
Keywords: Honeycomb Sandwich, Crashworthiness, Four point bending and Edgewise compression.
The document describes three experiments measuring strain on different surfaces using strain gauges:
1) Measuring strain on an I-beam under varying loads, finding theoretical strain values match measured values. Principal strains are calculated.
2) Measuring strain on a torsional cylindrical rod, calculating principal strains.
3) Measuring combined bending and torsion strain on a circular shaft, calculating principal strains using Mohr's circle.
The experiments aim to observe and compare measured and theoretical strain values using strain gauges and analytical calculations.
Stress strain analysis of metals using UTM.Sandeep Gupta
This document summarizes a student project comparing the mechanical properties of brass, mild steel, and aluminum. The project objectives were to measure and graph properties like tensile strength, hardness, ductility, and Young's modulus. Tests were conducted and results were presented in tables and graphs. Key findings were that aluminum was the softest and most ductile, while mild steel had the highest strength. Applications of each material were also discussed.
This document provides an overview of tensile testing. It discusses tensile specimens, testing machines, stress-strain curves, and key mechanical properties measured by tensile tests such as strength, ductility, and elastic modulus. Tensile tests are used to select materials, ensure quality, compare new materials/processes, and predict behavior under other loads. Stress-strain curves are generated by applying tension to a specimen and recording the resulting force and elongation. Important aspects of the curves, like yield strength and plastic deformation, are defined.
This document provides details on the structure and content for a 10-page tensile test report analyzing collected data from destructive tensile testing of an aluminum sample. The report will include sections defining and calculating mechanical properties like proportional limit stress, yield point stress, ultimate tensile stress, breaking stress, modulus of elasticity, modulus of resilience, and modulus of toughness. Graphs and calculations of these properties will be presented along with pages for statistical process control data and summary calculations.
Design and Analysis of Auger in KAMCO Power Tillerinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Retraction mechanics in swa /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
IRJET- The Effect of Tooth Thickness on Root Stress of Internal Spur Gear Mec...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effect of tooth thickness on root stress in an internal spur gear mechanism using finite element analysis. The study found that by increasing the tooth thickness of the pinion gear and decreasing the thickness of the internal gear from the standard value of half the pitch, the maximum bending stresses in the two gears could be balanced. Specifically, a tooth thickness of 0.572 times the pitch for the pinion and 0.428 times the pitch for the internal gear resulted in approximately equal stresses of 47.3 MPa in both gears. This tooth thickness optimization also reduced the total weight of the gear mechanism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Effect of Overload on Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Air Frame StructureShishir Shetty
This document discusses the effect of overloads on fatigue crack growth behavior in aircraft structures. Finite element analysis was conducted on a segment of an aircraft fuselage to analyze stresses under pressurization loading. The maximum stress location was identified and a local analysis of the stiffened panel was performed. Crack growth calculations were done on the panel both with and without an overload to study its effect. The crack growth rate before and after an overload was calculated and compared to analyze the load interaction effect.
The main objective of this study is to
verification of stresses developed in cantilever beam. The
maximum stress is induced in the cantilever beam is at support
and failure of beam takes place at support .Hence in this work
evaluation of stresses in cantilever beam over a span is studied
using finite element method and strain gauge technique. The
stress and deflection analysis at different section is carried out.
The result of finite element method is verified with
experimental and analytical solution
This document discusses gear measurements and metrology. It defines key gear terminology such as pitch circle, pressure angle, addendum, dedendum, and circular pitch. It then describes methods for measuring gear concentricity using rollers or a projector. Alignment of individual teeth can be analyzed mathematically or through functional testing. Rolling gear tests using a Parkinson gear tester can efficiently measure variations in center distance to identify errors. Individual gear elements like tooth thickness are measured using methods like a gear tooth Vernier caliper or constant chord method.
The document proposes the design and development of a universal testing machine with a load capacity of 0.3kN. The applicants, Aashish Kholiya and Ravi Teja, are undergraduate students at IIT Ropar who are undertaking this project under the guidance of Dr. Dhiraj Mahajan. They plan to design components like the ball screw, base plate, select appropriate sensors and a stepper motor. Their objectives are to develop a low-cost machine with high accuracy. They have conducted preliminary work on component design and sensor selection. A work plan with timeline is also provided to complete the project in 6 months. If approved, the project will be executed at IIT Ropar.
This document discusses optimizing the structural configuration of a multi-story building by changing the position of shear walls. It analyzes four cases of different shear wall positions in a 10-story residential building with zero eccentricity between the mass and stiffness centers. The objectives are to study the STRUD software, validate it using an existing design, and compare the analysis and design data of the four shear wall position cases generated in STRUD. Previous studies on optimizing shear wall position and relevant code provisions are also reviewed.
This document summarizes research on scaling limits of CMOS devices and proposed structures to overcome these limits. It first discusses how quantum mechanical effects and short channel effects become problematic as devices are scaled down, limiting further scaling. It then reviews various structures proposed by other researchers, including fully depleted SOI MOSFETs with strained silicon channels, dual material gates, and gate-all-around structures. Finally, it proposes a new structure combining these elements: a fully depleted SOI gate-all-around MOSFET using a strained silicon channel and dual material gate to address scaling challenges while improving performance.
This document discusses optimization of boiler blowdown and blowdown heat recovery in the textile industry. It finds that 1.3% of total fuel is typically wasted through boiler blowdown. By installing an automatic blowdown system and a heat recovery system, up to 85% of the wasted fuel can be recovered. This reduces fuel costs and increases boiler efficiency. Recovering blowdown heat helps raise the temperature of feedwater entering the boiler, allowing up to a 1% reduction in fuel consumption. Proper optimization of blowdown and use of heat recovery systems can significantly improve energy efficiency in textile industry boiler operations.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an intelligent Bloom join filter approach for query optimization. The approach uses sets of Bloom filters to represent relations and joining attributes, with the goal of minimizing collisions and maximizing data reduction. Experiments show that applying multiple filters increases the percentage of data reduction for relations when processing queries. The approach constructs filters for each joining attribute and applies existing or new filters to relations to reduce their size. This helps optimize query execution by reducing processing costs, data transmission costs, and collisions during joins.
The document proposes and evaluates energy recovery flip-flops that operate with a single-phase sinusoidal clock to reduce power consumption. A resonant clock generator is designed to produce the sinusoidal clock signal. Simulations show the proposed flip-flops achieve over 80% delay reduction and 47% power reduction compared to conventional designs. An H-tree clock network distributes the sinusoidal clock signal. Total power savings of up to 80% are achieved compared to square wave clocking schemes. Clock gating is also proposed to further reduce power when the flip-flops are inactive.
The document discusses stress analysis of spur gear teeth and methods to reduce stress using geometric features. It begins with an introduction to gears and gear terminology. It then discusses fatigue failure in gears and how to design against fatigue. The document presents four studies on spur gear models with varying module and number of teeth. The first study analyzes stress variation along the tooth contact path. The second considers actual contact ratio greater than one. The third compares stress for different gear models. The final study selected the weakest gear profile for further stress relief analysis using geometric features like holes. The goal is to investigate how features can reduce stress concentrations and increase gear life.
PERFORMANCE OF STRIP FOOTINGS ON SLOPE REINFORCED WITH INCLINED PILEIAEME Publication
The footing that placed on slope surface results in decreasing the bearing capacity of soil. The pile reinforcing the slope may affect the bearing capacity of footing and factor of safety of slope. The piles installed within the slope mechanically provide a resistance to slope system along the failure surface. The present work was focused on the analysis of strip footing behavior on slope with and without pile using a finite element software PLAXIS 2D. The various parameters considered for present work includes location of pile from slope crest, inclination of pile, effect of pile length and effect of width of load. The results indicated that stabilizing pile has a significant effect in improving the bearing capacity and factor of safety of slope. The bearing capacity of footing was found to be maximum when slope was reinforced by pile at crest. For smaller width of strip, the factor of safety of slope was maximum when pile is placed at crest while for larger width the pile location at 0.5 horizontal widths of slope gave maximum factor of safety.
1. The document summarizes recent research on gears and bearings, covering topics such as gearbox power loss, tooth stress calculation methods for spur and helical gears, mesh stiffness calculation methods, remanufacturing of large-sized skew bevel gears, dynamic analysis of marine gearboxes with crossed beveloid gears, wear behavior of machine cut polymer gears, spatial curve meshing applied to logarithmic spiral bevel gears, torque loss and wear testing of gear oils with ionic liquid additives, and improved models for calculating time-varying mesh stiffness of cracked spur gears.
2. Various analytical methods and experimental studies on gear and bearing performance, dynamics, contact stresses, mesh stiffness calculation, manufacturing techniques, and
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Damage tolerance study of honeycomb sandwich structureeSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite materials are essential component in today’s modern world. Structural sandwich construction is one of the first form of composite structures. In this study honeycomb sandwich structure which is a peculiar type of composite structure was investigated for crashworthiness. They are manmade structures with a honeycomb geometry. It consists of three elements ; Top face sheet, Core, Bottom face sheet. They are widely used in aerospace industry, marine, rail, automotive industry, in construction field as prefabricated partition walls, mezzanine floor, doors etc. The main objective of this study was to assess the damage tolerance of honeycomb sandwich structure based on serviceability and safety of the structure ie. to understand ability of structure to sustain defects safely until repair/replacement is performed. Damage tolerance study was performed to know with how much load this structure would safely withstand and also to know till how much load this structure would be made serviceable, if a damage is caused to it. Investigations were performed on both damaged and undamaged specimens by conducting. Four point bending flexure test and Edgewise compression test based on ASTM standards. Also finite element modeling of honeycomb sandwich structure was developed and analysis of the two experiments were performed in Ansys. Ultimate load, tensile and compressive stress values etc. obtained from the two experiments were compared for both damaged and undamaged specimen. Based on the results obtained it could be inferred that the load carrying capacity of honeycomb sandwich structure reduces, if a damage is caused to it but can perform its duty with reduced efficiency.
Keywords: Honeycomb Sandwich, Crashworthiness, Four point bending and Edgewise compression.
The document describes three experiments measuring strain on different surfaces using strain gauges:
1) Measuring strain on an I-beam under varying loads, finding theoretical strain values match measured values. Principal strains are calculated.
2) Measuring strain on a torsional cylindrical rod, calculating principal strains.
3) Measuring combined bending and torsion strain on a circular shaft, calculating principal strains using Mohr's circle.
The experiments aim to observe and compare measured and theoretical strain values using strain gauges and analytical calculations.
Stress strain analysis of metals using UTM.Sandeep Gupta
This document summarizes a student project comparing the mechanical properties of brass, mild steel, and aluminum. The project objectives were to measure and graph properties like tensile strength, hardness, ductility, and Young's modulus. Tests were conducted and results were presented in tables and graphs. Key findings were that aluminum was the softest and most ductile, while mild steel had the highest strength. Applications of each material were also discussed.
This document provides an overview of tensile testing. It discusses tensile specimens, testing machines, stress-strain curves, and key mechanical properties measured by tensile tests such as strength, ductility, and elastic modulus. Tensile tests are used to select materials, ensure quality, compare new materials/processes, and predict behavior under other loads. Stress-strain curves are generated by applying tension to a specimen and recording the resulting force and elongation. Important aspects of the curves, like yield strength and plastic deformation, are defined.
This document provides details on the structure and content for a 10-page tensile test report analyzing collected data from destructive tensile testing of an aluminum sample. The report will include sections defining and calculating mechanical properties like proportional limit stress, yield point stress, ultimate tensile stress, breaking stress, modulus of elasticity, modulus of resilience, and modulus of toughness. Graphs and calculations of these properties will be presented along with pages for statistical process control data and summary calculations.
Design and Analysis of Auger in KAMCO Power Tillerinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Retraction mechanics in swa /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
IRJET- The Effect of Tooth Thickness on Root Stress of Internal Spur Gear Mec...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effect of tooth thickness on root stress in an internal spur gear mechanism using finite element analysis. The study found that by increasing the tooth thickness of the pinion gear and decreasing the thickness of the internal gear from the standard value of half the pitch, the maximum bending stresses in the two gears could be balanced. Specifically, a tooth thickness of 0.572 times the pitch for the pinion and 0.428 times the pitch for the internal gear resulted in approximately equal stresses of 47.3 MPa in both gears. This tooth thickness optimization also reduced the total weight of the gear mechanism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Effect of Overload on Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Air Frame StructureShishir Shetty
This document discusses the effect of overloads on fatigue crack growth behavior in aircraft structures. Finite element analysis was conducted on a segment of an aircraft fuselage to analyze stresses under pressurization loading. The maximum stress location was identified and a local analysis of the stiffened panel was performed. Crack growth calculations were done on the panel both with and without an overload to study its effect. The crack growth rate before and after an overload was calculated and compared to analyze the load interaction effect.
The main objective of this study is to
verification of stresses developed in cantilever beam. The
maximum stress is induced in the cantilever beam is at support
and failure of beam takes place at support .Hence in this work
evaluation of stresses in cantilever beam over a span is studied
using finite element method and strain gauge technique. The
stress and deflection analysis at different section is carried out.
The result of finite element method is verified with
experimental and analytical solution
This document discusses gear measurements and metrology. It defines key gear terminology such as pitch circle, pressure angle, addendum, dedendum, and circular pitch. It then describes methods for measuring gear concentricity using rollers or a projector. Alignment of individual teeth can be analyzed mathematically or through functional testing. Rolling gear tests using a Parkinson gear tester can efficiently measure variations in center distance to identify errors. Individual gear elements like tooth thickness are measured using methods like a gear tooth Vernier caliper or constant chord method.
The document proposes the design and development of a universal testing machine with a load capacity of 0.3kN. The applicants, Aashish Kholiya and Ravi Teja, are undergraduate students at IIT Ropar who are undertaking this project under the guidance of Dr. Dhiraj Mahajan. They plan to design components like the ball screw, base plate, select appropriate sensors and a stepper motor. Their objectives are to develop a low-cost machine with high accuracy. They have conducted preliminary work on component design and sensor selection. A work plan with timeline is also provided to complete the project in 6 months. If approved, the project will be executed at IIT Ropar.
This document discusses optimizing the structural configuration of a multi-story building by changing the position of shear walls. It analyzes four cases of different shear wall positions in a 10-story residential building with zero eccentricity between the mass and stiffness centers. The objectives are to study the STRUD software, validate it using an existing design, and compare the analysis and design data of the four shear wall position cases generated in STRUD. Previous studies on optimizing shear wall position and relevant code provisions are also reviewed.
This document summarizes research on scaling limits of CMOS devices and proposed structures to overcome these limits. It first discusses how quantum mechanical effects and short channel effects become problematic as devices are scaled down, limiting further scaling. It then reviews various structures proposed by other researchers, including fully depleted SOI MOSFETs with strained silicon channels, dual material gates, and gate-all-around structures. Finally, it proposes a new structure combining these elements: a fully depleted SOI gate-all-around MOSFET using a strained silicon channel and dual material gate to address scaling challenges while improving performance.
This document discusses optimization of boiler blowdown and blowdown heat recovery in the textile industry. It finds that 1.3% of total fuel is typically wasted through boiler blowdown. By installing an automatic blowdown system and a heat recovery system, up to 85% of the wasted fuel can be recovered. This reduces fuel costs and increases boiler efficiency. Recovering blowdown heat helps raise the temperature of feedwater entering the boiler, allowing up to a 1% reduction in fuel consumption. Proper optimization of blowdown and use of heat recovery systems can significantly improve energy efficiency in textile industry boiler operations.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an intelligent Bloom join filter approach for query optimization. The approach uses sets of Bloom filters to represent relations and joining attributes, with the goal of minimizing collisions and maximizing data reduction. Experiments show that applying multiple filters increases the percentage of data reduction for relations when processing queries. The approach constructs filters for each joining attribute and applies existing or new filters to relations to reduce their size. This helps optimize query execution by reducing processing costs, data transmission costs, and collisions during joins.
The document proposes and evaluates energy recovery flip-flops that operate with a single-phase sinusoidal clock to reduce power consumption. A resonant clock generator is designed to produce the sinusoidal clock signal. Simulations show the proposed flip-flops achieve over 80% delay reduction and 47% power reduction compared to conventional designs. An H-tree clock network distributes the sinusoidal clock signal. Total power savings of up to 80% are achieved compared to square wave clocking schemes. Clock gating is also proposed to further reduce power when the flip-flops are inactive.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis and Monte Carlo simulation to analyze the probabilistic design and random optimization of an aerofoil wing made of composite materials. The study modeled an NACA0012 aerofoil composite structure in ANSYS and varied design parameters like chord length, ply angle, elastic modulus, and loading conditions randomly to analyze uncertainty in bending stress. Over 1000 simulations were run. Optimization was also performed to find a set of design variables that reduced the bending stress objective function. The best set reduced bending stress from 1131.79 N/mm2 to 180.58 N/mm2. The study concluded there was significant uncertainty when chord length and ply angle varied and provided correlations between design variables and bending
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This program cannot be run in DOS mode. The document appears to be computer code or system information related to running a program in different operating modes. It provides technical details but no higher level context about the purpose or functionality of the program.
Terapia ocupacional en geriatria parcialJuliana_1_90
Este documento trata sobre la historia y fundamentos de la terapia ocupacional geriátrica. Comenzó a desarrollarse en 1961 en España impulsada por la Dirección General de Sanidad para la rehabilitación. Se basa en ciencias como la biología, psicología y medicina. Examina las ocupaciones y su relación con las personas mayores. Concluye que la atención a los ancianos es un campo impopular a pesar de sus grandes necesidades, y que los estereotipos negativos perjudican la práctica clínica
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Slides comunicação cultura e valores num mundo globalizado.Gabriel Geraldino
Valores determinam a cultura de um povo, incluindo seu modo de vida. Valores pessoais compartilhados se tornam valores sociais que influenciam as escolhas pessoais e da sociedade. Comportamento pessoal reflete os valores da sociedade, que por sua vez influenciam o comportamento pessoal.
El documento presenta información sobre un equipo de estudiantes de criminología llamado "Dosis" que está compuesto por 5 integrantes. Explica el funcionamiento de un espectrógrafo, que es un instrumento que registra fotográficamente los diferentes componentes de un espectro y se utiliza para estudiar los espectros de cuerpos físicos. Describe los orígenes de la espectroscopia, los componentes principales de un espectrógrafo y sus aplicaciones.
Tutorial de expansão de rede gobull (mmn marketing multinivel)vejavilhena
Este documento fornece instruções sobre como cadastrar-se e expandir sua rede de marketing multinível na GoBull. Explica como gerar convites individuais para prospectos, acompanhar o status desses convites, e entrar em contato com prospectos para ajudá-los a concluir seu cadastro e torná-los membros da rede.
O documento discute a gestão de conhecimento na empresa Axia, comparando conceitos e práticas. Apresenta os modelos de Nonaka e Takeuchi sobre criação e disseminação de conhecimento. Descreve projetos da Axia para codificar e compartilhar conhecimento, como a rede social Gnoose e a modelagem de processos no INUBIT.
El documento presenta una investigación de sitios web que ofrecen información ecológica y natural de El Salvador. Analiza páginas sobre volcanes, parques nacionales, lagos y ríos, encontrando que proporcionan detalles pero podrían mejorar con contactos directos y atracciones visuales. También examina un sitio de un restaurante junto a un lago, concluyendo que aunque contiene información útil, podría mejorar estéticamente.
O documento propõe um blog para discutir os efeitos do tabaco com alunos da sétima série. Os objetivos são refletir sobre os efeitos do tabaco a curto prazo, comparar o custo do tabaco com itens básicos, e identificar por que as pessoas fumam através de análises de propagandas e produção de propagandas antitabagistas. As atividades incluem pesquisa, discussão, vídeos e a avaliação será feita com base no engajamento dos alunos no blog.
This document presents a study on the design and structural analysis of high speed helical gears using ANSYS. Helical gears with different numbers of teeth were modeled in Pro/Engineer and imported into ANSYS for finite element analysis. Bending stresses were calculated using the modified Lewis beam method and AGMA equations, and compared to ANSYS results which had around 6% error. Contact stresses calculated using AGMA equations were also compared to ANSYS results, with around 1% error. The study found that gear design with minimum teeth and maximum helix angle is preferred based on material strength considerations.
Effect of Change of Spur Gear Tooth Parameter on Contact stressIRJET Journal
The document analyzes the effect of changing spur gear tooth parameters on contact stress. It is found that increasing the face width and replacing the trochoidal root fillet with a circular root fillet can reduce contact stress. A finite element analysis is conducted in ANSYS to analyze contact stress when varying the face width from 9.5mm to 12mm. The results show contact stress decreases with increasing face width. Replacing the trochoidal root fillet with a circular root fillet achieves a 10.57% reduction in contact stress. In conclusion, contact stress can be reduced by using a larger face width and a circular root fillet profile.
Finite element modeling and bending stress analysis of non standard spur geareSAT Journals
Abstract Gears are toothed wheels, transmitting power and motion from one shaft to another by means of successive engagement of teeth. Having a higher degree of reliability, compactness, high velocity ratio and finally able to transmit motion at a very low velocity, gears are gaining importance as the most efficient means for transmitting power. A gearing system is susceptible to problems such as interference, backlash and undercut. The contact portions of tooth profiles that are not conjugate is called interference. Furthermore due to interference and in the absence of undercut, the involute tip or face of the driven gear tends to dig out the non-involute flank of the driver. The response of a spur gear and its wear is an engineering problem that has not been completely overcome yet. With the perspective of overcoming such defects and for increase the efficiency of gearing system, the use of a non-standard spur gear i.e., an asymmetric spur gear having different pressure angles for drive and coast side of the tooth comes into picture. This paper emphasis on the generation of an asymmetric spur gear tooth using modeling software and bending stress at the root of Asymmetric spur gear tooth is estimated by finite element analysis using ANSYS software and results were compared with the standard spur gear tooth. Keywords: Asymmetric spur gear, Bending stress, Finite element method, Pressure angle
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Root Fillet Stress Reduction in Spur Gear having UndercutIJLT EMAS
Generally the gear tooth fails due to high stress at root
region. Even a slight reduction in the stress results in greater
increase in life of the gear. For a compact design of a gear box, it
is necessary that the number of teeth of the pinion should be less
.For a given pressure angle there is a limiting value on minimum
number of teeth below which undercut occurs. The spur gear
with undercut suffers in strength severely. Therefore the gears
with undercut are generally avoided. The present work explores
the possibilities of increasing the strength of spur gear having
undercut thereby reduce the overall size of the gearbox. A
systematic study is conducted to understand the effect of
introducing circular stress relief features on stress distribution in
a statically loaded spur gear. Circular stress relief features of
various sizes at different radial distance and angular position are
placed around the end point on critical section on loaded side of
the gear tooth profile. Effect of these stress relief feature on
maximum stress are investigated.
This document summarizes a study on modeling and analyzing an involute helical gear using CATIA and ANSYS software. It begins with an introduction to gears and motivation for using numerical analysis methods. It then describes how a helical gear model was generated in CATIA and its stresses were analyzed using ANSYS. Bending stresses from ANSYS were compared to theoretical Lewis equation values and AGMA standards, showing maximum 1.4% deviation. Face width was varied and stresses decreased with increasing width. Overall, complex gear designs require advanced software for accurate modeling and stress analysis to optimize design and prevent failures.
This document discusses a finite element analysis of stresses in involute gear teeth. A 2D and 3D finite element model of spur gear teeth were created in ANSYS. Bending and contact stresses were analyzed for different applied torques and material properties. The results from the finite element models were compared to theoretical calculations using AGMA and Hertz contact stress equations. The 2D model was found to provide more accurate stress results than the 3D model, while requiring less computational resources. The type of contact condition modeled was found to significantly impact the stress results.
Investigation of stresses in the thin rimmed spur gear tooth using femeSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper results are presented from a two-dimensional finite element stress analysis of three tooth sector of spur gear and the boundary conditions are provided at the radial end of the teeth of the rim. The different diametric ratio from 1.02 to 2 is used to get the stress variation. In the analysis of this three tooth sector the Maximum Principle stresses and von mises stresses at the root and fillet are in consideration. The main objective of this paper is to find out the minimum thickness of spur gear for different diametric ratio Md using analytical results by Lewis equation and FE results. In this study the CATIA software used for the geometrical construction and stress analysis is accomplished by commercial finite element package MSC PATRAN and NASTRAN. Keywords— Diametric ratio Md, Maximum Principle Stress analysis, Finite element method, three tooth sector of spur gear.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparison of Bending Stresses in Involute and Cycloidal Profile Spur Gear ToothIRJET Journal
The document compares the bending stresses in involute and cycloidal profile spur gears using finite element analysis. Gear models with different modules are created in Creo Parametric software and analyzed in ANSYS. The results show that bending stress decreases with increasing module and is lower for involute gears compared to cycloidal gears of the same module. Involute gear teeth experience less bending stress and are stronger than cycloidal gear teeth. The finite element analysis results are slightly different but comparable to values obtained from Lewis equation.
IRJET- Effect of Change of Parameters on Bending Stress in GearIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of changing parameters on bending stress in spur gears. The study models and simulates spur gear sets using CATIA and ANSYS Workbench software. It analyzes bending stress by varying the face width, number of teeth, and root fillet radius of the gear based on AGMA standards and Lewis equations. The results show that increasing the face width, number of teeth, and root fillet radius decreases the bending stress at the gear tooth interface and fillet region. The FEA results closely match the calculated stresses from standards. Increasing the parameters helps reduce bending stresses and strengthen the gear tooth.
Analysis of Stress and Deflection of Spur Gear by Using New Analytical Method...ijtsrd
One of the most important measures of transmission performance is the gear tooth root stress TRS . High root stress can directly damage the gear tooth and indirectly affect the life of the gear. This paper considered reducing the stresses in the base of the change in the gear profile. Accurate calculation of the maximum tooth root stress TRS and deflection is fundamental to the prediction and optimization of gears. The Finite Element Method FEM gives accurate results. But, the calculation requires a lot of resources and time. Moreover, the results obtained from the Lewis, the ISO, and the AGMA methods were useful. This paper approved the results of the new method as useful as other methods. Therefore, in the current results, a new analytical method based on mechanic theory is created using exact profile equations to calculate stress and deflection. Firstly, the load sharing ratio is considered using the Taguchi method. Finally, tooth root stress and deflection are calculated from this profile. The result of tooth root stress obtained from the new method is compared with the FEM method. The result of the new method is found the consistent with FEM method. Khin Khin Thant | Than Than Htike "Analysis of Stress and Deflection of Spur Gear by Using New Analytical Method Based on Taguchi Method and Finite Element Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60165.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/60165/analysis-of-stress-and-deflection-of-spur-gear-by-using-new-analytical-method-based-on-taguchi-method-and-finite-element-analysis/khin-khin-thant
IRJET- Modification of Root Fillet Profile for Optimum Gear LifeIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the modification of root fillet profiles in spur gears to optimize gear life and reduce failure from pitting.
2. Finite element analysis is conducted in ANSYS on spur gear models with varying root fillet radii. Maximum contact stresses and deformations are compared for different fillet profiles.
3. Experimental analysis is also carried out using the photoelastic method to validate the finite element results. Optimizing the root fillet profile can help improve the strength of gears and increase gear life.
IRJET- Error Identification and Comparison with Agma Standard in Gears us...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to identify errors in gears by comparing contact and bending stresses to AGMA standards. A 3D model of a helical gear was created in ANSYS to analyze bending stresses. A 2D model of a rack and pinion was used to analyze contact stresses. The stresses from the finite element models were then compared to values calculated from AGMA standards. The results showed good agreement between the ANSYS and AGMA values, with errors generally under 5%. The study demonstrated that finite element analysis can accurately model gear stresses.
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF TRANSMISSION ERROR IN HELICAL NON CIRCULAR GEAR MO...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the simulation and analysis of transmission error in helical non-circular gear models. The study used ANSYS software to analyze stresses and transmission errors in helical elliptical gear models with different numbers of teeth. Von-Mises stresses were calculated using ANSYS and Lewis equations, showing good agreement between the two methods. Transmission error was analyzed for gear models with 18 and 19 teeth. Total deformation, stresses, and principal stresses were obtained from the ANSYS simulations. The results indicate that finite element analysis can accurately simulate contact and bending stresses in helical elliptical gears.
This document presents a parametric stress analysis of a helical gear using finite element analysis (FEA). It describes designing a helical gear pair using SolidWorks, meshing the model in ANSYS, and analyzing the contact stresses. The analysis considered different gear modules and face widths. It was found that increasing the module decreased the contact region and increased stresses, while larger face widths decreased stresses by spreading the load over more teeth. The maximum von Mises stress of around 125 MPa occurred for the smallest module and face width. Load sharing plots showed how the ratio of load distributed between gear teeth changed with position along the line of contact.
Finding the Stresses and Deflection of a Snag Crane Sun Spur Gear Using Fea P...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
ANALYSIS OF STRESS RELIEVING FEATURES OF ASYMMETRIC SPUR GEARijiert bestjournal
This document analyzes stress relieving features of asymmetric spur gears through finite element analysis and experimental testing. It begins with an introduction to gear technology, gear classifications, and the importance of asymmetric gears. It then describes the objectives of analyzing stress relieving circular holes. The methodology includes modeling gears in CATIA and analyzing stresses in ANSYS. Results show adding circular holes, particularly at the tooth center, reduces maximum principal stress compared to simple spur gears. Experimental strain gauge tests validate the FEA results. The study concludes circular stress relieving features are effective at redistributing stress and improving gear strength and durability.
This document summarizes a study on the three dimensional contact stress analysis of straight bevel gear teeth using finite element analysis. A geometric model of a bevel gear tooth was created in ANSYS. The stress distribution at the root of the tooth was evaluated under two loading conditions: a uniformly varying load and a concentrated load at the pitch point. The results found that the stress is highest at the toe side under both loading conditions and decreases towards the heel side. The pitch point loading produced higher stresses than the uniform loading.
REVIEW OF TRUE BENDING STRESS IN SPUR GEARIRJET Journal
The document reviews bending stresses in spur gears. It begins by introducing different types of gears and noting that spur gears are commonly used. It then discusses past analytical methods for analyzing gear stresses and notes newer finite element analysis (FEA) methods provide more accurate solutions. The document reviews theories of true bending stress at tooth roots and prior work analyzing stresses through FEA and experimental methods. It concludes the maximum stress occurs at the tooth root and varies with face width.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Deep Dive: AI-Powered Marketing to Get More Leads and Customers with HyperGro...
Mi3422102216
1. Vishwjeet V. Ambade, Prof. Dr. A.V.Vanalkar, Prof. P. R. Gajbhiye / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2210-2216
2210 | P a g e
FEM Analysis Of Spur Gear Tooth
Vishwjeet V. Ambade1
, Prof. Dr. A.V.Vanalkar2
, Prof. P. R. Gajbhiye3
1
P.G Student , K.D.K College Of Engineering, Nagpur, India
2,3
. Faculty, Kdk College Of Engineering Nagpur, India
Abstract
The AGMA Standards set by American
Gear Manufacturing Association are usually
followed in design of Spur gear. the two
parameters, tip radius and tooth width which play
a key role in gear design will study. These
parameters are varied and their effects on the
final stress are observed at the root and mating
regions of the gear. A gear will consider which will
mating with similar kind of the gear and then FE
Model will built in HYPERMESH or ANSYS.
Using Lewis Equation and AGMA Standards the
stresses will calculate with FEA model and results
will compare. The results will optimize for best
results with the variation of two parameters tip
radius and tooth width.
INTRODUCTION
Spur gears are the simplest type of gear.
They consist of a cylinder or disk with the teeth
projecting radially, the edge of each tooth is straight
and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These
gears can be meshed together correctly only if they
are fitted to parallel shafts. The main reason for
selecting this gear for Optimization is the popularity
of spur gears in their simplicity in design and
manufacturing. In Spur gears the design parameters
play a major role in determination of stresses.
Different terms Used in Spur Gear as Shown Below.
2. Lewis Equation to determine stress in Spur
Gear.
The first equation used for the bending
stress was the lewis equation. This is derived by
treating the tooth as s simple cantilever and with
tooth contact occurring at the tip a shown below.
Only the tangent component (Wt) is considered. It is
also assumed that only one pair of teeth is in contact.
Stress concentrations at the tooth root fillet are
ignored. It can be shown that the maximum bending
stress occurs at the tangent points on the parabola
shown above. Use of the standard equation for
bending stress is given below.
Where
Wt = Tangential tooth load.
P = Diameter Pitch (T/D)
Y = 2xp/3 Lewis form Factor. [Has a fixed value
depends on
Pressure Angle (ø )and Number of Teeth(T) on Spur
Gear.
F= Face Width of tooth.
3. AGMA: American Gear Manufacturing
Association.
AGMA is accredited by the American
National Standards Institute to write all U.S.
standards on gearing. AGMA is also the Secretariat
(Chairman) for Technical Committee 60 of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
TC 60 is the committee responsible for developing all
international gearing standards. In addition to the
holding the position of Secretariat, AGMA convenes
(chairs) the active ISO Working Groups related to
gear inspection and testing.
4. FEM Analysis
Gears are one of the most critical
components in mechanical power transmission
system. Spur gears are mostly used in the
applications varying from domestic items to heavy
engineering applications. The contact stress and tooth
stresses due to transmission depends on some
parameters. In this thesis the effect of tip radius, tooth
width is considered and how the contact stress results
vary with these parameters are studied. The Gear
design is optimized based on FE analysis and also
finally the gear design is optimized based on the
stresses. The stresses were calculated using the Lewis
equation and then compared with the FE model. The
Bending stresses in the tooth root and at mating
region were examined using 3D FE model
Finite Element model of the Spur Gear:
A finite element model with a segment of one
tooth is considered for analysis. The gear tooth
was meshed with hexa and penta elements. The
nodes were identified at pitch circle where the
2. Vishwjeet V. Ambade, Prof. Dr. A.V.Vanalkar, Prof. P. R. Gajbhiye / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2210-2216
2211 | P a g e
gear transmission force was applied. The nodes at
the plane cut were considered for applying the
symmetric boundary conditions.
Fig 1. FE Model representation with Boundary
conditions and CLOAD at Pitch Circle.
Lewis Equation:
This bending stress equation was derived
from the Lewis equation.
Fig .2 Forces acting on teeth
σ w = M×y/I
M = Maximum bending moment at the critical
section BC, = W T ×h
Wt = Tangential load acting at the tooth,
h = Length of the teeth,
y = Half the thickness of the tooth (t) at critical
section BC, = t/2
I = Moment of inertia about the centre line of the
tooth, = bt3
/12
b = Width of gear face.
Calculations based on AGMA Standards:
The stress is calculated based on AGMA Standrds as
follows
Where
C p = Form factor
K v = Velocity or Dynamic factor
= (6+V)/6
K 0 = Overload factor which reflects the degree of
non-uniformity of driving and load torques.
Km = load distribution factor which accounts for non
uniform spread of load across the face width.
It depends on the accuracy of mounting, bearing,
shaft deflection and accuracy of gear.
Results and Discussion.
Results with the variation of face width and with
change of fillet radius are represented below. The
fillet radius of 4 , 3, 2 mm and no fillet are
considered. The Results are presented as follows
which shows the
3. Vishwjeet V. Ambade, Prof. Dr. A.V.Vanalkar, Prof. P. R. Gajbhiye / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2210-2216
2212 | P a g e
AGMA Bending Stress Calculation
These AGMA spur gear bending factors come from
an
extensive collection of tables and charts compiled by
AGMA. The material allowable bending strengths
also come from an array of AGMA charts that are
generally a function of the material Brinell hardness.
These allowables are generally for 10
million cycles of tooth loading at 99% reliability,
and may be adjusted downward for longer life, higher
reliability, or higher operating temperatures.
Surface Stress
Even though a gear tooth may not break due
to bending stresses during its life, it could develop
pits on the tooth face due to high contact stresses
fatiguing the surface by compression. The contact
pressure is intensified near the pitch circle, where the
contact is pure rolling with zero sliding velocity.
There the elastohydrodynamic oil film is minimal and
the load is less distributed.This condition is modeled
as a pair of cylinders in line contact, and a Hertzian
contact stress.
In use, the maximum surface stress is
proportional to this maximum pressure. AGMA
further refines the stress by adding modifying factors
similar to those for bending stresses.
• Be aware that pitting is likely to be more damaging
in the long run
than bending.
• Hardening the tooth faces increases the allowable
contact stress and
can help contact life approach bending fatigue life.
• Larger gears have greater radii of curvature and
therefore lower
stresses.
• Stresses need to be compared to representative,
experimentally determined surface fatigue
S-N curves.
5. Three Dimention Stress Analysis
In this section the tooth root stresses and
the tooth deflection of one tooth of a spur gear is
calculated using an ANSYS model. For the bending
stresses, the numerical results are compared with the
values given by the draft proposal of the standards of
the AGMA in the next section. Figure shows how to
mesh the 3D model and how to apply the load on the
model. The element type “SOLID
TETRAHEDRAL 10 NODES 187” was chosen.
Because “SMART SET” was chosen on the tool bar
there are many more elements near the root of the
tooth than in other places. There are middle side
nodes on the each side of each element. So a large
number of degrees of freedom in this 3D model take
a longer time to finish running.
4. Vishwjeet V. Ambade, Prof. Dr. A.V.Vanalkar, Prof. P. R. Gajbhiye / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2210-2216
2213 | P a g e
Figure FEM bending model with meshing
From the stress distributions on the model, the large
concentrated stresses are at the root of the tooth.
Figure shows large Von Mises stresses at the root of
the tooth. They are equal to the tensile stresses. The
tensile stresses are the main cause of crack failure, if
they are large enough. That is why cracks usually
start from the tensile side.From the Lewis equation if
the diameters of the pinion and gear are always kept
the same and the number of teeth was changed, the
diametral pitch will be changed or the module of gear
will be changed. That means that there are different
bending strengths between the different teeth
numbers. Different Maximum Von Mises with
different numbers of teeth are shown below.
Figure Von Mises stresses with 28 teeth on the root
of tooth
Comparison with Results using AGMA Analyses
In this section, a comparison of the
tooth root stresses obtained in the three
dimensional model and in the two dimensional
model using ANSYS with the results given by
the standards of the AGMA is carried out. Eq.
is recommended by the AGMA and the other
coefficients, such as the dynamic factor, are set
at 1.2. Here
analysis of gears with different numbers of teeth are
carried out. First, the number of gear teeth is 28.
The meshing spur gear has a pitch radii of 50
mm and a pressure angle of 200
. The gear face
width, b = 1.5 in (38.1mm). The transmitted load is
2500 N.
Detailed investigations, including the effects with
the two different numbers of teeth on the tooth root
stress were carried out. If the number of teeth is
changed from 28 to 23 and the other parameters were
kept the same.
If the number of teeth is changed from 28 to 25
and the other parameters were kept the same.
The above calculations of the Von Mises
stresses on the root of tooth were carried out in
order to know if they match the results from
ANSYS. The results are shown in Table 4.1. In
this table, the maximum values of the tooth root
stress obtained by the ANSYS method were given.
For the number of teeth of 28, the ANSYS results are
about 97% (2D) of the values obtained by the
AGMA. For the cases from 23 teeth to 37 teeth, the
values range from 91% to 99% of the value
obtained by the AGMA. From these results, it was
found that for all cases give a close approximation of
the value obtained by the methods of the AGMA in
both 3D and 2D models. These differences are
believed to be caused by factors such as the mesh
pattern and the restricted conditions on the finite
element analysis, and the assumed position of the
critical section in the standards. Here the gears are
taken as a plane strain problem. 2D models are
suggested to be use because much more time will
be saved when running the 2D models in
ANSYS. There are not great differences between the
3D and 2D model.
Conclusion
In the present study, effective methods to
estimate the tooth contact stress by the two-
dimensional and the root bending stresses by the
three-dimensional and two-dimensional finite
element method are proposed. To determine the
accuracy of the present method for the bending
5. Vishwjeet V. Ambade, Prof. Dr. A.V.Vanalkar, Prof. P. R. Gajbhiye / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2210-2216
2214 | P a g e
stresses, both three dimensional and two
dimensional models were built in this chapter.
The results with the different numbers of teeth
were used in the comparison. The errors in the
Table 4.1 presented are much smaller than
previous work done by other researchers for the
each case. So those FEA models are good enough
for stress analysis.
Table Von Mises Stress of 3-D and 2-D FEM
bending model
.
6. Effect of Tooth Profile Modification In
Asymmetric Spur Gear Tooth Bending Stress By
Finite Element Analysis
In engineering and technology the term
“gear” is defined as a machine element used to
transmit motion and power between rotating shafts
by means of progressive en-gagement of projection
called teeth. Invention of the gear cannot be
attributed to one indi-vidual as the development of
the toothed gearing system evolved gradually from
the primitive form when wooden pins were arranged
on the periphery of simple, solid,wooden wheels
to drive the opposite member of the pair. These
wheels served the purpose of gears in those days.
Although the operation was neither smooth nor
quiet, these were not important consideration as
the speeds were very low. The motive power to turn
these systems was generally provided by treadmills,
which were oper-ated by men, animals, water wheels
or windmills. In recent times, the gear design has
become a highly complicated and comprehensive
subject. A designer of a modern gear drive system
must remember that the main objective of a gear
drive is to transmit higher power with comparatively
smaller overall dimensions of the driving system
which can be constructed with the minimum
possible manufacturing cost, runs reasonably free
of noise and vibration, and which required little
mainten-ance. He has to satisfy, among others the
above condi-tions and design accordingly, so that the
design is sound as well as economically viable.
Present day gears are subjected to the different types
of failures like fracture under bending stress, surface
failure under internal stress etc. These failures are
mainly due to backlash, undercutting and
interference. Backlash: The amount by which the
width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of the
engaging tooth on the pitch circles. (Fig.) Undercut:
A condition in generated gear teeth when any part of
the fillet curve lies inside of a line drawn tangent to
the working profile at its lowest point. (Fig. 1b)
Interference: Important aspect of kinematics of
gearing is interference. When the gear tooth tries
to dig below the base circle of mating gear then the
gear tooth action shall be non conjugate and violate
the fundamental law of gearing this non conjugate
action is called the inter-ference
These defects can be eliminated by:
• Under cutting can be avoided by increasing
the pressure angle.
• Backlash and interference can be avoided by
in-creasing the addendum of mating gear
• Another way of increasing the load capacity
of transmissions is to modify the involute
geometry. This has been a standard practice
in sophisticated gear design for many years.
The nomenclature de-scribing these types of
gear modifications can be quite confusing with
reference to addendum modifi-cation or profile
shift.
• An additional alteration that is very rarely used
is to make the gears asymmetric with different
pressure angles for each side of the tooth.
Asymmetric spur gear teeth
The two profiles (sides) of a gear tooth are
functionally different for many gears. The workload
on one profile is significantly higher and is applied
for longer periods of time than for the opposite one.
The design of the asym-metric tooth shape reflects
this functional difference.
6. Vishwjeet V. Ambade, Prof. Dr. A.V.Vanalkar, Prof. P. R. Gajbhiye / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2210-2216
2215 | P a g e
The design intent of asymmetric gear teeth
is to improve the performance of the primary
contacting pro-file. The opposite profile is typically
unloaded or lightly loaded during relatively short
work periods. The degree of asymmetry and drive
profile selection for these gears depends on the
application.
The difference between symmetric and
asym-metric tooth is defined by two involutes of two
different base circles D bd and D bc . The common
base tooth thick-ness does not exist in the asymmetric
tooth. The circular distance (tooth thickness) S p
between involute profiles is defined at some
reference circle diameter D p that should be bigger
than the largest base diameter.
Asymmetric gears simultaneously allow
an in-crease in the transverse contact ratio and
operating pres-sure angle beyond the conventional
gear limits. Asym-metric gear profiles also make
it possible to manage tooth stiffness and load
sharing while keeping a desira-ble pressure angle and
contact ratio on the drive profiles by changing the
coast side profiles. This provides higher load capacity
and lower noise and vibration levels com-pared with
conventional symmetric gears.
Profile shift
The height of the tooth above the pitch circle
or the radi-al distance between the tip diameter and
the pitch diame-ter is called addendum. When
gears are produced by a generating process, the
datum line of the basic rack pro-file need not
necessarily form a tangent to the reference circle; the
tooth form can be altered by shifting the da-tum line
from the tangential position. The involute shape of
the tooth profile is retained. The radial displacement
from the tangential position is termed addendum
modifi-cation factor or profile shift.
Conclusions
In modern usage of gear technology the
correction fac-tors are being standardized for the
purpose of interchan-geable gearing. Previously gears
were corrected either to avoid undercutting or to
achieve a predetermined centre distance. Although
these reasons are still valid there are other beneficial
effects which the positively corrected gear profiles
offer. The advantages are
• Avoidance of undercutting.
• Attainment of predetermined centre distance.
• To increase the strength at the root and flank of
the tooth. It can be shown that due to positive
correction; the thickness of tooth at the root is
increased,resulting in greater load carrying
capacity of the teeth. By choosing the proper
amount of correction, the designer is in a position to
specify gear sets of higher capacity without entailing
the corresponding cost increase for materials of
higher strength.
• Betterment of sliding and contact relations.
• The analysis yields that by increasing the
pressure
angle, the bending stress at the critical section
de-
creases by 20-25% for a given profile shift
value.
With the effect of positive shift there is a reduction
in the bending stress at the critical section by
20-
25%.with the implementation of both profile shift
and pressure angle modification, bending stress sig-
nificantly decreased by 35-40%.
Reference
[1] K Ruthupavam & Y Sandeep Kumar (2012)
“Optimization of Design Based on Tip
Radius and Tooth Width to Minimize
the Stresses on the Spur Gear with FE
Analysis”. HTC 2012
[2] Manoj Hariharan (2006) “spur gear tooth
stress analysis and stress reduction using
stress reducing geometrical features” Thesis
Report Submitted to Thapar Institute of
Engineering and Technology
[3] Namam M. Ahmed “Stress Distribution
along the Involute Curve of Spur Gears”
Thesis Report Submitted to Institute of
Technology, Sulamani Iraq.
[4] W.H.Dornfeld (2004) “Gear Tooth Strength
Analysis” Book.
[5] Zeping wei (2004) “stresses and
deformations in involute spur gears by finite
element method” Thesis Report Submitted
to University of Saskatchewan.
[6] F. K.Gopinath & M.M.mayuram “spur gear
- tooth stresses” Book
[7] Rixin Xu (2008)“finite element modeling
and simulation on the quenching effect for
spur gear design optimization” Thesis
Report Submitted to University of Akron
[8] kristina marković – marina franulović
(2011)“contact stresses in gear teeth due to
tip relief profile modification” Eng. Rev.
31-1 (2011) 19-26
[9] Chuen-Huei Liou and Hsiang Hsi Lin
(1992) “Effect of Contact Ratio on Spur
Gear Dynamic Load” NASA AVSCOM
Technical Memorandum 105606
Technical Report 91-C-025
[10] Ashwini Joshi, Vijay Kumar Karma (2011)
“Effect on Strength of Involute Spur Gear
by Changing the Fillet Radius Using FEA”
International Journal Of Scientific &
Engineering Research Volume2,Issue 9,
September-2011, ISSN 2229-5518
[11] GD. Bibel, S.K. Reddy, and M. Savage
(1991) “Effects of Rim Thickness on Spur
Gear Bending Stress” NASA III0wIUIIII
7. Vishwjeet V. Ambade, Prof. Dr. A.V.Vanalkar, Prof. P. R. Gajbhiye / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2210-2216
2216 | P a g e
AVSCOM Technical Memorandum 104388
Technical Report 91-C-015
[12] Sweta Nayak and Swetleena Mishra (2007)
“effects of addendum modification on root
stress in involute spur gears” Thesis Report
Submitted to National Institute of
Technology Rourkela
[13] Sorin Cananau(2003) “3d contact stress
analysis for spur gears” national tribology
conference 24-26 september 2003
[14] G.Mallesh (2009) “Effect of Tooth Profile
Modification In Asymmetric Spur Gear
Tooth Bending Stress By Finite Element
Analysis” NaCoMM-2009- ASMG18268
[15] Dr. Ir H.G. H. van Melick (2007) “Tooth-
Bending Effects in Plastic Spur Gears
Influence on load sharing, stresses and wear,
studied by FEA” Gear Technology Pune-
2007.
[16] M Koilraj, Dr G Muthuveerappan and Dr J
Pattabi-raman, “An Improvement in Gear
Tooth Design Methodology using Finite
Element Method”, IE(I) Journal MC,
Volume 88, October 2007.