This document discusses a finite element analysis of stresses in involute gear teeth. A 2D and 3D finite element model of spur gear teeth were created in ANSYS. Bending and contact stresses were analyzed for different applied torques and material properties. The results from the finite element models were compared to theoretical calculations using AGMA and Hertz contact stress equations. The 2D model was found to provide more accurate stress results than the 3D model, while requiring less computational resources. The type of contact condition modeled was found to significantly impact the stress results.
IRJET- Error Identification and Comparison with Agma Standard in Gears us...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to identify errors in gears by comparing contact and bending stresses to AGMA standards. A 3D model of a helical gear was created in ANSYS to analyze bending stresses. A 2D model of a rack and pinion was used to analyze contact stresses. The stresses from the finite element models were then compared to values calculated from AGMA standards. The results showed good agreement between the ANSYS and AGMA values, with errors generally under 5%. The study demonstrated that finite element analysis can accurately model gear stresses.
ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SPRING BACK EFFECTS IN A TYPICAL ...IAEME Publication
Prediction of spring back for forming of a typical shape of Cold Rolled steel sheet has been carried out using FEM. The objective of this work is to predict the spring back in the form of a typical shape of cold rolled steel sheet and compare that with the actual spring back as occurs in experiment. A typical shape is designed using AutoCAD and Solidworks. Die and punch to form the shape has been designed using 2d and 3d modelling tools. The Finite element simulation is done considering the material and geometric nonlinearity. Non-linear material properties are obtained from the tensile testing of the standard test specimen made from the same material and of same thickness. Geometric nonlinearity is considered by selecting appropriate option in the FEM package.
Determination of Stress Concentration factor in Linearly Elastic Structures w...IJERA Editor
Stress concentration is the localization of stress around stress raisers. Sudden changes in the geometry of
structures give rise to stress values that are higher than those obtained by elementary equations of solid
mechanics. Therefore the evaluation of stress state at such locations needs specialized techniques such as Finite
Element Method (FEM).The finite element method is a numerical procedure that can be used to obtain solution
to a large variety of engineering problems such as structural, thermal, heat transfer, electromagnetism and fluid
flow.
In the present investigation, focus has been kept on the finite element modeling and determination of stress
concentration factor (SCF) in linearly elastic structures with different stress-raisers such as circular and elliptical
holes and double semicircular notch at different locations in a finite plate. The results obtained from FEM are
compared with those obtained by analytical relations as given in literature. A commercially available finite
element solver ANSYS has been used for the modeling and analysis in the investigation. Throughout the
investigation, plane82, which is an eight node two-dimensional element is used for the discretization.
This document summarizes a study on modeling and analyzing an involute helical gear using CATIA and ANSYS software. It begins with an introduction to gears and motivation for using numerical analysis methods. It then describes how a helical gear model was generated in CATIA and its stresses were analyzed using ANSYS. Bending stresses from ANSYS were compared to theoretical Lewis equation values and AGMA standards, showing maximum 1.4% deviation. Face width was varied and stresses decreased with increasing width. Overall, complex gear designs require advanced software for accurate modeling and stress analysis to optimize design and prevent failures.
IRJET- Modification of Root Fillet Profile for Optimum Gear LifeIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the modification of root fillet profiles in spur gears to optimize gear life and reduce failure from pitting.
2. Finite element analysis is conducted in ANSYS on spur gear models with varying root fillet radii. Maximum contact stresses and deformations are compared for different fillet profiles.
3. Experimental analysis is also carried out using the photoelastic method to validate the finite element results. Optimizing the root fillet profile can help improve the strength of gears and increase gear life.
Investigation of stresses in the thin rimmed spur gear tooth using femeSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper results are presented from a two-dimensional finite element stress analysis of three tooth sector of spur gear and the boundary conditions are provided at the radial end of the teeth of the rim. The different diametric ratio from 1.02 to 2 is used to get the stress variation. In the analysis of this three tooth sector the Maximum Principle stresses and von mises stresses at the root and fillet are in consideration. The main objective of this paper is to find out the minimum thickness of spur gear for different diametric ratio Md using analytical results by Lewis equation and FE results. In this study the CATIA software used for the geometrical construction and stress analysis is accomplished by commercial finite element package MSC PATRAN and NASTRAN. Keywords— Diametric ratio Md, Maximum Principle Stress analysis, Finite element method, three tooth sector of spur gear.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IRJET- Error Identification and Comparison with Agma Standard in Gears us...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to identify errors in gears by comparing contact and bending stresses to AGMA standards. A 3D model of a helical gear was created in ANSYS to analyze bending stresses. A 2D model of a rack and pinion was used to analyze contact stresses. The stresses from the finite element models were then compared to values calculated from AGMA standards. The results showed good agreement between the ANSYS and AGMA values, with errors generally under 5%. The study demonstrated that finite element analysis can accurately model gear stresses.
ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SPRING BACK EFFECTS IN A TYPICAL ...IAEME Publication
Prediction of spring back for forming of a typical shape of Cold Rolled steel sheet has been carried out using FEM. The objective of this work is to predict the spring back in the form of a typical shape of cold rolled steel sheet and compare that with the actual spring back as occurs in experiment. A typical shape is designed using AutoCAD and Solidworks. Die and punch to form the shape has been designed using 2d and 3d modelling tools. The Finite element simulation is done considering the material and geometric nonlinearity. Non-linear material properties are obtained from the tensile testing of the standard test specimen made from the same material and of same thickness. Geometric nonlinearity is considered by selecting appropriate option in the FEM package.
Determination of Stress Concentration factor in Linearly Elastic Structures w...IJERA Editor
Stress concentration is the localization of stress around stress raisers. Sudden changes in the geometry of
structures give rise to stress values that are higher than those obtained by elementary equations of solid
mechanics. Therefore the evaluation of stress state at such locations needs specialized techniques such as Finite
Element Method (FEM).The finite element method is a numerical procedure that can be used to obtain solution
to a large variety of engineering problems such as structural, thermal, heat transfer, electromagnetism and fluid
flow.
In the present investigation, focus has been kept on the finite element modeling and determination of stress
concentration factor (SCF) in linearly elastic structures with different stress-raisers such as circular and elliptical
holes and double semicircular notch at different locations in a finite plate. The results obtained from FEM are
compared with those obtained by analytical relations as given in literature. A commercially available finite
element solver ANSYS has been used for the modeling and analysis in the investigation. Throughout the
investigation, plane82, which is an eight node two-dimensional element is used for the discretization.
This document summarizes a study on modeling and analyzing an involute helical gear using CATIA and ANSYS software. It begins with an introduction to gears and motivation for using numerical analysis methods. It then describes how a helical gear model was generated in CATIA and its stresses were analyzed using ANSYS. Bending stresses from ANSYS were compared to theoretical Lewis equation values and AGMA standards, showing maximum 1.4% deviation. Face width was varied and stresses decreased with increasing width. Overall, complex gear designs require advanced software for accurate modeling and stress analysis to optimize design and prevent failures.
IRJET- Modification of Root Fillet Profile for Optimum Gear LifeIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the modification of root fillet profiles in spur gears to optimize gear life and reduce failure from pitting.
2. Finite element analysis is conducted in ANSYS on spur gear models with varying root fillet radii. Maximum contact stresses and deformations are compared for different fillet profiles.
3. Experimental analysis is also carried out using the photoelastic method to validate the finite element results. Optimizing the root fillet profile can help improve the strength of gears and increase gear life.
Investigation of stresses in the thin rimmed spur gear tooth using femeSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper results are presented from a two-dimensional finite element stress analysis of three tooth sector of spur gear and the boundary conditions are provided at the radial end of the teeth of the rim. The different diametric ratio from 1.02 to 2 is used to get the stress variation. In the analysis of this three tooth sector the Maximum Principle stresses and von mises stresses at the root and fillet are in consideration. The main objective of this paper is to find out the minimum thickness of spur gear for different diametric ratio Md using analytical results by Lewis equation and FE results. In this study the CATIA software used for the geometrical construction and stress analysis is accomplished by commercial finite element package MSC PATRAN and NASTRAN. Keywords— Diametric ratio Md, Maximum Principle Stress analysis, Finite element method, three tooth sector of spur gear.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The document discusses stress analysis of spur gear teeth and methods to reduce stress using geometric features. It begins with an introduction to gears and gear terminology. It then discusses fatigue failure in gears and how to design against fatigue. The document presents four studies on spur gear models with varying module and number of teeth. The first study analyzes stress variation along the tooth contact path. The second considers actual contact ratio greater than one. The third compares stress for different gear models. The final study selected the weakest gear profile for further stress relief analysis using geometric features like holes. The goal is to investigate how features can reduce stress concentrations and increase gear life.
Determination of stress intensity factor for a crack emanating from a hole inIAEME Publication
This document describes a study determining the stress intensity factor (SIF) for a crack emanating from a hole in a pressurized cylinder using the finite element method. A cylinder model with a hole and through crack is created in CATIA and imported into ANSYS for meshing and analysis. The SIF is evaluated using the displacement extrapolation method. The results show that the SIF value rises sharply when the crack tip is near the hole and stabilizes as the crack tip moves farther from the hole. The SIF values from finite element analysis agree well with theoretical equations, validating the proposed methodology.
IRJET- Review on Tribological Modeling of Worm GearIRJET Journal
This document reviews various tribological modeling techniques for analyzing wear in worm gears. It discusses Archard's wear model, which is commonly used to predict wear by calculating the wear of each point on the wheel tooth surface over multiple wear steps while modifying the geometry. Finite element analysis can be used to simulate similar conditions and validated experimentally using tribometers. The document also summarizes several research papers on topics like stochastic wear modeling, modeling lubrication and contact conditions in worm gears, determining allowable wear limits, and developing models to calculate locally varying friction coefficients and analyze the effect of surface asperities on wear.
Computational approach to contact fatigue damage initiation and deformation a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
DETAILED STUDIES ON STRESS CONCENTRATION BY CLASSICAL AND FINITE ELEMENT ANAL...IAEME Publication
Stress concentration is very important aspect in all aspects of mechanical design, it arises due to geometric discontinuities in the structure common examples are openings in pressure vessels and piping it is observed that the maximum stress is much more than the nominal stress .The conventional methods for determining the stress concentration factors are the empirical formulae mentioned in design handbooks such as Roark’s formulae for stress and strain this formulas can also be expressed in terms of graphs the finite element method a regarded as the third dimension in engineering plays very important role in the overall design process, this is mainly because it reduces the dependence on standard available geometries, experimentation and most importantly the time and cost associated with it however it has been observed that the finite element analysis results are depended on mesh quality parameters and this fact has not been studied thoroughly the main aim of the present study is to consider a standard configuration that is a plate with a circular hole in it subjected to axial tension
IRJET- Stress Concentration of Plate with Rectangular CutoutIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that analyzes stress concentration in plates with various shaped cutouts using finite element analysis software (ANSYS). The study compares stress concentration factors around circular, square, and rectangular cutouts in metallic plates made of materials like mild steel and aluminum. Experimental tensile tests are also conducted on plates with different cutout shapes and loaded in one direction. Results from the finite element analysis are validated by comparing with experimental test results, finding them to be relatively similar. The stress concentration is highest for plates with cutouts that have more oriented geometries compared to a baseline. Orientation is identified as an important factor in reducing stress concentration.
This document reviews research on the structural analysis of bevel gears. It discusses how bevel gears are used to transmit power between perpendicular shafts. The review summarizes various studies that analyzed bevel gear design optimization, manufacturing processes, contact stresses, and the use of finite element analysis software to model structural behavior. In particular, it examines research on spatial curve meshing for bevel gear profiles, measuring tooth geometry to model contact patterns, manufacturing large spiral bevel gears using CNC machining, and using involute helical bevel gears for small interaxial angles.
On account of cutting gadget holder preoccupation, cutting force affects the
dimensional precision. The troublesome of equipment holder redirection is attempted
routinely in a course of action of building surface things, and to accomplish this point
uninvolved strategy can be utilized. In this unassuming work, a refreshed hypothetical
momentous cutting force appear for end getting ready is open, utilizing confined part
approach. The model be committed to variable data sources, pick the kind of the end
procedure holder, in the event that it is straight or discontinuous. The cutting
parameters are given for getting a perfect preparing instrument redirection dispersing
and rehash an area examination. The expansion results demonstrate that the
instrument evading impacts the dimensional precision of the completed part. The
essential structures of pulled back technique for distraction mask of mechanical
frameworks are quickly exhibited. It depends upon the hypothesis of dynamic
redirection. For handling forces and gadget holder redirection, two sorts of instability
show yields are shown identifying with cutting force parameters
A review and buckling analysis of stiffened plateeSAT Journals
Abstract It happens many times that the structure is safe in normal stress and deflection but fails in buckling. Buckling analysis is one of the method to go for such type of analysis.It predicts various modes of buckling. Plates are used in many applications such as structures, aerospace, automobile etc. Such structures are subjected to heavy uniformly distributed load and concentrated load many times over it’s life span. Strength of these structures are increased by adding stiffeners to its plate. This paper deals with the analysis of rectangular stiffened plates which forms the basis of structures. A comparison of stiffened plate and unstiffened plate is done for the same dimensions. In order to continue this analysis various research papers were studied to understand the previous tasks done for stiffened plate. Hyper mesh and Nastran is used in this research work.Buckling analysis is performed for the component with aspect ratio of 2.Rectangular flat bar is used as stiffener Keywords: Stiffened Plate; Dynamic load; Buckling; Aspect ratio;Buckling Analysis.
This document summarizes a study that uses finite element analysis and Monte Carlo simulation to analyze the bending stress of hollow circular composite beams under random loading conditions. The study varies design parameters like beam length, radius, ply angles, elastic modulus, and force randomly within defined ranges. It analyzes the relationship between maximum bending stress and each parameter. Random optimization is then performed to determine a set of parameters that minimize bending stress. The best optimized set is proposed to reduce bending stress under different loading conditions.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The document describes a finite element analysis of the superplastic blow-forming of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheet into a closed ellip-cylindrical die.
2) The simulations investigate the effects of shear friction factor, die entry radius, die height, and die short-axis length on thickness distribution, stress, strain, and damage within the formed product.
3) The results confirm the suitability of using the DEFORMTM 3D finite element software to model superplastic blow-forming of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy.
Determination of Stress Intensity Factor for a Crack Emanating From a Rivet ...IJMER
Modern aircraft structures are designed using a damage tolerance philosophy. This design philosophy envisions sufficient strength and structural integrity of the aircraft to sustain major damage and to avoid catastrophic failure. The rivet holes location are one of the stress concentration region in fuselage skin. The current study includes a curved sheet with rivet holes is considered as part of the
fuselage skin. During the service life of aircraft fatigue cracks will emanate from rivet holes simultaneously as they experience identical stresses due to internal pressure. In fracture mechanics, Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) is an important criterion to evaluate the impact of crack as the magnitude of SIF determines the propagation of crack. The objective is to investigate the SIF for crack emanating from one rivet hole and approaching another using isplacement Extrapolation Method (DEM) in F.E.M that would aid in the determination of the critical nature of such cracks.
Finite Element Analysis Of Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shell By Using ANSYSIRJET Journal
This document presents a finite element analysis of a hyperbolic paraboloid shell structure performed using ANSYS software. The analysis compares the behavior of reinforced concrete and ferrocement material models under static loading conditions. Results show that ferrocement exhibits less total deformation but higher normal stresses than reinforced concrete. Regression analysis of the finite element results shows good agreement with equations derived from load-displacement graphs, validating the accuracy of the ANSYS model.
Fulltext explicacion de principales teoriasMANUEL vela
This document summarizes recent developments in modeling metal cutting processes. It begins with a brief history of orthogonal cutting models including the seminal work of Merchant and Oxley. It then focuses on the use of finite element techniques to simulate 2D orthogonal turning and the transition to 3D modeling to simulate milling and drilling. Key requirements for accurate simulation such as material models, properties at high strain rates and temperatures, contact conditions, and other boundary conditions are discussed. Recent research on simulating non-conventional processes, microscale cutting, surface integrity, and microstructure modeling is also highlighted.
Multi Response Optimization of Friction Stir Lap Welding Process Parameters U...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study that optimized friction stir lap welding process parameters using a multi-criteria decision making approach. Experiments were conducted using different combinations of tool rotational speed, welding speed, and tool tilt angle. The responses of hardness, shear strength, elongation percentage, and peak load were measured. These responses were optimized using Deng's similarity-based method to determine the optimal parameter values. The method calculated normalized values, assigned weights to each response, and determined positive and negative ideal solutions. It was found that the optimum parameter values were a tool rotational speed of 710 rpm, welding speed of 1.5 mm/min, and tool tilt angle of 1 degree.
Role of Simulation in Deep Drawn Cylindrical PartIJSRD
Simulation is widely used in forming industry due to its speed and lower cost and it has been proven to be effective in prediction of formability and spring back behavior. The purpose of finite element simulation in the sheet metal forming process is to minimize the time and cost in the design phase by predicting key outcomes such as the final shape of the part, the possibility of various defects and the flow of material. Such simulation is most useful and efficient when it is performed in the early stage of design by designers, rather than by analysis specialists after the detailed design is complete. The accuracy of such simulation depends on knowledge of material properties, boundary conditions and processing parameters. In the industry today, numerical sheet metal forming simulation is very important tool for reducing load time and improving part quality. In this paper finite element model for the deep-drawing of cylindrical cups is constructed and the simulation results are obtained by using different simulation parameters, i.e. punch velocity, coefficient of friction and blank holder force of the FE mesh-elements and these results are compared with experimental work.
The document discusses fatigue analysis of welded assemblies using ANSYS Workbench. It proposes a workflow involving 6 steps: 1) importing the CAD model and defeature it, 2) solving the global model to identify critical spots, 3) generating submodels from the CAD at critical spots, 4) meshing and interpolating loads to the submodel, 5) solving the submodel to determine the stress state, and 6) using an effective notch stress concept and the Fatigue tool to calculate fatigue life. The key strengths are maintaining geometric consistency between models, running the global model once to enable multiple submodels, and the ability to efficiently study design variants.
A Review Paper on Design and Analysis of Helical Gear Using ANSYS, FEM & AGMA...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on analyzing the strength of helical gear teeth. It summarizes 6 research papers that used theoretical, analytical and finite element methods to calculate bending and contact stresses on helical gear teeth. The studies found that finite element analysis results aligned closely with theoretical values. Key factors analyzed included varying helix angle, face width, pressure angle and material. Increased helix angle and decreased face width were found to increase contact stress. Finite element analysis was found to provide a more accurate model than theoretical equations by considering a continuous load rather than a single point load.
Comparison of Bending Stresses in Involute and Cycloidal Profile Spur Gear ToothIRJET Journal
The document compares the bending stresses in involute and cycloidal profile spur gears using finite element analysis. Gear models with different modules are created in Creo Parametric software and analyzed in ANSYS. The results show that bending stress decreases with increasing module and is lower for involute gears compared to cycloidal gears of the same module. Involute gear teeth experience less bending stress and are stronger than cycloidal gear teeth. The finite element analysis results are slightly different but comparable to values obtained from Lewis equation.
This document summarizes a research paper that developed a finite element model to analyze stresses in helical gears during meshing. It describes how helical gears were modeled in SolidWorks and imported into ANSYS for nonlinear contact analysis. Two cases were analyzed: one with the gear fixed and pinion frictionless, and vice versa. Stresses on teeth flanks, fillets, and other parts were obtained. The maximum stress was higher when the pinion was fixed. The model provides a way to analyze gear stresses without assumptions of analytical methods.
The document discusses stress analysis of spur gear teeth and methods to reduce stress using geometric features. It begins with an introduction to gears and gear terminology. It then discusses fatigue failure in gears and how to design against fatigue. The document presents four studies on spur gear models with varying module and number of teeth. The first study analyzes stress variation along the tooth contact path. The second considers actual contact ratio greater than one. The third compares stress for different gear models. The final study selected the weakest gear profile for further stress relief analysis using geometric features like holes. The goal is to investigate how features can reduce stress concentrations and increase gear life.
Determination of stress intensity factor for a crack emanating from a hole inIAEME Publication
This document describes a study determining the stress intensity factor (SIF) for a crack emanating from a hole in a pressurized cylinder using the finite element method. A cylinder model with a hole and through crack is created in CATIA and imported into ANSYS for meshing and analysis. The SIF is evaluated using the displacement extrapolation method. The results show that the SIF value rises sharply when the crack tip is near the hole and stabilizes as the crack tip moves farther from the hole. The SIF values from finite element analysis agree well with theoretical equations, validating the proposed methodology.
IRJET- Review on Tribological Modeling of Worm GearIRJET Journal
This document reviews various tribological modeling techniques for analyzing wear in worm gears. It discusses Archard's wear model, which is commonly used to predict wear by calculating the wear of each point on the wheel tooth surface over multiple wear steps while modifying the geometry. Finite element analysis can be used to simulate similar conditions and validated experimentally using tribometers. The document also summarizes several research papers on topics like stochastic wear modeling, modeling lubrication and contact conditions in worm gears, determining allowable wear limits, and developing models to calculate locally varying friction coefficients and analyze the effect of surface asperities on wear.
Computational approach to contact fatigue damage initiation and deformation a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
DETAILED STUDIES ON STRESS CONCENTRATION BY CLASSICAL AND FINITE ELEMENT ANAL...IAEME Publication
Stress concentration is very important aspect in all aspects of mechanical design, it arises due to geometric discontinuities in the structure common examples are openings in pressure vessels and piping it is observed that the maximum stress is much more than the nominal stress .The conventional methods for determining the stress concentration factors are the empirical formulae mentioned in design handbooks such as Roark’s formulae for stress and strain this formulas can also be expressed in terms of graphs the finite element method a regarded as the third dimension in engineering plays very important role in the overall design process, this is mainly because it reduces the dependence on standard available geometries, experimentation and most importantly the time and cost associated with it however it has been observed that the finite element analysis results are depended on mesh quality parameters and this fact has not been studied thoroughly the main aim of the present study is to consider a standard configuration that is a plate with a circular hole in it subjected to axial tension
IRJET- Stress Concentration of Plate with Rectangular CutoutIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that analyzes stress concentration in plates with various shaped cutouts using finite element analysis software (ANSYS). The study compares stress concentration factors around circular, square, and rectangular cutouts in metallic plates made of materials like mild steel and aluminum. Experimental tensile tests are also conducted on plates with different cutout shapes and loaded in one direction. Results from the finite element analysis are validated by comparing with experimental test results, finding them to be relatively similar. The stress concentration is highest for plates with cutouts that have more oriented geometries compared to a baseline. Orientation is identified as an important factor in reducing stress concentration.
This document reviews research on the structural analysis of bevel gears. It discusses how bevel gears are used to transmit power between perpendicular shafts. The review summarizes various studies that analyzed bevel gear design optimization, manufacturing processes, contact stresses, and the use of finite element analysis software to model structural behavior. In particular, it examines research on spatial curve meshing for bevel gear profiles, measuring tooth geometry to model contact patterns, manufacturing large spiral bevel gears using CNC machining, and using involute helical bevel gears for small interaxial angles.
On account of cutting gadget holder preoccupation, cutting force affects the
dimensional precision. The troublesome of equipment holder redirection is attempted
routinely in a course of action of building surface things, and to accomplish this point
uninvolved strategy can be utilized. In this unassuming work, a refreshed hypothetical
momentous cutting force appear for end getting ready is open, utilizing confined part
approach. The model be committed to variable data sources, pick the kind of the end
procedure holder, in the event that it is straight or discontinuous. The cutting
parameters are given for getting a perfect preparing instrument redirection dispersing
and rehash an area examination. The expansion results demonstrate that the
instrument evading impacts the dimensional precision of the completed part. The
essential structures of pulled back technique for distraction mask of mechanical
frameworks are quickly exhibited. It depends upon the hypothesis of dynamic
redirection. For handling forces and gadget holder redirection, two sorts of instability
show yields are shown identifying with cutting force parameters
A review and buckling analysis of stiffened plateeSAT Journals
Abstract It happens many times that the structure is safe in normal stress and deflection but fails in buckling. Buckling analysis is one of the method to go for such type of analysis.It predicts various modes of buckling. Plates are used in many applications such as structures, aerospace, automobile etc. Such structures are subjected to heavy uniformly distributed load and concentrated load many times over it’s life span. Strength of these structures are increased by adding stiffeners to its plate. This paper deals with the analysis of rectangular stiffened plates which forms the basis of structures. A comparison of stiffened plate and unstiffened plate is done for the same dimensions. In order to continue this analysis various research papers were studied to understand the previous tasks done for stiffened plate. Hyper mesh and Nastran is used in this research work.Buckling analysis is performed for the component with aspect ratio of 2.Rectangular flat bar is used as stiffener Keywords: Stiffened Plate; Dynamic load; Buckling; Aspect ratio;Buckling Analysis.
This document summarizes a study that uses finite element analysis and Monte Carlo simulation to analyze the bending stress of hollow circular composite beams under random loading conditions. The study varies design parameters like beam length, radius, ply angles, elastic modulus, and force randomly within defined ranges. It analyzes the relationship between maximum bending stress and each parameter. Random optimization is then performed to determine a set of parameters that minimize bending stress. The best optimized set is proposed to reduce bending stress under different loading conditions.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) The document describes a finite element analysis of the superplastic blow-forming of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy sheet into a closed ellip-cylindrical die.
2) The simulations investigate the effects of shear friction factor, die entry radius, die height, and die short-axis length on thickness distribution, stress, strain, and damage within the formed product.
3) The results confirm the suitability of using the DEFORMTM 3D finite element software to model superplastic blow-forming of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy.
Determination of Stress Intensity Factor for a Crack Emanating From a Rivet ...IJMER
Modern aircraft structures are designed using a damage tolerance philosophy. This design philosophy envisions sufficient strength and structural integrity of the aircraft to sustain major damage and to avoid catastrophic failure. The rivet holes location are one of the stress concentration region in fuselage skin. The current study includes a curved sheet with rivet holes is considered as part of the
fuselage skin. During the service life of aircraft fatigue cracks will emanate from rivet holes simultaneously as they experience identical stresses due to internal pressure. In fracture mechanics, Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) is an important criterion to evaluate the impact of crack as the magnitude of SIF determines the propagation of crack. The objective is to investigate the SIF for crack emanating from one rivet hole and approaching another using isplacement Extrapolation Method (DEM) in F.E.M that would aid in the determination of the critical nature of such cracks.
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region. Even a slight reduction in the stress results in greater
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Abstract Gears are toothed wheels, transmitting power and motion from one shaft to another by means of successive engagement of teeth. Having a higher degree of reliability, compactness, high velocity ratio and finally able to transmit motion at a very low velocity, gears are gaining importance as the most efficient means for transmitting power. A gearing system is susceptible to problems such as interference, backlash and undercut. The contact portions of tooth profiles that are not conjugate is called interference. Furthermore due to interference and in the absence of undercut, the involute tip or face of the driven gear tends to dig out the non-involute flank of the driver. The response of a spur gear and its wear is an engineering problem that has not been completely overcome yet. With the perspective of overcoming such defects and for increase the efficiency of gearing system, the use of a non-standard spur gear i.e., an asymmetric spur gear having different pressure angles for drive and coast side of the tooth comes into picture. This paper emphasis on the generation of an asymmetric spur gear tooth using modeling software and bending stress at the root of Asymmetric spur gear tooth is estimated by finite element analysis using ANSYS software and results were compared with the standard spur gear tooth. Keywords: Asymmetric spur gear, Bending stress, Finite element method, Pressure angle
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1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319252812
Involute Gear Tooth Stresses Analysis Using Finite Element Modeling
Article in American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences · August 2017
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3. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
270
Theoretical and Numerical methods are primarily preferred because Experimental testing can be expensive. So
many researchers have utilized FEM to predict bending stress at tooth root and contact stress at the contact
point. These types of stresses may cause failures which can be minimized by careful analysis of the problem
during the design stage and creating proper tooth surface profile with proper manufacturing methods. In this
paper, bending and contact stresses analysis will be performed. Each gear tooth may be considering as a
cantilever beam, when it transmits the load, it is subjected to bending [1, 2]. The bending stress is highest at the
tooth root and can cause fatigue failure. Whereas contact stress is on the side of the tooth and may causes wear
and pitting fatigue. Contact stress is a compressive stress occurring at the point of maximum Hertzian stress [1,
2]. Minimizing these stresses is helping for minimizing the transmission error and avoiding failures. The
comparative analysis of ISO and AGMA standards with Finite element analysis is important for modern design
and manufacturing of gears [3]. The results will allow for a better understanding of existing limitation in the
current standards applied in engineering practice as well as provide a basis for future improvement of gear
standard [4]. The calculation of tooth bending stress and surface durability can be enough for preliminary design
or standardized purpose, but stress calculation through these simple equations given by the linear theory of
elasticity and the Hertzian contact model are not good agreement with experimental results[5,13]. This stress
calculation has not been studied in depth in the past. Rubin D. Chacon and his colleagues [6] and Wei Yangang
[7] gives theoretical research which found location of the maximum contact stress for a pair of involute spur
gear, whose contact ratio is larger than 1 and validated by finite element method. Many researcher [5, 6, 9, 11,
12] analysis the contact stress of spur gear teeth using 2D model.
They found a good agreement of AGMA contact stress with that estimated by FEM. Xianzhang Feng [8] uses a
precise model in a large-scale CAD software to define the stress and displacement field for determining the
maximum equivalent stress and maximum displacement. The results show good agreement between the
analytical and the numerical studies. S. Sankar [10] uses circular root fillet instead of standard trochoidal root
fillet in gear. He concluded that the tooth deflection in the circular root fillet is less when compared to the
trochoidal root fillet. Furthermore there is appreciable decreasing in bending and contact shear stress for circular
root fillet. Bharat Gupta and his colleagues [14] studied the theoretical and numerical contact stresses of spur
gear. They concluded that it is necessary to develop and to determine appropriate models of contact elements to
calculate contact stresses using ANSYS and compare the results with Hertzian theory. Putti Srinivasa Rao and
Ch.Vamsi [15] use ANSYS and theoretical analyses of spur gear. They concluded that the exquisite feature of
ANSYS enables designer to optimize the design procedure in an iterative manner based on the final plots of
post-processing phase. K. G. Raptis and his colleagues [16] investigate the rating strength of spur gear using
photoelasticity and FEM. They find that the deviation between the results of the applied methods falls between
reasonable limits whereas it rises with increasing number of teeth of the large gear.
In the present paper, the AGMA equations of bending and contact stresses are used to validate the 2D and 3D
models of mating involute teeth of spur gear using ANSYS Workbench 16.2. The effect of type of contact
(bonding, frictional, frictionless, rough and no-separation) on the tooth deformation and both bending and
contact stresses is studied. When using the frictional contact, friction coefficient has to be defined. The effect of
the assumed friction coefficient on the result is considered. These analysis is conducted for various material
properties to investigate the effect of elastic modulus.
4. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
271
2.Theoretical Bending and Contact Stresses
As described above, theoretical calculation of the tooth bending and contact stresses are used to validate the
results of FEM.
The AGMA equation for bending stress is given by, [18]
)
1
(
1
J
K
K
m
B
K
K
K
F B
H
s
v
o
t
b
×
=
s
The AGMA equation for contact stress is given by, [18]
)
2
(
I
K
d
B
K
K
K
K
F
C F
p
m
s
v
o
t
P
c
×
=
s
Ko, Kv, Ks, Km, KB,KF, are AGMA correction factors for loading condition, dynamic, size, load distribution, rim
thickess, and contact surface conditions modification respectively. Since the study is static conditions, all of
these factors are assumed 1 for simplicity. Cp is the material elastic constant factor calculated from the
following equation:
)
3
(
)
1
(
1
(
(
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
E
E
CP
υ
υ
π
−
+
−
=
1
2
cos
sin
+
•
=
G
G
N m
m
m
I
ϕ
ϕ
, mN is the contact ratio = 1 for spur gear, mG is the reduction ration which is 1 for
equal diameter of driver and driven gears as assumed in this paper.
J is the gear geometry factor [18].
Also, Hertz theory of contact stress is used considering the contact gear teeth as cylinders with a radii equal to
the involute profile radii at the contact points. The Hertz equation is given by [2].
)
4
(
sin
)
1
(
1
(
(
)
/
1
(
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
ϕ
υ
υ
π
s
E
E
B
R
R
R
F
c
−
+
−
+
=
Where R1 and R2 are the respective radii of tooth profile curvature at the contact point. Thus
ϕ
sin
2
1 p
r
R
R =
=
5. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
272
F = T/R1 is the tangential force. Other parameters are defined in Table 1.
MatLAB R13a is used to write a code for calculating the bending and contact stresses.
3.Spur Gear Geometry and Modeling
φ
cos
p
b r
r =
)
(
cos 1
r
rb
−
=
ψ
1
tan θ
ψ
ψ
θ −
−
=
φ
φ
θ −
= tan
1
θ
sin
r
x −
=
θ
cos
r
y = , a
b r
r
r ≤
≤
MatLAB code has been written to calculate the
involute curve coordinated x and y. The curve
is then constructed using ANSYS design
modeler or any CAD software. Full number of
gear teeth sketch are then constructed using
array command as shown in Figure 1 (b).
Figure 1 (a): Involute Profile
This sketch is then extruded to form the 3D
spur gear body as shown in Figure 2(a).
Using the translation command, the set of gear
is constructed as shown in Figure 2 (b).
If the required model is 2D, a surface is
constructed from the gear teeth sketch using the
concept of the generating surface from a
sketch. The thickness of the surface is then
defined in mechanical modeler of ANSYS
before conducting the analysis.
Figure 1 (b): sketch of gear teeth
ψ
Ѳ1
rb
Common
tangent of
pitch circles
Line of
action
Ѳ
Ф
P
rb
rb
B
r
rp
Ф
D
A
C
F
E
Involute
curve
Gears center line
An arbitrary
point on the
Base
circle
6. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
273
To satisfy the fundamental law of gearing, tooth profile is usually cut to an involute curve [1], see Figure1 (a),
which may be constructed by wrapping a string BA around a base circle, and then tracing the path APF of point
A on the string. Given the gear pitch radius rp and pressure angle Ф, the coordinates of each points on the
involute curve x and y can be calculated using the following equation derived from geometry analysis [17].
The modeled spur gear dimensions and material characteristics are shown in Table 1. Different materials
properties are considered to study the effect of elastic modulus on the gear tooth stresses and deformation.
The constructed gears are meshed using Tetrahedron solid element and care must be taken for the refinement
process of the mesh which is affecting the results. Figure 3 (a and b) shows the meshing of the gear and mesh
refinement for 3D model. Refinement must be done on 3 steps; face meshing, refinement and contact zone
refinement. Refinement of level 3 and refinement of contact zone with element size of 0.4 mm are implemented.
In this scenario for 3D model a number of nodes of 377909 and number of element of 256552 are achieved
which are huge numbers and the CPU time is 406s. On the other hand, the 2D model is meshed and refined as
shown in Figure 3 (c) with edge refinement of element size of 0.04mm. The total number of nodes is 15133 and
number of elements is 4733. The CPU time is 10 s which is about 2.4% of the CPU time of 3D model.
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 2: 3D Spur gear.
Table 1: Spur gear specification and material specifications
7. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
274
Figure 3: meshing of the modeled gear
The contact type and zone between the engaged teeth has to be defined carefully. In ASYS, 6 contact types are
available; bonded, no-separation, frictionless, rough, frictional and forced frictional sliding. The forced frictional
sliding is not suitable for the current condition. The other five contact types are examined in this study. In the
frictional contact type, friction coefficient of 0.15 was assumed during the analysis. A range of 0.05 to 0.3
friction coefficient is used to study its effect on the estimated stresses and deformations.
(a) (b)
Figure 4: contact zone of the engaged teeth for: (a) 3D model, (b) 2D model
8. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
275
The contact type and zone between the engaged teeth has to be defined carefully. In ASYS, 6 contact types are
available; bonded, no-separation, frictionless, rough, frictional and forced frictional sliding. The forced frictional
sliding is not suitable for the current condition. The other five contact types are examined in this study. In the
frictional contact type, friction coefficient of 0.15 was assumed during the analysis. A range of 0.05 to 0.3
friction coefficient is used to study its effect on the estimated stresses and deformations.
Some of the very important setting of the contact conditions should be made. These are; Formulation should be
Augmented Lagrange, Interface Treatment must set to Adjusted of Touch which help to define the type of
contact between the selected bodies.
The boundary conditions (supports and loads) of the model must be accurately defined to avoid error of the
model solution. These boundaries, Figure 5, are:
a. Fixed support on the shaft hole of
the lower gear.
b. Frictionless support on the shaft
hole of the upper gear. This allow the
upper gear to rotate around its center line
when the load is applied.
c. For 3D model, 0 displacement has
to be applied on one of the side face area
of the upper gear.
Figure 5: applied supports and load on the modeled gears
d. The applied load is assumed to be moment around the gear center line.
A range of applied moment of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75 and 100 N.m is modeled to study effect of moment on
stresses and deformations.
The last step before solving the model is defining of the required results. Equivalent Von Misses stresses,
Principal stresses, normal stress in y direction which represents the bending stress, total deformation and contact
tools. In contact tools, the status of contact and the pressure distribution on the contact area are defined. All of
these results for both 3D and 2D models are presented in the following sections.
3. Theoretical Results of Bending and Contact Stresses
The results of MatLAB code for the AGMA bending and contact stresses and Hertz equation are shown in Fig. 6
for structure steel (E= 200 GPa and ν=0.3). As shown in the figure, the contact stress calculated by AGMA
equation is slightly higher than that calculated value by Hertz equation. This is due to the correction factors
9. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
276
introduced to AGMA equation. All other theoretical results are presented with the FEM results for comparison
purpose.
Figure 6: Variation of contact and bending stresses with moment for structure steel, E = 200 Gpa, ν=0.3
4.Results of Finite Element Model
As described above, the gear set is modeled in 2D and 3D which their results are compared with AGMA
equation results. The used data are E=200 GPa, ν-=0.3, moment = 100 N.m and frictional contact type with
f=0.15. Maximum equivalent stress of 1251.4MPa and 1610.3 MPa obtained at the contact point for 3D and 2D
models respectively as shown in Fig. 7. The large difference between the models results may be due to the size
of element which it is 0.4 mm for the 3D model (377909 nodes) and 0.04 for the 2D model (15133 nodes), since
the gear is also discretized in z direction for 3D model, a huge number of nodes is found. It is very expensive to
decrease the element size of the 3D.
(a) 3D model: σeq = 1251.4 MPa (b) 2D model: σeq = 1610.3 MPa
Figure 7: equivalent Von Misses stresses
0.00E+00
2.00E+08
4.00E+08
6.00E+08
8.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.20E+09
1.40E+09
1.60E+09
1.80E+09
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Stresses
[Pa]
Moment N.m
σc using
Hartizian
Equation
σc using AGMA
Equation
10. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
277
(a) 3D model: σb = 559.8MPa (b) 2D model: σb = 522.4 MPa
Figure 8: normal stress in Y direction (σb), the maximum value achieved at tooth root
Figure 8 shows the contour of normal stress distribution on the engaged tooth for 2D and 3D models. Values of
559.8 MPa and 522.4 MPa are obtained for 3D and 2D models respectively at the root point of the tooth as seen
in red color in the figure. About 6.7% difference is found. Comparing these results with the theoretical result of
AGMA bending equation (437.7 MPa) the 2D model is closer result than the 3D model although the difference
is about 16.5 %.
Figure 9 shows the pressure (contact stress) distribution on the contact area for both 3D and 2D models. The
maximum contact stress of 1588.8 MPa and 1666.4 MPa are achieved at the middle area of the contact zone
shown as red color for 3D and 2D models respectively. It is also shown in Fig. 7. Again, 4.7% difference of
maximum value between the two models. Comparing these values with that obtained by Hertz and AGMA
equations (1640 MPa and 1690 MPa respectively).
The 2D model results is in between the Hertz and AGMA equations. The AGMA equation result is 1.4% above
the FEM results and Hertz equation result is 1.6% below the FEM. It can be concluded that the 2D FEM model
is validated based on both Hertz equation and AGMA equation results.
Similar conclusion is made by Gupta et.al. [14]. For saving time, it is decided to use only AGMA results for the
remaining comparison.
Figure 9 shows the deformation of the upper gear for both 3D and 2D models. About 2.5% difference between
the results of the two models.
11. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
278
(a) 3D model: Pmax = 1588.8 MPa (b) 2D model: Pmax = 1666.4 Mpa
Figure 9: pressure distribution on the contact area for (a) 3D model and (b) 2D model.
(a) 3D model: Dmax = 0.0509 mm (b) 2D model: Dmax = 0.0523 Mpa
Figure 10: displacement distribution on the gear mesh for (a) 3D model and (b) 2D model
Figure11a and 11b show a comparison between the results of FEM and AGMA equations results. For higher
moment loading, the theoretical and FEM contact stresses are close with a difference of 1.7% while the bending
stress show a difference of 21% as shown in Fig. 11.
A reason for this is may be the effect of deformation of the contact stress is sharing for increasing the bending
stress in the FEM while AGMA equation is calculating only pure bending stress.
The difference is slightly affected by the increasing of the applied moment as shown in Fig. 12.
12. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
279
Figure 11 (a): Variation of analytical ad FEA stresses for structure steel and frictional contact with f=0.15.
Figure 11(b): Comparison of contact and bending stresses calculated by analytically and 2D and 3D FEA
Figure 12: Error % between analytical and FEA results of contact and bending stresses
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Stresses
[Mpa]
Moment [N.m]
FEA contact stress FEA Bending stress
AGMA Contact stress AGMA bending stress
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Contact stress Bending stress
Stresses
[MPa]
Analytical 2D FEA 3D FEA
0
5
10
15
20
25
70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230
Error
%
Elastic Modulus [Mpa]
Diffrenece for bending stress Difference for contact stress
13. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
280
Figure 13a and 13b shows the effect of type of contact on the contact and bending stresses and the deformation
for structure steel, 100 N.m moment, and f=0.15. Wrong results of contact stresses is obtained for bonding and
no separation types while the other 3 types; frictionless, frictional and rough model give reasonable results.
Similar results is obtained for the teeth deformation as shown in Figure 13b. On the other hand the bending
stress is not affected by the type contact as shown in Figure13a. This may be explained as the bending stress
occurs at the tooth root which is fare from the contact zone.
Figure 13 (a): effect of contact type on the contact and bending stresses for sturucture steel, M = 100 N.m
Figure 13 (b): effect of contact type on the deformation of gear
In the analysis of the frictional contact type, friction coefficient f must be defined. It is desired to investigate the
effect of f on the results. Friction coefficient values of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 are examined.
The results are shown in Figure 14 (a-c). The contact stress increases slightly up to f = 0.2 and then decreased
for f=0.25 and 0.3. Bending stresses and deformation show the opposite trend.
0.00E+00
5.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.50E+03
2.00E+03
2.50E+03
3.00E+03
3.50E+03
4.00E+03
Contact stress Bending stress
Stresses
[MPa]
Bonding
No seperation
Frictionless
Rough
Friction (f=0.15)
0.044
0.045
0.046
0.047
0.048
0.049
0.05
0.051
0.052
0.053
0.054
Bonding No seperation Frictionless Rough Friction (f=0.15)
Deformation
[mm]
Contact Type
14. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
281
Figure 14 (a): effect of friction coeficent on contact stress
Figure 14 (b): effect of friction coefficient on bending stress
Figure 14 (c): effect of Friction coefficient on the tooth deformation for Structure steel and M=100 N.m
Finally, the effect of material properties on the contact and bending stresses and deformation is investigated.
The main property considered is the elastic modulus E. A range of 91 to 206 GPa elastic modus is used for the
theoretical and numerical calculations. The results are shown in Figure 15a and 15b which indicate that bending
1.65E+03
1.65E+03
1.65E+03
1.66E+03
1.66E+03
1.66E+03
1.66E+03
1.66E+03
1.67E+03
1.67E+03
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Contac
stress
[Mpa]
Friction coefficient
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Bending
stress
[Mpa]
Friction coefficent
0.052
0.0521
0.0522
0.0523
0.0524
0.0525
0.0526
0.0527
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Deformation
[mm]
Friction coefficient
15. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
282
stress is not affected by the elastic modulus as it is expected whereas the contact stress is greatly affected by E
since it is included in the deformation calculation for the contact area. As expected, also, the deformation is
greatly affected by E, as E increases, the deformation decreases.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, 3D and 2D models of spur gears are developed to calculate contact and bending stresses and
deformation. The results are checked with theoretical data calculated using AGMA standard. The simulation
results have good agreement with the theoretical results especially the contact stress, which implies that the
model is vailed. The agreement between FEM and AGMA equation for bending stresses is very poor, about
24% deviation which still need more investigation to minimize this deviation. The finite element results for
different type of contact indicates that frictional contact, rough contact and frictionless contact is suitable for the
current application.
In the 3D model, the results are affected by the size of the element which it is large compared with the size of
element used in the 2D. This may need more study with more refinement. This will be more expensive analysis.
Extra parameters effect on the study may be considered such as module, face width, and gear center distance
which need more research time.
Figure 15 (a): effect of elastic modulus on the AGMA and FEA of bending and contact stresses
0.00E+00
2.00E+02
4.00E+02
6.00E+02
8.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.20E+03
1.40E+03
1.60E+03
1.80E+03
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Stresses
[MPa]
Elastic modulus [GPa]
AGMA Contact stress FEA Contact stress AGMA Bnding stress FEA Bending stress
16. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2017) Volume 34, No 1, pp 269-284
283
Figure 15 (b): effect of elastic modulus on the deformation of geer tooth
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