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Methods of
Reproduction
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction:
requires only 1 parent and the offspring are an
exact copy of the parent---a clone
Asexual Reproduction:
• Organisms that reproduce asexually cannot
develop much variety, because they are
“copying” the original organism exactly.
Methods of asexual reproduction:
Binary fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis
Binary fission
Single-celled organisms
(Amoeba, paramecium,
euglena) which use asexual
reproduction can do so
simply by dividing into two
equal halves.
This is called binary fission.
• When conditions are good, such as plenty
of water, food, right temperatures, etc.,
binary fission is a very effective way of
producing many, many offspring.
• For example, the cell of a Paramecium
can divide, grow, and divide again in the
space of 8 hours.
Budding- an offspring grows out
of the body of the parent.
Hydra Budding
offspring
Cactus Budding
Yeast - budding
Budding
In yeasts the cell does
not divide equally in
two halves; instead,
there is a large mother
cell and a smaller
daughter cell.
Fragmentation
In this form, the body of the parent breaks
into distinct pieces, each of which can
produce an offspring.
Pieces of coral broken off in storms
can grow into new colonies.
A new starfish can grow from
one detached arm.
Fragmentation- plant cuttings
Some plants can grow from cutting them
up and replanting them.
Green plants are quite sophisticated in
their methods of asexual reproduction.
Offspring may be produced by runners,
bulbs, rhizomes or tubers.
Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual
reproduction in which females produce eggs that
develop without fertilization. Parthenogenesis is
seen to occur naturally in some invertebrates,
along with several fish, amphibians, and reptiles
as well as in many plants.
There are no known cases of parthenogenesis in
mammals.
What is sexual reproduction?
• Requiring 2 parents
– male and female (egg & sperm)
• The egg and sperm join (zygote) to form an
entirely new organism
• Offspring are different from the parent
organism because
Sexual Reproduction:
Requiring 2 parents (egg & sperm)
Combining different genetic material
Methods of sexual reproduction:
Pollination
External Fertilization
Internal Fertilization
Pollen is produced in
the male organs of the
flowers - anthers.
Pollination occurs
when pollen is
transferred from the
anthers to the female
organs by wind or by
animals. If the female
stigma is receptive to a
pollen grain, the pollen
produces a pollen tube,
which grows through
the female tissue to the
egg, where
fertilization takes
place by the sperm
nucleus.
Sexual Reproduction
in Flowering Plants
External Fertilization
• External fertilization usually requires a
medium such as water, which the sperms
can use to swim towards the egg cell.
External fertilization usually occur in fish
and amphibians.
• The females lay the eggs in the water and
the male squirts the sperm
in the same area.
Internal Fertilization
• Fertilization occurs within the female.
• Internal fertilization occurs in mammals,
insects, birds, reptiles.
– Mammals (gorillas, lions, elephants, rats,
zebras, and dolphins have live births)
– Insects, birds, reptiles lay eggs
Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction produces a greater
chance of variation within a species than
asexual reproduction would.
• This variation improves the chances that a
species will adapt to his environment and
survive.
Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction results in offspring
that are genetically identical to the parent
organism.
• Sexual reproduction results in offspring that
are genetically different from the parent
organisms.

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Methods of reproduction.ppt

  • 1. Methods of Reproduction Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
  • 2. Asexual Reproduction: requires only 1 parent and the offspring are an exact copy of the parent---a clone
  • 3. Asexual Reproduction: • Organisms that reproduce asexually cannot develop much variety, because they are “copying” the original organism exactly.
  • 4. Methods of asexual reproduction: Binary fission Budding Fragmentation Parthenogenesis
  • 5. Binary fission Single-celled organisms (Amoeba, paramecium, euglena) which use asexual reproduction can do so simply by dividing into two equal halves. This is called binary fission.
  • 6. • When conditions are good, such as plenty of water, food, right temperatures, etc., binary fission is a very effective way of producing many, many offspring. • For example, the cell of a Paramecium can divide, grow, and divide again in the space of 8 hours.
  • 7. Budding- an offspring grows out of the body of the parent. Hydra Budding offspring Cactus Budding
  • 8. Yeast - budding Budding In yeasts the cell does not divide equally in two halves; instead, there is a large mother cell and a smaller daughter cell.
  • 9. Fragmentation In this form, the body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring. Pieces of coral broken off in storms can grow into new colonies. A new starfish can grow from one detached arm.
  • 10. Fragmentation- plant cuttings Some plants can grow from cutting them up and replanting them.
  • 11. Green plants are quite sophisticated in their methods of asexual reproduction. Offspring may be produced by runners, bulbs, rhizomes or tubers.
  • 12. Parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which females produce eggs that develop without fertilization. Parthenogenesis is seen to occur naturally in some invertebrates, along with several fish, amphibians, and reptiles as well as in many plants. There are no known cases of parthenogenesis in mammals.
  • 13. What is sexual reproduction? • Requiring 2 parents – male and female (egg & sperm) • The egg and sperm join (zygote) to form an entirely new organism • Offspring are different from the parent organism because
  • 14. Sexual Reproduction: Requiring 2 parents (egg & sperm) Combining different genetic material
  • 15. Methods of sexual reproduction: Pollination External Fertilization Internal Fertilization
  • 16. Pollen is produced in the male organs of the flowers - anthers. Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers to the female organs by wind or by animals. If the female stigma is receptive to a pollen grain, the pollen produces a pollen tube, which grows through the female tissue to the egg, where fertilization takes place by the sperm nucleus. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
  • 17. External Fertilization • External fertilization usually requires a medium such as water, which the sperms can use to swim towards the egg cell. External fertilization usually occur in fish and amphibians. • The females lay the eggs in the water and the male squirts the sperm in the same area.
  • 18. Internal Fertilization • Fertilization occurs within the female. • Internal fertilization occurs in mammals, insects, birds, reptiles. – Mammals (gorillas, lions, elephants, rats, zebras, and dolphins have live births) – Insects, birds, reptiles lay eggs
  • 19. Sexual Reproduction • Sexual reproduction produces a greater chance of variation within a species than asexual reproduction would. • This variation improves the chances that a species will adapt to his environment and survive.
  • 20. Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction • Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism. • Sexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically different from the parent organisms.