This document summarizes asexual and sexual reproduction in animals. It describes the key differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, and lists some advantages and disadvantages of each. Some methods of asexual reproduction like budding, fragmentation, and spore formation are explained. Sexual reproduction requires male and female gametes to form a zygote, introducing genetic variation. The stages of sexual reproduction in mammals including gamete formation, fertilization, embryo and fetus development, and birth are outlined in detail.
Sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two parent cells to form a new cell. It occurs through meiosis which produces haploid sex cells with half the number of chromosomes and through fertilization where an egg and sperm join. This maintains the diploid number of chromosomes and generates genetic variation in offspring, providing advantages for adaptation and selective breeding.
Integrated Science M3 Asexual Reproduction in animalseLearningJa
This document provides information about various methods of asexual reproduction in animals. It describes several methods including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. Examples are given for each method, such as how amoebas reproduce through binary fission and how ants can reproduce through parthenogenesis. The document aims to define asexual reproduction and outline its advantages and disadvantages compared to sexual reproduction.
Vertebrates reproduce sexually, with internal or external fertilization depending on habitat. They exhibit three reproductive strategies: oviparity, where eggs hatch outside the mother; ovoviviparity, where eggs hatch inside the mother; and viviparity, where embryos develop internally and receive nourishment from the mother. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male sperm and female eggs to form genetically diverse offspring. Vertebrates display various sexual reproduction patterns including dioecy, parthenogenesis, and hermaphroditism. While increasing genetic diversity, sexual reproduction requires finding mates and has energy costs that asexual reproduction avoids.
The document summarizes key aspects of sexual and asexual reproduction. It describes the main differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, noting that sexual reproduction increases genetic variability through recombination of parental genes. Various modes of asexual reproduction are outlined, including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and regeneration. Advantages and disadvantages of sexual versus asexual reproduction are also discussed.
Sexual reproduction in animals follows the same general process: meiosis produces gametes, fertilization occurs when the male gamete (sperm) joins the female gamete (egg) to form a zygote, and the zygote develops into an embryo through mitosis. For reproduction to be successful, the gametes must meet and the zygote must receive adequate resources. Animals have different mating patterns to allow for zygotes to form and develop, and fertilization can only occur between gametes of the same species. Fertilization may be internal or external depending on the animal, and offspring develop further inside or outside the mother before becoming independent.
Asexual reproduction involves a single parent producing genetically identical offspring through mitosis, including budding, gemmules, fragmentation, and regeneration. Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of male and female gametes, where the offspring have a mix of genetic material from both parents. There are two types of fertilization: external, where gametes meet outside the body, and internal, where fertilization occurs inside the female's reproductive tract. Reproduction follows certain patterns and cycles linked to environmental conditions to effectively produce offspring and maximize their chances of survival.
This document describes different types of asexual reproduction and cloning. It outlines 5 types of asexual reproduction including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, vegetative reproduction, and spore formation. The advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction are provided. The document also describes the processes of reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning aims to create an identical genetic copy of an organism, while therapeutic cloning uses stem cells to generate tissues and organs for transplantation.
This document summarizes reproduction in animals. It discusses the two main types of reproduction: asexual reproduction involving one parent where offspring are clones, and sexual reproduction involving two parents combining egg and sperm to increase genetic variation. Sexual reproduction provides advantages like more genetic diversity that allows offspring to better adapt to changing environments. The document also covers external vs internal fertilization and development requirements and examples in different animal groups.
Sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two parent cells to form a new cell. It occurs through meiosis which produces haploid sex cells with half the number of chromosomes and through fertilization where an egg and sperm join. This maintains the diploid number of chromosomes and generates genetic variation in offspring, providing advantages for adaptation and selective breeding.
Integrated Science M3 Asexual Reproduction in animalseLearningJa
This document provides information about various methods of asexual reproduction in animals. It describes several methods including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. Examples are given for each method, such as how amoebas reproduce through binary fission and how ants can reproduce through parthenogenesis. The document aims to define asexual reproduction and outline its advantages and disadvantages compared to sexual reproduction.
Vertebrates reproduce sexually, with internal or external fertilization depending on habitat. They exhibit three reproductive strategies: oviparity, where eggs hatch outside the mother; ovoviviparity, where eggs hatch inside the mother; and viviparity, where embryos develop internally and receive nourishment from the mother. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male sperm and female eggs to form genetically diverse offspring. Vertebrates display various sexual reproduction patterns including dioecy, parthenogenesis, and hermaphroditism. While increasing genetic diversity, sexual reproduction requires finding mates and has energy costs that asexual reproduction avoids.
The document summarizes key aspects of sexual and asexual reproduction. It describes the main differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, noting that sexual reproduction increases genetic variability through recombination of parental genes. Various modes of asexual reproduction are outlined, including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and regeneration. Advantages and disadvantages of sexual versus asexual reproduction are also discussed.
Sexual reproduction in animals follows the same general process: meiosis produces gametes, fertilization occurs when the male gamete (sperm) joins the female gamete (egg) to form a zygote, and the zygote develops into an embryo through mitosis. For reproduction to be successful, the gametes must meet and the zygote must receive adequate resources. Animals have different mating patterns to allow for zygotes to form and develop, and fertilization can only occur between gametes of the same species. Fertilization may be internal or external depending on the animal, and offspring develop further inside or outside the mother before becoming independent.
Asexual reproduction involves a single parent producing genetically identical offspring through mitosis, including budding, gemmules, fragmentation, and regeneration. Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of male and female gametes, where the offspring have a mix of genetic material from both parents. There are two types of fertilization: external, where gametes meet outside the body, and internal, where fertilization occurs inside the female's reproductive tract. Reproduction follows certain patterns and cycles linked to environmental conditions to effectively produce offspring and maximize their chances of survival.
This document describes different types of asexual reproduction and cloning. It outlines 5 types of asexual reproduction including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, vegetative reproduction, and spore formation. The advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction are provided. The document also describes the processes of reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning aims to create an identical genetic copy of an organism, while therapeutic cloning uses stem cells to generate tissues and organs for transplantation.
This document summarizes reproduction in animals. It discusses the two main types of reproduction: asexual reproduction involving one parent where offspring are clones, and sexual reproduction involving two parents combining egg and sperm to increase genetic variation. Sexual reproduction provides advantages like more genetic diversity that allows offspring to better adapt to changing environments. The document also covers external vs internal fertilization and development requirements and examples in different animal groups.
Sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two individuals to create offspring. It is the dominant life cycle for eukaryotes like animals and plants. The genetic material is contained in specialized sex cells called gametes, which are sperm in males and eggs in females. Fertilization occurs when the gametes join, forming a zygote with half the DNA from each parent. Sexual reproduction can involve internal or external fertilization and results in offspring that share traits with both parents but are not identical to either.
Asexual reproduction involves mitosis to produce genetically identical offspring while sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization to produce genetically diverse offspring. Asexual reproduction is found in unicellular organisms and some multicellular organisms and has the advantages of not requiring a mate and faster reproduction. However, it provides no genetic variation. Sexual reproduction is more common and provides genetic variation which allows species to adapt to environmental changes.
Animal reproduction can occur through asexual or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one individual producing genetically identical offspring through processes like budding, fragmentation, or regeneration. Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in offspring with genetic characteristics from both parents. Sexual reproduction introduces genetic diversity in populations. Reproduction is regulated by seasonal and hormonal cues to ensure offspring are born under favorable conditions.
Sexual reproduction involves two parents and results in offspring that are a genetic mix of both parents, while asexual reproduction involves only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical. Sexual reproduction uses specialized sex cells called gametes, takes more time and energy but produces variation, while asexual reproduction is quicker but limits adaptation. Whether sexual or asexual reproduction is better depends on the environment - asexual reproduction quickly populates a stable environment while sexual reproduction enables adaptation to a changing environment.
Reproduction of plants and simple animalsRAJEEVBAYAN1
This is a concept that tackles about the different methods of reproduction, asexual and sexual.
This features how organisms reproduce to offspring other than man and higher animals.
Reproduction is a key characteristic of living organisms that allows for the continuation of life across generations. It occurs through both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and introduces genetic variation. Some common asexual reproduction methods include budding, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction results in offspring with a mix of genetic traits from both parents and helps to promote genetic diversity.
The document discusses the cell cycle and the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and the M phase. Mitosis involves nuclear division followed by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells with identical genetic material. Meiosis involves one DNA replication followed by two cell divisions, reducing the chromosome number by half and producing haploid gametes. The stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and meiosis I and II are described in detail.
This slideshow was created as a seventh-grade example of what a student might accomplish to give a presentation to the class or group of kids about sexual and asexual reproduction.
This document summarizes reproduction in different types of animals. It explains that mammals like humans and bears give birth to live young that they nourish and care for. Birds lay eggs that parents incubate until the chicks hatch. Frogs lay many eggs that become tadpoles and later frogs. Insects undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to larvae to pupa to adult. Butterflies pass through the stages of egg, caterpillar, pupa and adult. Fish, snakes and turtles lay eggs outside their bodies that hatch into young.
House flies, chickens, and other animals reproduce through various life cycles and methods. Sexual reproduction can involve internal or external fertilization, while asexual reproduction occurs through budding or regeneration without fertilization. Advanced breeding techniques for animals include selective breeding, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and cloning.
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves only one parent where the offspring are genetically identical clones. It occurs through several methods including binary fission, budding, regeneration, parthenogenesis, and cloning. The common forms are binary fission where a single parent divides into two identical offspring, budding where new individuals bud off from the parent, and regeneration where a lost body part regrows into a whole new individual.
Animals can reproduce sexually or asexually. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells) - eggs from the female and sperm from the male. This results in the formation of offspring with genetic material from both parents. Some examples of sexual reproduction are frogs where eggs are fertilized externally and hens where eggs are fertilized internally but develop outside the body. Asexual reproduction does not involve sex cells and can occur through processes like regeneration where a new individual grows from a fragment of the original organism.
Sexual reproduction in animals involves the production of gametes - eggs from females in ovaries and sperm from males in testes. Eggs are larger and cannot move while sperm are smaller and swim. Fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus enters the egg nucleus and they join to form a zygote. External fertilization happens outside the body in water animals, while internal fertilization occurs inside the female's body in land animals and some aquatic animals, requiring specialized sex organs. After fertilization, the zygote may be enclosed in a shell and released or remain inside the female's body to develop.
The document discusses various modes of reproduction in animals. It describes asexual reproduction methods like budding and fragmentation where offspring are clones of the parent. It also covers sexual reproduction, noting external fertilization in many fish and internal fertilization in most other animals. Five main types of sexual reproduction are outlined: oviparity, ovoviviparity, histotrophic viviparity, hemotrophic viviparity, and hermaphroditism in which an animal can change or have both sexes simultaneously. Examples are provided for each method.
This document summarizes various modes of asexual and sexual reproduction in animals. It discusses asexual reproduction methods like fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of male and female gametes. Fertilization can occur externally or internally. The document also covers sequential hermaphroditism and describes genetically modified organisms and the central dogma of molecular biology.
Biology Sexual and asexual reproductioneLearningJa
This document provides an overview of sexual and asexual reproduction. It defines key terms like meiosis, mitosis, gametes and fertilization. It describes several methods of asexual reproduction like binary fission, budding, regeneration and parthenogenesis. Advantages of asexual reproduction include not needing a mate and producing large numbers quickly, while disadvantages include inability to adapt to changes. Sexual reproduction generates genetic variation through meiosis and fertilization, allowing adaptation but requiring more time and energy to find a mate.
Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical clones through cell division or budding. It is fast but leaves no genetic variation, so all offspring could be vulnerable to the same diseases. Sexual reproduction involves two parents who produce gametes through meiosis that combine to create genetically unique offspring, introducing variation but taking more time and energy.
Animal reproduction class presentation (ppt)antonievan
The document summarizes animal reproduction across multiple species. It describes the basic processes of copulation, fertilization, embryo development, and birth. It then provides detailed information on the male and female reproductive systems of various livestock, including their structures, functions, and the hormonal control of reproduction. Key aspects covered include the testes and ovaries, gamete production, role of hormones, gestation, and birth.
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction mechanisms in animals. For sexual reproduction, it describes the processes of gamete production, fertilization through internal or external means, and embryonic development through cleavage, gastrulation and organogenesis. For embryonic development, it highlights adaptations in amniotes including extraembryonic membranes. Offspring can be precocial or altricial at birth depending on the level of development.
1. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical. It is common in unicellular organisms and allows for rapid population growth.
2. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring with genetic variation. In humans, gametes from the male and female reproductive systems fuse during fertilization, forming a zygote that develops into an embryo.
3. Reproduction, whether asexual or sexual, ensures the continuity of species from one generation to the next. It increases genetic diversity which allows populations to adapt to their environments.
Molecular & genetic mechanisms of onto genesisEneutron
1) The document discusses various mechanisms of sexual and asexual reproduction in organisms. It describes gametogenesis, fertilization, and the main stages of ontogenesis including cleavage, gastrulation, and formation of organs and systems.
2) The two main types of reproduction are asexual, which produces offspring genetically identical to the parent, and sexual, which involves meiosis and fusion of male and female gametes to create offspring with genetic material from both parents.
3) Fertilization is the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote, which then undergoes cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis during development.
Sexual reproduction involves the combination of genetic material from two individuals to create offspring. It is the dominant life cycle for eukaryotes like animals and plants. The genetic material is contained in specialized sex cells called gametes, which are sperm in males and eggs in females. Fertilization occurs when the gametes join, forming a zygote with half the DNA from each parent. Sexual reproduction can involve internal or external fertilization and results in offspring that share traits with both parents but are not identical to either.
Asexual reproduction involves mitosis to produce genetically identical offspring while sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization to produce genetically diverse offspring. Asexual reproduction is found in unicellular organisms and some multicellular organisms and has the advantages of not requiring a mate and faster reproduction. However, it provides no genetic variation. Sexual reproduction is more common and provides genetic variation which allows species to adapt to environmental changes.
Animal reproduction can occur through asexual or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one individual producing genetically identical offspring through processes like budding, fragmentation, or regeneration. Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in offspring with genetic characteristics from both parents. Sexual reproduction introduces genetic diversity in populations. Reproduction is regulated by seasonal and hormonal cues to ensure offspring are born under favorable conditions.
Sexual reproduction involves two parents and results in offspring that are a genetic mix of both parents, while asexual reproduction involves only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical. Sexual reproduction uses specialized sex cells called gametes, takes more time and energy but produces variation, while asexual reproduction is quicker but limits adaptation. Whether sexual or asexual reproduction is better depends on the environment - asexual reproduction quickly populates a stable environment while sexual reproduction enables adaptation to a changing environment.
Reproduction of plants and simple animalsRAJEEVBAYAN1
This is a concept that tackles about the different methods of reproduction, asexual and sexual.
This features how organisms reproduce to offspring other than man and higher animals.
Reproduction is a key characteristic of living organisms that allows for the continuation of life across generations. It occurs through both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical, while sexual reproduction involves two parents and introduces genetic variation. Some common asexual reproduction methods include budding, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction results in offspring with a mix of genetic traits from both parents and helps to promote genetic diversity.
The document discusses the cell cycle and the processes of mitosis and meiosis. It explains that the cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and the M phase. Mitosis involves nuclear division followed by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells with identical genetic material. Meiosis involves one DNA replication followed by two cell divisions, reducing the chromosome number by half and producing haploid gametes. The stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and meiosis I and II are described in detail.
This slideshow was created as a seventh-grade example of what a student might accomplish to give a presentation to the class or group of kids about sexual and asexual reproduction.
This document summarizes reproduction in different types of animals. It explains that mammals like humans and bears give birth to live young that they nourish and care for. Birds lay eggs that parents incubate until the chicks hatch. Frogs lay many eggs that become tadpoles and later frogs. Insects undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to larvae to pupa to adult. Butterflies pass through the stages of egg, caterpillar, pupa and adult. Fish, snakes and turtles lay eggs outside their bodies that hatch into young.
House flies, chickens, and other animals reproduce through various life cycles and methods. Sexual reproduction can involve internal or external fertilization, while asexual reproduction occurs through budding or regeneration without fertilization. Advanced breeding techniques for animals include selective breeding, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and cloning.
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves only one parent where the offspring are genetically identical clones. It occurs through several methods including binary fission, budding, regeneration, parthenogenesis, and cloning. The common forms are binary fission where a single parent divides into two identical offspring, budding where new individuals bud off from the parent, and regeneration where a lost body part regrows into a whole new individual.
Animals can reproduce sexually or asexually. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells) - eggs from the female and sperm from the male. This results in the formation of offspring with genetic material from both parents. Some examples of sexual reproduction are frogs where eggs are fertilized externally and hens where eggs are fertilized internally but develop outside the body. Asexual reproduction does not involve sex cells and can occur through processes like regeneration where a new individual grows from a fragment of the original organism.
Sexual reproduction in animals involves the production of gametes - eggs from females in ovaries and sperm from males in testes. Eggs are larger and cannot move while sperm are smaller and swim. Fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus enters the egg nucleus and they join to form a zygote. External fertilization happens outside the body in water animals, while internal fertilization occurs inside the female's body in land animals and some aquatic animals, requiring specialized sex organs. After fertilization, the zygote may be enclosed in a shell and released or remain inside the female's body to develop.
The document discusses various modes of reproduction in animals. It describes asexual reproduction methods like budding and fragmentation where offspring are clones of the parent. It also covers sexual reproduction, noting external fertilization in many fish and internal fertilization in most other animals. Five main types of sexual reproduction are outlined: oviparity, ovoviviparity, histotrophic viviparity, hemotrophic viviparity, and hermaphroditism in which an animal can change or have both sexes simultaneously. Examples are provided for each method.
This document summarizes various modes of asexual and sexual reproduction in animals. It discusses asexual reproduction methods like fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of male and female gametes. Fertilization can occur externally or internally. The document also covers sequential hermaphroditism and describes genetically modified organisms and the central dogma of molecular biology.
Biology Sexual and asexual reproductioneLearningJa
This document provides an overview of sexual and asexual reproduction. It defines key terms like meiosis, mitosis, gametes and fertilization. It describes several methods of asexual reproduction like binary fission, budding, regeneration and parthenogenesis. Advantages of asexual reproduction include not needing a mate and producing large numbers quickly, while disadvantages include inability to adapt to changes. Sexual reproduction generates genetic variation through meiosis and fertilization, allowing adaptation but requiring more time and energy to find a mate.
Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical clones through cell division or budding. It is fast but leaves no genetic variation, so all offspring could be vulnerable to the same diseases. Sexual reproduction involves two parents who produce gametes through meiosis that combine to create genetically unique offspring, introducing variation but taking more time and energy.
Animal reproduction class presentation (ppt)antonievan
The document summarizes animal reproduction across multiple species. It describes the basic processes of copulation, fertilization, embryo development, and birth. It then provides detailed information on the male and female reproductive systems of various livestock, including their structures, functions, and the hormonal control of reproduction. Key aspects covered include the testes and ovaries, gamete production, role of hormones, gestation, and birth.
This document provides an overview of animal reproduction and development. It discusses both asexual and sexual reproduction mechanisms in animals. For sexual reproduction, it describes the processes of gamete production, fertilization through internal or external means, and embryonic development through cleavage, gastrulation and organogenesis. For embryonic development, it highlights adaptations in amniotes including extraembryonic membranes. Offspring can be precocial or altricial at birth depending on the level of development.
1. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical. It is common in unicellular organisms and allows for rapid population growth.
2. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring with genetic variation. In humans, gametes from the male and female reproductive systems fuse during fertilization, forming a zygote that develops into an embryo.
3. Reproduction, whether asexual or sexual, ensures the continuity of species from one generation to the next. It increases genetic diversity which allows populations to adapt to their environments.
Molecular & genetic mechanisms of onto genesisEneutron
1) The document discusses various mechanisms of sexual and asexual reproduction in organisms. It describes gametogenesis, fertilization, and the main stages of ontogenesis including cleavage, gastrulation, and formation of organs and systems.
2) The two main types of reproduction are asexual, which produces offspring genetically identical to the parent, and sexual, which involves meiosis and fusion of male and female gametes to create offspring with genetic material from both parents.
3) Fertilization is the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote, which then undergoes cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis during development.
Asexual reproduction in amoeba occurs through binary fission. The amoeba cell divides through mitosis to form two identical daughter cells. Each daughter cell is an exact clone of the parent cell. Binary fission allows for rapid multiplication of amoeba in favorable environmental conditions. The contractile vacuole acts to regulate the amoeba's water content through osmosis, as the cell takes in more water than its surroundings. It repeatedly swells and bursts to expel excess water from the cell.
Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and produces offspring that are exact genetic copies. This process is faster than sexual reproduction but does not allow for variation and evolution. Common asexual reproduction methods include binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and spore production.
Sexual reproduction requires two parents and the fusion of egg and sperm to produce offspring with unique combinations of genetic material. This process creates genetic variation and drives evolution by allowing populations to adapt to changing environments. Common sexual reproduction methods include pollination, external fertilization in water, and internal fertilization in mammals and other land animals.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote, which undergoes cell division and differentiation during embryogenesis to develop into a new organism. Asexual reproduction does not involve gametes and can involve processes like budding, fragmentation, fission, or spore formation to produce offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. While asexual reproduction is faster, sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation between offspring and parents, which can contribute to evolution of the species over generations.
1. The document discusses various modes of reproduction in plants including vegetative propagation through runners, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and offsets. It also discusses sexual reproduction.
2. Sexual reproduction involves gamete formation through gametogenesis, fertilization of male and female gametes, and embryogenesis of the zygote. It can occur internally or externally.
3. After fertilization, the zygote undergoes cell division and differentiation during embryogenesis. In animals, offspring can develop outside the mother's body in eggs (oviparous) or inside the mother's body (viviparous).
Animal reproduction can occur through either sexual or asexual means. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote, while asexual reproduction generates new individuals without the fusion of gametes through mitosis. Common forms of asexual reproduction in invertebrates include fission, budding, and parthenogenesis. Most animals exhibit seasonal cycles in sexual reproductive activity related to environmental cues like changes in day length or temperature. Fertilization can be external or internal.
This document summarizes asexual and sexual reproduction. It describes various forms of asexual reproduction like budding, fragmentation, and regeneration. It also discusses plant asexual reproduction through stems, leaves, and roots. Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of male and female gametes, and can occur externally or internally. Reproduction follows certain patterns and cycles linked to environmental conditions to maximize offspring survival.
1. The document discusses plant and animal organ systems and their functions, focusing on reproduction. It describes both asexual and sexual reproduction in animals.
2. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote, while asexual reproduction does not involve fertilization.
3. The document outlines the key reproductive organs in male and female humans and other animals like ovaries, testes, penis, and vagina.
4. It also discusses fertilization, important reproductive variations, and the nutrient requirements for plants.
Methods of reproduction can be sexual, requiring two parents, or asexual with one parent. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are exact clones of the parent with little variation. Common asexual reproduction methods include binary fission in single-celled organisms, budding where new growth emerges from the parent, and fragmentation where a parent breaks into pieces that form new individuals. Sexual reproduction requires an egg and sperm and results in offspring with unique genetic combinations from both parents, increasing variation within a species.
1. Reproduction is the process by which organisms produce offspring and involves either asexual or sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction requires fertilization between male and female gametes while asexual reproduction does not.
2. In plants, sexual reproduction involves pollination, where pollen is transferred between flowers, and fertilization, where the male gametes fuse with the female gametes. This results in the production of seeds containing embryos.
3. In animals, sexual reproduction involves internal or external fertilization. Internal fertilization occurs inside the female's body while external fertilization occurs outside. Fertilization is the fusion of sperm and egg cells to form a zygote, beginning the process of development.
Plants can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring through vegetative reproduction or apomixis. Sexual reproduction requires the fertilization of egg and sperm cells to produce offspring with a combination of genetic material from both parents. Reproduction is essential for continuity of life as it allows organisms to produce new individuals.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes through fertilization to form a zygote. Asexual reproduction involves mitosis and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent without fusion of gametes. The main types of asexual reproduction include binary fission, budding, regeneration, and vegetative propagation, while the benefits of sexual reproduction include genetic diversity and ability to adapt to environmental changes.
This document summarizes reproduction in lower and higher plants. It describes asexual reproduction methods like fragmentation, budding, spore formation and vegetative reproduction through cutting, grafting and tissue culture. Sexual reproduction requires fusion of male and female gametes. In flowering plants, the male parts (stamen) produce pollen which contains microspores. These develop into pollen grains which contain the male gametophyte. The female parts (pistil, carpel) contain ovules which house the embryo sac (female gametophyte). Fertilization occurs when pollen lands on the stigma and a pollen tube delivers sperm for double fertilization within the embryo sac.
1. Reproduction can occur asexually through budding or cell division without gametes, producing offspring that are genetically identical to the parent, or sexually through the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization, producing offspring with genetic variation.
2. Gametogenesis is the process where haploid gametes are produced through meiosis in diploid organisms or mitosis in haploid organisms.
3. Fertilization occurs internally or externally when the gametes fuse, forming a diploid zygote that undergoes embryogenesis to develop into a new organism.
Sexual reproduction involves two parents and results in offspring with a genetic mix from both parents using specialized sex cells, while asexual reproduction involves only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical using regular body cells. Some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually. The advantages and disadvantages of each type of reproduction depend on environmental factors and the ability of organisms to adapt.
The document discusses different types of reproduction in multicellular and unicellular organisms. It explains that asexual reproduction involves one cell splitting into two identical offspring through processes like binary fission or budding. Sexual reproduction involves the combination of two different gametes, male sperm and female eggs, which produces offspring with a mix of traits from both parents. Sexual reproduction can involve either internal or external fertilization of the eggs by sperm.
defined as a biological process in
which an organism gives rise to
young ones (offspring) similar to
itself.
Asexual reproduction:
Offsprings produced by single
parents.
Without involvement of gamete
formation
Offsprings are genetically
identical to their parentsCell division as a method of asexual
reproduction as in Protista and monera.
Binary fission e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium.
Budding: e.g. yeast.
Asexual reproductive structures:
Zoospores: aquatic fungi, Chlamydomonas.
Conidia: Penicillium.
Bud: Hydra
Gemmules: sponges.
Vegetative propagation units in plant:
(Vegetative propagules)
Runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, bulb.
This document discusses sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the structures involved, including the male stamen which produces pollen grains containing sperm cells, and the female pistil containing the ovary with ovules. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains to the stigma of the pistil. This leads to fertilization, where one sperm cell fuses with the egg cell and another with the polar nuclei, in a process called double fertilization. This forms the seed containing an embryo and endosperm with food reserves. The document outlines the stages and mechanisms of gamete formation, pollination, fertilization and seed development.
How Do Organisms Reproduce ? - Class 10 CBSE science (BIo)Amit Choube
Organisms reproduce through both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and no gamete formation, resulting in offspring that are identical clones. Common asexual reproduction methods include binary fission, budding, and spore formation. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and gamete formation with fusion, leading to genetic variation in offspring. In flowering plants, sexual reproduction involves pollination, fertilization within the ovary, and seed formation. In humans, sexual reproduction becomes possible at puberty when secondary sex characteristics develop. The male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes and transfers them via the penis, while the female reproductive system involves eggs released from ovaries and development within the uterus.
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2. Learning Goals
• Distinguish between asexual and sexual
reproduction and the list advantages/benefits
and disadvantages/costs of each
• Describe reproduction in unicellular organisms
• Summarise reproduction and development in
mammals and describe the three steps of
fertilization
• Summarise the function of the male and female
reproductive systems including the menstrual
cycle in females
3. Reproduction
• Individual organisms do not live forever.
• Therefore the continuity of a species relies on
individuals reproducing.
• There are two types of reproduction: asexual
reproduction and sexual reproduction.
4. Asexual Reproduction
• Unicellular organisms such as bacteria and protists as well
as some plants, fungi and a few animals reproduce
asexually.
• That is, they reproduce by mitotic divisions producing
offspring that are identical to their parent- clones.
• In multicellular organisms the new individual will arise from a
cellular division of an ordinary body cell (a somatic cell).
• Many organisms that reproduce asexually have the ability to
reproduce sexually also but the occurrence of this may be
rare.
• Organisms that reproduce asexually are found in stable
environments to which they are very well suited.
5. Ways of Reproducing Asexually
• There are several ways an organism may
reproduce asexually:
• Fission and Budding
• Fragmentation
• Spore Formation
• Vegetative Reproduction
• Parthenogenesis
6. Fission and Budding
• Fission is common among unicellular
organisms such as bacteria.
• Fission occurs after the mitotic division of the
nucleus when the parent cell splits into two
equally sized daughter cells forming a new
organism.
• Budding is similar to fission except that the
division of the cytoplasm is unequal. The new
individual arises from an outgrowth, or bud, from
the parent.
• Budding can also be seen in small multicellular
animals.
8. Fragmentation
• Fragmentation occurs in multicellular organisms when the
body of the organism breaks into two or more parts each of
which will form a new organism.
• This form of reproduction is common in flatworms, marine
worms, and echinoderms (starfish).
• With worms and new individual may form when the worm
gets so long that it simply falls apart forming new organisms.
9. Spore Formation
• Spores are formed by fungi and are often contained within a
structure known as a sporangium which will disintegrate
releasing the spores into the environment.
• When a spore lands in a suitable environment it will
germinate forming a new fungus.
• Spores are formed by budding.
10. Vegetative Reproduction
• Many plants are capable of vegetative reproduction which is
the separation of one plant to form a new, independent
plant.
• Vegetative reproduction may arise form many parts of a
plant including the leaves and underground stems.
• Rhizomes are underground stems that branch and give rise
to new shoots and roots
• Note that these plants can also reproduce sexually. Asexual
reproduction is however faster and may allow the plant to
out-compete neighboring species of plant wanting the same
resources and space.
11.
12. Parthenogenesis
• Parthenogenesis is the development of an unfertilised egg
into a new individual that is a clone of the parent.
• In order to obtain the needed diploid set of chromosomes
the egg will often duplicate by mitosis and then fuse to give
the egg two sets of chromosomes.
• Animals that are parthenogenetic include bees, wasps, ants,
and some species of birds and lizards.
13. Parthenogenesis
• The fertilised eggs of bees, wasps and ants will develop into
females.
• An unfertilised egg however will duplicate by mitosis and
fuse to form a diploid cell. These cells then develop by
further mitotic divisions into males.
• Unfertilised eggs of some species of lizards and our very
own stick insects will develop into females. A population of
these organisms in some regions may be composed entirely
of female organisms.
14. Advantages and Benefits of Asexual
Reproduction
• No need to spend time and energy finding a mate
• No need to use energy resources producing eggs and
sperm that potentially would never be used
Disadvantages and Costs of Asexual
Reproduction
• Lack of variation within the population means the
species is less likely to survive after environmental
change
15. Sexual Reproduction
• Most multicellular organisms reproduce sexually.
• Sexual reproduction involves male and female gametes
(sperm and eggs) uniting to form a zygote. This zygote is a
unique new individual introducing variation into a population.
• The cells of multicellular organisms can be divided into two
broad categories:
• Germ cells which give rise to the gametes. Gametes
are the cells that combine in sexual reproduction to form
a new organism.
• Somatic cells are all cells of the body with the exception
of the germ cells.
16. Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction involves the following processes:
• Meiotic divisions of the germ cells produce haploid
gametes (one set of chromosomes) usually ova (eggs)
and sperm.
• The ova and sperm fuse to form a diploid (two sets of
chromosomes) zygote (single cell).
• This zygote then divides by mitotic divisions to produce
a large number of cells that differentiate to form the
various different types of tissues that make up the new
individual.
18. Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction usually involve two parents but
there may be only one.
• Some worms such as tapeworms are hermaphrodites
meaning they have both male and female reproductive
organs.
• Hermaphrodites do not self fertilise as a first option but
when they do they produce genetically different
offspring.
19. Advantages and Benefits of Sexual Reproduction
• The genetic diversity introduced by sexual reproduction
can allow a species to survive changing environmental
conditions. This is a major benefit to the survival of the
species.
20. Disadvantages and Costs of Sexual
Reproduction
• The organism must use energy to produce germ cells
• The organism may have to change its usual pattern of
activity to ensure these gametes are brought together at
the right time of the year.
• Some reproductive behaviours may attract predators not
only a reproductive mate.
• Reproduction in some species leads to deadly
competition between males.
• The costs of sexual reproduction however clearly
outweigh the costs as reflected by the fact that nearly all
eukaryotic organisms reproduce sexually.
21. Sexual Reproduction in Animals
• The reproductive system is composed of primary and
secondary sex organs.
• In animals the primary sex organs which produce the
gametes are the ovaries in females and the testes in
males.
• Secondary sex organs include the various glands that
produce nutrition and lubrication, the ducts and
chambers that provide areas for storage and
development of the gametes and the organs for mating
and protection of the developing embryo.
22. Stages in Mammalian Reproduction
• The stages of mammalian reproduction include:
• Gamete formation
• Fertilisation
• Development of the embryo and fetus
• Note that I will be focusing on Human Reproduction.
There are slight differences in the structure of the
reproductive systems of other mammals but their
physiology is based on the same principles.
23. Gamete Formation
• Gamete formation involves the formation of the eggs (ova)
and sperm.
• Eggs are large cells that are not mobile and contain the
food stores needed for the development of the embryo.
• Spermatozoa (sperm) are mobile cells usually with a tail
that contain a limited food source.
24. Gamete Formation
• The production of the
gametes is under the
control of hormones
released from the
anterior pituitary gland
in the brain.
• The two hormones
involved in gamete
formation include
follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) and
luteinising hormone
(LH).
25. The Male Reproductive System
• Consists of paired testes
which continuously produce
sperm (in many organisms);
paired accessory glands
which produce secretions
that make up 95% of the
volume of the semen; and a
system of ducts leading to
the urethra.
• LH simulates the release of
testosterone by the testes.
• FSH acts on the testes to
stimulate sperm production
(spermatogenesis).
26. The Testes
• The testes are composed of many tubules.
• Lining the outer region of these tubules are sperm
precursor cells.
• Mitotic divisions of these cells produce spermatocytes each
of which divides to produce four sperm cells.
27. The Male Reproductive System
• From the testes the sperm pass into the epididymis.
Here the sperm complete maturation and are stored for
up to 6 weeks.
28. The Male Reproductive System
• During mating contractions
of the vas deferens move
sperm towards the urethra.
• On the journey secretions
of the accessory glands
are added forming seminal
fluid.
• This fluid causes the
sperm to become motile
and provides them with
nutrition.
29. The Female Reproductive System
• The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries
which give rise to egg cells, the fallopian tubes, the
uterus, the cervix and the vagina.
30. The Female Reproductive System
• Before birth meiosis of the oocytes (the germ cells of the
ovaries) begins. This division is stopped. However a
female is born with her ovaries already possessing all of
her potential eggs cells.
• Once maturity is reached the ovarian cycle commences
and further development of the eggs begins.
• FSH will influence one of the oocytes to resume meiotic
division.
• This will occur within a group of cells called a follicle.
Only one of the cells within the follicle will form an egg
cell.
31. The Female Reproductive System
• A developing follicle will release oestrogen which causes
the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) to become thicker,
softer and develop a rich supply of blood vessels ready to
receive a fertilised egg.
• LH triggers ovulation which is the release of the egg from
the follicle. The egg is transported by fluid currents to the
fallopian tube (oviducts) which further contract to move the
egg to the uterus. In primates usually only one egg is
released. In most other mammals a number of eggs are
released with each ovulation.
• The follicle left behind after fertilisation is known as the
corpus luteum. Stimulated by the presence of LH the
corpus luteum secretes large amounts of oestrogen and
progesterone. These hormones further thicken the lining of
the uterus.
33. The Female Reproductive System
• An unfertilised egg will simply pass through the
reproductive system. The corpus luteum breaks down
and stops releasing hormones causing the disintegration
of the lining of the uterus.
• The lining of the uterus is released during menstruation
(period) and marks the being of a new ovarian cycle.
34. Fertilisation
• Fertilisation is the fusion of two gametes to form a zygote.
• In mammals it occurs internally in the oviduct (in humans,
the fallopian tube).
• Involves three events:
1. Recognition and penetration of the egg by the sperm
2. Activation of the egg cell which initiates development
3. Fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei
35. Fertilisation
• The result of these three processes is a zygote- the
beginning of a new individual.
• A zygote is the size of the egg cell which is a very large
cell. The first step after fertilisation is cleavage.
• Cleavage is a period of cell division in which the egg cell
is divided into many hundreds of smaller cells. This
occurs as the embryo passes down the fallopian tube
into the uterus.
38. Implantation
• When the embryo reaches the uterus it is known as a
blastocyst.
• The blastocyst adheres to the lining of the uterus and
implantation follows.
• The placenta forms when finger-like projections of the
embryonic cells become embedded into the uterus.
• The placenta has various functions including to exchange
nutrients and wastes between maternal and embryonic
blood and to produce hormones.
39. Development of the Embryo and
Fetus
• The genetic information within each cell plays a vital role in
the development of an individual from the blastocyst.
• Under instruction from the DNA the nuclei begin to produce
new proteins. The embryo forms a hollow structure with
three layers: the ectoderm (outer), the mesoderm (middle)
and the endoderm (inner).
40. Development of the Embryo and
Fetus
• The ectoderm will form the skin cells and cells of the
nervous system
• The endoderm will form gut tissue
• The mesoderm will produce bone and muscle tissue as
well as the circulatory, excretory and reproductive
systems.
• As development of these cells continues tiny organs
appear. The brain will develop first followed by the
circulatory system, the limbs, skin, bone and muscle
tissue. Cells further differentiate and grow in size.
41. Development of the Embryo and Fetus
• The embryonic stages ends eight weeks after
fertilisation. The organism is known as a fetus and is
distinctly human.
• For the rest of gestation the organs continue to develop
and tissue becomes more specialised. Muscle cells will
be able to contract, red blood cells carry oxygen through
the circulatory system, connective tissue forms bone.
43. Development of the Embryo and Fetus
• The developing fetus is surrounded by a fluid. This fluid
is known as amniotic fluid and serves to protect the fetus
and allow the fetus to move around.
• The fetus is nourished by exchange of materials across
the placenta. 16 weeks
45. Lactation
• During pregnancy the breasts enlarge and develop in
preparation for lactation.
• At birth the hormone prolactin is released from the
anterior pituitary gland stimulating the production of milk.
• Suckling of the baby causes the release of oxytocin from
the posterior pituitary gland which simulates contraction
of breast muscle releasing this milk.
46. Growth
• A new born human, a neonate, is born completely
dependent on adults. Most of their movements are
reflexes.
• Many systems continue to develop after birth although at
a much slower rate.