CHEMISTRY LESSON - BULGARIA

1. Methods and strategies applied in chemistry and
environmental education and physics and
astronomy
The main methods of forming cognitive interests are:
1. Verbal
- emotional story
- Problem lecture
- Heuristic talk
2. Method of Associations
- content analysis
- intellectual maps
3. Simulation case study
- performing roles
- Game simulations (games)
4. Brainstorm
5. Discussions
6. Visual
7. Practical
Verbal methods: It is important when studying a new chemical
element or law with students to comment on the historical facts
relating to the year of its discovery, the name of the discoverer, the
situation in which the event occurred.

2. The association method is based on the natural ability of the brain
to link the information received to the already accepted and
processed. It includes the content analysis and the development of
intellectual maps.
Content analysis is a preferred method of summarizing a large
number of information. It is an analysis of already learned learning
material whose importance is established through tables, diagrams,
classifications and evaluation of keywords and topics.
Each intellectual map begins with a central (key) concept, followed by
more specific concepts in a hierarchical order. In fact, the
development of intellectual maps is a written representation of the
relationship between concepts and ideas.
The association method recognizes the physiological basis of learning
and reveals the character of the student's thinking (empirically or
creatively, practically or abstractly).
Simulations and games are a strategy for teaching and learning
where students actively participate in making decisions. Through
them, they interact between theory and practice.
The most commonly used simulations are case studies, role play,
games.
The Brainstorm method is used to quickly provoke associations on a
topic to:
- summarizing the opinion of the class
- developing a network of concepts (intellectual map)
- Establishing certain knowledge when introducing new learning
content.

3. Discussion is learning through communication based on asking
questions and delivering opinions. It is the basis of many methods
but it can also be used as a stand-alone method. There are different
possibilities for its realization. One of the options is a "mosaic"
discussion (open discussion), in which students, individually or in
groups, present their opinion or position on the problem being
discussed. Discussion may end with building an intellectual card. It is
appropriate for lessons to summarize and systemize knowledge.
Interactive methods allow for the complex development of the
student by achieving goals from all three areas: cognitive (cognitive)
goals related to the learning of knowledge and skills; personally
oriented (affective goals) - with the formation of attention,
relationships and value orientation; practical driving skills related to
imitation, dexterity and precision in performing various actions.
Interactive multimedia presentations, virtual laboratories are
successfully applied both in the lessons of new knowledge as well as
in the summarization of knowledge.
The visual representation of a chemical element, an experimental
set-up or instrument and the practical execution of the assignment
leads to a deeper knowledge and personal development of the
students.
Textbooks: Anubis Publishing, Bulgaria
Pedagog Publishing, Bulgaria