6. THE HYDROSPHERE
Total water realm of the Earth’s surface,
including the ocens, surface waters of the
lands, groundwater, and water held in the
atmosphere.
11. WATER CYCLE
In the water cycle, solar-
powered evaporation of water
from ocean and moist land
surface provides atmospheric
water vapor that can ultimately
fall as precipitation.
17. THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
In the hydrologic cycle or water cycle, water
moves among the ocean, the atmosphere, the
land, and back to the ocean in a continuous
process.
20. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Define humidity
• Describe the difference between specific humidity
and relative humidity
• Explain the importance of the dew-point
temperature
21. HUMIDITY
A general term for the
amount of moisture in the air
– varies widely from place to
place and time to time.
22. HUMIDITY
SPECIFIC HUMIDITY
• Measures the mass of water
vapor in a mass of air in
grams of water vapor per
kilogram.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
• measures water vapor in the
air as the percentage of the
maximum amount of water
vapor that can be held at the
given air temperature.
23. RELATIVE HUMIDITY
FIRST
• the atmosphere can
directly gain or lose
water vapor
SECOND
• through a change of
temperature
28. THE ADIABATIC PROCESS
The physical principle that a gas cools as it is
compressed, provided that no heat flows in or
out of the gas during the process.
29. ADIABATIC PROCESS
DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE
Rate at which rising air is cooled
by expansion when no
condensation is occurring ; 10°C
per 1000m (5.5°F per 1000ft)
WET ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE
Rate at which rising air is
cooled by expansion when
condensation is occurring;
range from 4 to 9°C per
1000m (2.2 to 4.9°F per
1000ft)
33. CONDENSATIO
NUCLEUS
A tiny bit of soclid matter
(aerosol) in the atmosphere on
which water vapor condenses
to form a tiny water droplet
34. CLOUD FORMS
They range from the small, white puffy clouds
often seen in summer to the gray layers that
produce a good old fashioned rainy day,
group clouds into two major classes –
stratiform or layered clouds and cumuliform
or globular clouds.
35. CLOUD FAMILIES
AND TYPES
Clouds are grouped
into families on the
basis of height.
Individual cloud types
are named according to
their form
40. FOG
Fog is simply a cloud layer at or very close to the
Earth’s surface. However, fog is not formed in quite
the same way as clouds in the sky.
One type of fog, known as radiation fog.
42. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Describe what causes precipitation
• Name the four types of precipitation processes and
describe their differences
• Explain the conditions that causes thunderstorm
43.
44.
45. ICE STORM
When rain falls into a surface
layer of below-freezing air,
clear ice coasts the ground
the weight of the ice brings
down power lines and tree
limbs
48. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• List substance that act in air pollutants
• Explain where air pollutants come from
• Explain what cause smog
• Describe acid rain, its cause and effects
49. AIR POLLUTANT
An unwanted substance injected into the
atmosphere from theb Earth’s surface by
either natural or human activities ; includes
aerosols, gases, and paryiculates
50. ACID DEPOSITION
Acid rain is part of the phenomenon of acid
deposition. It’s made up of raindrops that have
been acidified by air pollutants : (fossil fuel
burning releases sulfur dioxide (SO2) and
nitric oxide (NO2) into the air
53. SMOG
The term smog was coined by combining the
words “smoke” and “fog” to describe a
considerable density of aerosols and gas
pollutants over an urban area.
