Membranes are important structural features of cells. Describe the r.pdf
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MAINTENANCE Of WORKSTATION ANO TOOLS: Replace all panels. on the system is you are instructed. Return all tools, equipment, and materials to their respective places. SUMMARY STATEMENT: Explain what the symptoms would be if the four-way valve were leaking across the various ports. What temperature difference should be expected between the indoor line and the permanent suction-line ports on the reversing valve during the cooling cycle? What temperature difference should he expected between the outdoor line and permanent suction-line ports on the reversing valve during the heating cycle? If the permanent suction line were 10 degree F warmer than the indoor coil line at the four-way valve while the system is operating in the cooling mode, where could the heat come from? Why should you place the thermometer sensor at least 4\" from the four-way valve when checking the refrigerant-line temperature? What cautions should be taken when soldering a new four way valve into the line? What force actually changes the four way valve over from one position to another? What would the symptoms be of a four-wav valve that is stuck in the exact midposition? What terminal on the thermostat typically energizes the four-way valve coil? Solution THE FOUR-WAY VALVE •Allows the heat pump to pump heat in two directions •Diverts the discharge gas to either heat or cool the conditioned space •Refrigerant is directed from the compressor to the indoor coil in the heating mode •Refrigerant is directed from the compressor to the outdoor unit in the cooling mode •Controlled by the space temperature thermostat •Pilot-operated valve •Four piping connections on the valve BAD COMPRESSOR SUCTION AND DISCHARGE VALVES If a bad suction valve is suspected (higher than expected suction pressure), connect your gauge manifold hoses to the connection port on each valve (suction and discharge). Ensure both the suction and discharge valves are open. Close the suction valve only, while the compressor is on. The compressor should pull down to a vacuum of at least 28 inHg within 2 minutes. If this does not happen, turn the compressor off for about 3 minutes. Then energize the compressor and wait for a vacuum of at least 28 inHg within 2 minutes. If the 28 inHg is not reached, the suction valve needs to be replaced. If a bad discharge valve is suspected (lower than expected discharge pressure), connect your gauge manifold hoses to the connection port on each valve (suction and discharge). Ensure both the suction and discharge valves are open. Close the suction valve only and start the compressor. Pump the compressor into as deep of a vacuum as possible. Shut off the compressor and watch for the pressure to rise (on the compound gauge closest to the suction connection port). If it rises, pump the compressor into a vacuum again, shut of the compressor, and watch for another rise in pressure. If after continually repeating this process, the compound gauge stops rising in pressure, the discharge va.
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1) Mitochondria are known as power houses of cell. The mitochondria .pdf
1) Mitochondria are known as power houses of cell. The mitochondria are the double membrane
structure that can grow, fuse with one another and capable of dividing. During the replication of
mitochondrial DNA the mitochondria become double in size. They are oval in structure with
plain outer membrane and the inner membrane exhibits folding known as cristae. The inner
membrane encloses mitochondrial matrix. The matrix contains the DNA and enzymes involved
in citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle.
The cristae lodge the enzymes required in the electron transport chain to carry out the process of
oxidative phosphorylation. The energy is produced through a series of steps in which the
electrons are transported and the protons are pumped out of the matrix into the inner space
between the two membranes creating the electron potential gradient across the membranes. The
protons flow back to the matrix through an enzyme complex known as ATP synthase that is
found in cristae and utilizes the energy produced by the flow of protons to phosphorylate the
ADP forming the ATP.
2) uncoupler or uncoupling protein (UCP) is a mitochondrial protein located in the inner
membrane. These are involved in inhibition of the coupling between the electron transport and
phosphorylation reactions. As a result, synthesis of ATP is inhibited without affecting the
respiratory chain and ATP synthase (H+ -ATPase).
3) Under availability of oxygen the cell is more efficient in the energy. Under anaerobic
conditions the process of glucose breakdown cannot proceed further after glycolysis. The
glycolysis takes place in the cytosol producing 2 ATP molecules per each glucose molecule.
In presence of oxygen or under aerobic conditions the process of glycolysis further proceeds for
mitochondrial processing including the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system. This
process supplies enough energy to produce 30 more ATP molecules comprising to the total yield
of 32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule at the end of aerobic respiration. Thus, the ATP
molecules produced are 2 by glycolysis 2 by citric acid cycle and 28 by oxidative
phosphorylation. Hence, aerobic respiration is an energy efficient process than anaerobic
respiration.
Solution
1) Mitochondria are known as power houses of cell. The mitochondria are the double membrane
structure that can grow, fuse with one another and capable of dividing. During the replication of
mitochondrial DNA the mitochondria become double in size. They are oval in structure with
plain outer membrane and the inner membrane exhibits folding known as cristae. The inner
membrane encloses mitochondrial matrix. The matrix contains the DNA and enzymes involved
in citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle.
The cristae lodge the enzymes required in the electron transport chain to carry out the process of
oxidative phosphorylation. The energy is produced through a series of steps in which the
electrons are transported and the protons are pumped out of the matrix into .
ETC and Phosphorylation by Salman Saeed
ETC and Phosphorylation lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, and Chemistry Students by Salman Saeed lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.SC (Botany), M. Phil (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M. Ed & B. Ed from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive f.pdf
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - the transport of ATP/ADP across inner membrane is done by an
integral membrane protein . The translocase play important role of the ATP/ADP transport. The
Adenine nucleotide translocator transports one molecule of ADP into mitochondria in exchange
of one molecule of ATP transferred from mitochondria to cytosol because ATP carries more
negative charge than ADP.
3) entry of protein - the energy given to the electrons of the reduced co enzyme NADH and
succinate by TCA cycle is transferred in small steps in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
through a chain of five complexes.
Complex i (NADH- CO enzyme Q Oxidoreductase), complex ii (succinate - Q oxidoreductase),
complex iii( Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase ), complex Iv ( cytochrome c oxidase) , ATP
synthase. these protein transport the proton and uses the energy to complete the phosphorylation
of ADP to ATP.
Solution
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - th.
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are critical activi.pdf
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are critical activities of protein complexes in
the inner mitochondrial membrane, which ultimately serve as the major source of cellular
energy. Several protein complexes in the electron transport chain function as proton pumps,
using the energy of the electron to pump protons into the intermembrane space of the
mitochondria.
In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, electrons obtained from NADH and FADH2
combine with O2, and the energy released from these oxidation and reduction reactions is used to
drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP. The transfer of electrons from NADH to O2 is a very high
energy-yielding reaction. To be utilized in usable form, this energy must be produced gradually,
by the passage of electrons through a series of transporters, which constitute the electron
transport chain. These transporters are organized into four complexes in the inner mitochondrial
membrane. A fifth protein complex then serves to couple the energy-yielding reactions of
electron transport to ATP synthesis.
Solution
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are critical activities of protein complexes in
the inner mitochondrial membrane, which ultimately serve as the major source of cellular
energy. Several protein complexes in the electron transport chain function as proton pumps,
using the energy of the electron to pump protons into the intermembrane space of the
mitochondria.
In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, electrons obtained from NADH and FADH2
combine with O2, and the energy released from these oxidation and reduction reactions is used to
drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP. The transfer of electrons from NADH to O2 is a very high
energy-yielding reaction. To be utilized in usable form, this energy must be produced gradually,
by the passage of electrons through a series of transporters, which constitute the electron
transport chain. These transporters are organized into four complexes in the inner mitochondrial
membrane. A fifth protein complex then serves to couple the energy-yielding reactions of
electron transport to ATP synthesis..
What are the similarities and differences between the ETC of Photosy.pdf
What are non-tax costs of tax planning?
Solution
Followings are the main non-tax costs of tax planning;
1. Organizational form costs;
Organizational form costs are also known as non-tax costs of tax planning.
2. Risk;
Risk of the investment is closely associated with taxation hene it is known as non-tax costs of tax
palnning.
3. Administrative costs;
Legal, accounting, and data processing fees are known as administartive costs of tax planning.
4. Agency (incentive) costs;
Agency (incentive) costs are also known as non-tax costs of tax palnning.
5. Financial reporting costs;
Financial reporting costs are also non-tax costs of tax palnning.
6. Transaction costs;
Transaction costs are also part of non-tax costs of tax palnning etc..
Recommended
1) Mitochondria are known as power houses of cell. The mitochondria .pdf
1) Mitochondria are known as power houses of cell. The mitochondria are the double membrane
structure that can grow, fuse with one another and capable of dividing. During the replication of
mitochondrial DNA the mitochondria become double in size. They are oval in structure with
plain outer membrane and the inner membrane exhibits folding known as cristae. The inner
membrane encloses mitochondrial matrix. The matrix contains the DNA and enzymes involved
in citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle.
The cristae lodge the enzymes required in the electron transport chain to carry out the process of
oxidative phosphorylation. The energy is produced through a series of steps in which the
electrons are transported and the protons are pumped out of the matrix into the inner space
between the two membranes creating the electron potential gradient across the membranes. The
protons flow back to the matrix through an enzyme complex known as ATP synthase that is
found in cristae and utilizes the energy produced by the flow of protons to phosphorylate the
ADP forming the ATP.
2) uncoupler or uncoupling protein (UCP) is a mitochondrial protein located in the inner
membrane. These are involved in inhibition of the coupling between the electron transport and
phosphorylation reactions. As a result, synthesis of ATP is inhibited without affecting the
respiratory chain and ATP synthase (H+ -ATPase).
3) Under availability of oxygen the cell is more efficient in the energy. Under anaerobic
conditions the process of glucose breakdown cannot proceed further after glycolysis. The
glycolysis takes place in the cytosol producing 2 ATP molecules per each glucose molecule.
In presence of oxygen or under aerobic conditions the process of glycolysis further proceeds for
mitochondrial processing including the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system. This
process supplies enough energy to produce 30 more ATP molecules comprising to the total yield
of 32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule at the end of aerobic respiration. Thus, the ATP
molecules produced are 2 by glycolysis 2 by citric acid cycle and 28 by oxidative
phosphorylation. Hence, aerobic respiration is an energy efficient process than anaerobic
respiration.
Solution
1) Mitochondria are known as power houses of cell. The mitochondria are the double membrane
structure that can grow, fuse with one another and capable of dividing. During the replication of
mitochondrial DNA the mitochondria become double in size. They are oval in structure with
plain outer membrane and the inner membrane exhibits folding known as cristae. The inner
membrane encloses mitochondrial matrix. The matrix contains the DNA and enzymes involved
in citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle.
The cristae lodge the enzymes required in the electron transport chain to carry out the process of
oxidative phosphorylation. The energy is produced through a series of steps in which the
electrons are transported and the protons are pumped out of the matrix into .
ETC and Phosphorylation by Salman Saeed
ETC and Phosphorylation lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, and Chemistry Students by Salman Saeed lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.SC (Botany), M. Phil (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M. Ed & B. Ed from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive f.pdf
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - the transport of ATP/ADP across inner membrane is done by an
integral membrane protein . The translocase play important role of the ATP/ADP transport. The
Adenine nucleotide translocator transports one molecule of ADP into mitochondria in exchange
of one molecule of ATP transferred from mitochondria to cytosol because ATP carries more
negative charge than ADP.
3) entry of protein - the energy given to the electrons of the reduced co enzyme NADH and
succinate by TCA cycle is transferred in small steps in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
through a chain of five complexes.
Complex i (NADH- CO enzyme Q Oxidoreductase), complex ii (succinate - Q oxidoreductase),
complex iii( Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase ), complex Iv ( cytochrome c oxidase) , ATP
synthase. these protein transport the proton and uses the energy to complete the phosphorylation
of ADP to ATP.
Solution
Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and
combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the
synthesis of ATP from ADP take place.
Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport
chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes .
1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons
from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the
cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The
energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move
to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The
chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses
potential energy to form ATP .
2) ATP/ADP transporter - th.
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are critical activi.pdf
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are critical activities of protein complexes in
the inner mitochondrial membrane, which ultimately serve as the major source of cellular
energy. Several protein complexes in the electron transport chain function as proton pumps,
using the energy of the electron to pump protons into the intermembrane space of the
mitochondria.
In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, electrons obtained from NADH and FADH2
combine with O2, and the energy released from these oxidation and reduction reactions is used to
drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP. The transfer of electrons from NADH to O2 is a very high
energy-yielding reaction. To be utilized in usable form, this energy must be produced gradually,
by the passage of electrons through a series of transporters, which constitute the electron
transport chain. These transporters are organized into four complexes in the inner mitochondrial
membrane. A fifth protein complex then serves to couple the energy-yielding reactions of
electron transport to ATP synthesis.
Solution
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are critical activities of protein complexes in
the inner mitochondrial membrane, which ultimately serve as the major source of cellular
energy. Several protein complexes in the electron transport chain function as proton pumps,
using the energy of the electron to pump protons into the intermembrane space of the
mitochondria.
In the process of oxidative phosphorylation, electrons obtained from NADH and FADH2
combine with O2, and the energy released from these oxidation and reduction reactions is used to
drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP. The transfer of electrons from NADH to O2 is a very high
energy-yielding reaction. To be utilized in usable form, this energy must be produced gradually,
by the passage of electrons through a series of transporters, which constitute the electron
transport chain. These transporters are organized into four complexes in the inner mitochondrial
membrane. A fifth protein complex then serves to couple the energy-yielding reactions of
electron transport to ATP synthesis..
What are the similarities and differences between the ETC of Photosy.pdf
What are non-tax costs of tax planning?
Solution
Followings are the main non-tax costs of tax planning;
1. Organizational form costs;
Organizational form costs are also known as non-tax costs of tax planning.
2. Risk;
Risk of the investment is closely associated with taxation hene it is known as non-tax costs of tax
palnning.
3. Administrative costs;
Legal, accounting, and data processing fees are known as administartive costs of tax planning.
4. Agency (incentive) costs;
Agency (incentive) costs are also known as non-tax costs of tax palnning.
5. Financial reporting costs;
Financial reporting costs are also non-tax costs of tax palnning.
6. Transaction costs;
Transaction costs are also part of non-tax costs of tax palnning etc..
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation in Plants
It is like a summary of oxidative phosphorylation and reference to textbooks is required before presentation.
NADH is oxidized by a series of catalytic redox c.pdf
NADH is oxidized by a series of catalytic redox carriers that are integral proteins of
the inner mitochondrial membrane. The free energy change in several of these steps is very
exergonic. Coupled to these oxidation reduction steps is a transport process in which protons
(H+) from the mitochondrial matrix are translocated to the space between the inner and outer
mitochondrial membranes. The redistribution of protons leads to formation of a proton gradient
across the mitochondrial membrane. The size of the gradient is proportional to the free energy
change of the electron transfer reactions. The result of these reactions is that the redox energy of
NADH is converted to the energy of the proton gradient. In the presence of ADP, protons flow
down their thermodynamic gradient from outside the mitochondrion back into the mitochondrial
matrix. This process is facilitated by a proton carrier in the inner mitochondrial membrane
known as ATP synthase. As its name implies, this carrier is coupled to ATP synthesis. Electron
flow through the mitochondrial electron transport assembly is carried out through several
enzyme complexes. Electrons enter the transport chain primarily from cytosolic NADH to
mitochondrial NADH but can also be supplied by succinate (to mitochondrial FADH2) or by the
glycerol phosphate shuttle via mitochondrial FADH2. The glycerol phosphate shuttle is a
secondary mechanism for the transport of electrons from cytosolic NADH to mitochondrial
carriers of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. The primary cytoplasmic NADH electron
shuttle is the malate-aspartate shuttle (see below). Two enzymes are involved in this shuttle. One
is the cytosolic version of the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glycerol-3-PDH)
which has as one substrate, NADH. The second is is the mitochondrial form of the enzyme
which has as one of its\' substrates, FAD+. The net result is that there is a continual conversion
of the glycolytic intermediate, DHAP and glycerol-3-phosphate with the concomitant transfer of
the electrons from reduced cytosolic NADH to mitochondrial oxidized FAD+. Since the
electrons from mitochondrial FADH2 feed into the oxidative phosphorylation pathway at
coenzyme Q (as opposed to NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase [complex I]) only 2 moles of
ATP will be generated from glycolysis. G3PDH is glyceraldehyde-3-phoshate dehydrogenase.
Solution
NADH is oxidized by a series of catalytic redox carriers that are integral proteins of
the inner mitochondrial membrane. The free energy change in several of these steps is very
exergonic. Coupled to these oxidation reduction steps is a transport process in which protons
(H+) from the mitochondrial matrix are translocated to the space between the inner and outer
mitochondrial membranes. The redistribution of protons leads to formation of a proton gradient
across the mitochondrial membrane. The size of the gradient is proportional to the free energy
change of the electron transfer reactions. The resul.
_ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation.pptx
The electrons generated from different metabolic pathways of the cell are channeled to the electron transport chain by electron acceptors. The electrons then contributes for the synthesis of ATP.
Bioenergetics
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
Oxidative phosphorylation
It is like a summary of oxidative phosphorylation and reference to textbooks is required before presentation.
Electron Transport Chain and oxidative phosphorylation @meetpadhiyar
A story of electron transport to the ATP synthase complex by 4 complexes and oxidative phosphorylation.
Present at College of basic science and Humanities, Dantiwada.
Electron Transport Chain - By Muntaha-Iqbal.pptx
The ETC is a collection of proteins bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane and organic molecules, which electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions, and release energy. The energy released forms a proton gradient, which is used in chemiosmosis to make a large amount of ATP by the protein ATP-synthase.
Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation
Define a knowledge-based agent, and describe its major components. W.pdf
Create a function mean comp that compares the mean value of the odd numbered elements with
the mean value of the even numbered elements and returns: if they are equal, if the mean of the
odd numbered elements is greater, if the mean of the even numbered elements is greater.
Solution
A sample Java Program methods
public static void main(String []args){
float[] list = {1.0f, 7.0f, 8.0f, 1.0f};
System.out.println(meancomp(list));
}
static int meancomp(float[] list) {
float evenSum = 0.0f;
float oddSum = 0.0f;
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 1)
evenSum = evenSum + list[i];
else
oddSum = oddSum + list[i];
}
int noOfEvenElements = list.length / 2;
int noOfOddElements = list.length / 2 + list.length % 2;
float evenMean = evenSum / (float) noOfEvenElements;
float oddMean = oddSum / (float) noOfOddElements;
int result = Float.compare(evenMean, oddMean);
if (result == 0)
return 0;
else if (result < 0)
return 1;
else
return 2;
}.
Create a function mean comp that compares the mean value of the odd n.pdf
Consider the titration of50.0 mL of 0.217 M hydrazoic acid (HN3, Ka=2.6 x 10^-5) with 0.183M
NaOH. The pH of the soluion before any NaOH is added is____
The answer is 2.62
I cant figure out what to do after you get the moles
Solution
Concentration of acid = 0.217M
[H+] = sqrt (Ka* C)
[H+] = 2.37 * 10 ^ -3
so pH = -log([H+]) = 2.624.
More Related Content
Similar to Membranes are important structural features of cells. Describe the r.pdf
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation in Plants
It is like a summary of oxidative phosphorylation and reference to textbooks is required before presentation.
NADH is oxidized by a series of catalytic redox c.pdf
NADH is oxidized by a series of catalytic redox carriers that are integral proteins of
the inner mitochondrial membrane. The free energy change in several of these steps is very
exergonic. Coupled to these oxidation reduction steps is a transport process in which protons
(H+) from the mitochondrial matrix are translocated to the space between the inner and outer
mitochondrial membranes. The redistribution of protons leads to formation of a proton gradient
across the mitochondrial membrane. The size of the gradient is proportional to the free energy
change of the electron transfer reactions. The result of these reactions is that the redox energy of
NADH is converted to the energy of the proton gradient. In the presence of ADP, protons flow
down their thermodynamic gradient from outside the mitochondrion back into the mitochondrial
matrix. This process is facilitated by a proton carrier in the inner mitochondrial membrane
known as ATP synthase. As its name implies, this carrier is coupled to ATP synthesis. Electron
flow through the mitochondrial electron transport assembly is carried out through several
enzyme complexes. Electrons enter the transport chain primarily from cytosolic NADH to
mitochondrial NADH but can also be supplied by succinate (to mitochondrial FADH2) or by the
glycerol phosphate shuttle via mitochondrial FADH2. The glycerol phosphate shuttle is a
secondary mechanism for the transport of electrons from cytosolic NADH to mitochondrial
carriers of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. The primary cytoplasmic NADH electron
shuttle is the malate-aspartate shuttle (see below). Two enzymes are involved in this shuttle. One
is the cytosolic version of the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glycerol-3-PDH)
which has as one substrate, NADH. The second is is the mitochondrial form of the enzyme
which has as one of its\' substrates, FAD+. The net result is that there is a continual conversion
of the glycolytic intermediate, DHAP and glycerol-3-phosphate with the concomitant transfer of
the electrons from reduced cytosolic NADH to mitochondrial oxidized FAD+. Since the
electrons from mitochondrial FADH2 feed into the oxidative phosphorylation pathway at
coenzyme Q (as opposed to NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase [complex I]) only 2 moles of
ATP will be generated from glycolysis. G3PDH is glyceraldehyde-3-phoshate dehydrogenase.
Solution
NADH is oxidized by a series of catalytic redox carriers that are integral proteins of
the inner mitochondrial membrane. The free energy change in several of these steps is very
exergonic. Coupled to these oxidation reduction steps is a transport process in which protons
(H+) from the mitochondrial matrix are translocated to the space between the inner and outer
mitochondrial membranes. The redistribution of protons leads to formation of a proton gradient
across the mitochondrial membrane. The size of the gradient is proportional to the free energy
change of the electron transfer reactions. The resul.
_ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation.pptx
The electrons generated from different metabolic pathways of the cell are channeled to the electron transport chain by electron acceptors. The electrons then contributes for the synthesis of ATP.
Bioenergetics
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
Oxidative phosphorylation
It is like a summary of oxidative phosphorylation and reference to textbooks is required before presentation.
Electron Transport Chain and oxidative phosphorylation @meetpadhiyar
A story of electron transport to the ATP synthase complex by 4 complexes and oxidative phosphorylation.
Present at College of basic science and Humanities, Dantiwada.
Electron Transport Chain - By Muntaha-Iqbal.pptx
The ETC is a collection of proteins bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane and organic molecules, which electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions, and release energy. The energy released forms a proton gradient, which is used in chemiosmosis to make a large amount of ATP by the protein ATP-synthase.
Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation
Similar to Membranes are important structural features of cells. Describe the r.pdf (20)
NADH is oxidized by a series of catalytic redox c.pdf
NADH is oxidized by a series of catalytic redox c.pdf
Biochem Respiratory chain and Oxidative phosphorylation
Biochem Respiratory chain and Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron Transport Chain and oxidative phosphorylation @meetpadhiyar
Electron Transport Chain and oxidative phosphorylation @meetpadhiyar
Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation
More from fathimaoptical
Define a knowledge-based agent, and describe its major components. W.pdf
Create a function mean comp that compares the mean value of the odd numbered elements with
the mean value of the even numbered elements and returns: if they are equal, if the mean of the
odd numbered elements is greater, if the mean of the even numbered elements is greater.
Solution
A sample Java Program methods
public static void main(String []args){
float[] list = {1.0f, 7.0f, 8.0f, 1.0f};
System.out.println(meancomp(list));
}
static int meancomp(float[] list) {
float evenSum = 0.0f;
float oddSum = 0.0f;
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 1)
evenSum = evenSum + list[i];
else
oddSum = oddSum + list[i];
}
int noOfEvenElements = list.length / 2;
int noOfOddElements = list.length / 2 + list.length % 2;
float evenMean = evenSum / (float) noOfEvenElements;
float oddMean = oddSum / (float) noOfOddElements;
int result = Float.compare(evenMean, oddMean);
if (result == 0)
return 0;
else if (result < 0)
return 1;
else
return 2;
}.
Create a function mean comp that compares the mean value of the odd n.pdf
Consider the titration of50.0 mL of 0.217 M hydrazoic acid (HN3, Ka=2.6 x 10^-5) with 0.183M
NaOH. The pH of the soluion before any NaOH is added is____
The answer is 2.62
I cant figure out what to do after you get the moles
Solution
Concentration of acid = 0.217M
[H+] = sqrt (Ka* C)
[H+] = 2.37 * 10 ^ -3
so pH = -log([H+]) = 2.624.
Compare naive, effector, and memory T & B cells (survival time, Ig &.pdf
Choose one of the evolutions of CIT and discuss how it may have made the application of CIT to
specific leadership consultations more useful.
Solution
Ans:- In late 2004, Georgia began implementation of a statewide Crisis Intervention Team (CIT)
program to train a portion of its law enforcement officers to respond safely and effectively to
individuals with mental illnesses who are in crisis. This overview provides a description of the
evolution of the Georgia CIT, including discussions of the historical context in which the
program developed; the program\'s vision, mission, and objectives; the importance of the
multidisciplinary Georgia CIT Advisory Board; the training curriculum; the role played by state
and local coordinators; the value of stakeholders\' meetings; practical operations of the program;
the importance of considering the adequacy of community-based and hospital-based psychiatric
services; costs and funding; the program\'s expansion plan; and evaluation, research, and
academic collaborations. These detailed descriptions of the Georgia CIT program may be useful
for professionals involved in local, regional, or state CIT program planning and may provide a
practical synopsis of one example of this collaborative model that is being rapidly disseminated
across the U.S.
: When meeting with the Athens County Planning Committee, the reviewers thought it important
to set the tone of the onsite review process by discussing the purpose and role of the Core
Elements. While there is a lot of variability across CIT development (which is good for
innovation), the Core elements can provide direction for communities to positively assess their
CIT program. Most developing CIT programs go through common growth stages. From its
inception to a committed group of people that bring an initial training to their community, to a
policy driven, data rich CIT program, the core elements provide a way to guide the growth of
programs. Such elements also create consensus on what CIT is NOT: A twelve hour training that
does not include role play is not CIT training.
It is when the Core elements are used to define “fidelity” concerning CIT programs, that natural
tensions arise. Rural vs. urban, large vs. small departments, disparities in resources, and how
well developed other Criminal Justice initiates are within a county, like specialized courts and/or
jail diversion programs, all impact the specific elements. Three common areas of tension are the
length of trainings, who gets trained (voluntary or mandatory), and how the deescalation/role
play blocks of the training are taught. The reviewers noted that their goal is not to assign where
Athens county is in their program fidelity, but rather use the Core elements to focus discussions
on program development. To illustrate this, the reviewers provide a handout (The CIT Pyramid)
depicting the typical path that CIT program development can take (see Attachment #1). As CIT
develops beyond training and into a full fle.
Consider the titration of50.0 mL of 0.217 M hydrazoic acid (HN3, Ka=.pdf
Consider blending polypropylene (80%) and EDPM (20%) in the melting zone of the screw
channel of a single screw extruder with a speed of 120 rpm and a flow rate Q of 3 times 10^-6
m^3/s at 190 degree C. Calculate the viscosity ratio needed for the breakup of the droplets under
the following conditions: Screw speed = 120 rpm L/D s 5 Flight clearance = 0.2 mm Right width
= 4 mm Screw diameter = 25 mm Initial radius of EPDM particles = 1 mu m PP/EDPM
interfacial tension @ 190 degree C = 3 times 10^-3 N/m PP viscosity = 400 Pa-s
Solution
The answer of following question is as follows..
The maximum viscosity ratio for the given problem is 8:5.
Choose one of the evolutions of CIT and discuss how it may have made.pdf
canvas.northseattle.edu Microeconomics Midterm Chapter 2 Flashcards | Qui.. economics
assignment canvas exam - Google Sea. O Increasing the amount of resources devoted to the
production of military goods Increasing the human capital of its labor force Question 16 0.1 pts
Productive efficiency O is represented by the points outside and to the right of the Production
Possibilities Frontier. O means that all the economy\'s resources are fully employed using the
current technology O requires developing new technology and better human capital in the
Production Possibilities Frontier model. O applies to points inside the Production Possibilities
Frontier as well as points along the frontier O means there is no opportunity cost to increasing
production. 0.1 pts D Question 17 The concave shape of the Production Possibilities Frontier
indicates
Solution
Answer 16 : Production efficiency means that all the economic resources are fully employed
using the current technology. It is used to show that various possible combination of goods and
services produced within a particular period of time within a given technology and resources.
Answer 17 : The concave shape of the production possibility frontier indicated the law of
increasing oppournity cost. As the production possibility curve is downward sloping it means
that one more unit of production increases the sacrificing of more another units.
Answer 18 : The statement is True that when the firm has an absolute advantage when it can
produced a product it is not necessary to have comparative advantages also. A nation might have
an absolute advantage but not a comparative advantage in the production of a given product.A
country enjoyed an absolute advantage over another country when they used fewer resources to
produce that product from another country..
Write a GUI application to simulate writing out a check. The value o.pdf
Use a power series to approximate the definite integral,I, to six decimal places.
Solution
(x^3)/(1 + x^4) = (x^3)*(1 + x^4)^-1 = (x^3)*(1 - x^4 + x^8 + . . . using the
binomial formula. (I doubt whether any more is necessary.) INT [0, 0.2] (x^3)/(1 + x^4) dx =
INT [0, 0.2] x^3 - x^7 + x^11 - . . . = (1/4)x^4 - (1/8)x^8 + (1/12)x^12 - . . . = (1/4)*0.2^4 -
(1/8)*0.2^8 + (1/12)*0.2^12 - . . . = 0.000399680 =0.000400 (6 dec. pl.).
Without the effects of cyanobacteria or algae on lichen metabolism, .pdf
two more pages of elaboration to how Trumpcare and Obamacare relates to health care finance.
30 resources
Obamacare, also known as the Affordable Care Act (ACA), was passed in 2010 as a health care
insurance plan for all Americans. The law made many changes to the existing minimum
coverage in insurance, and increase the federal subsidies for the middle-income households of
the country. Trumpcare, also known as the American Health Care Act (AHCA), is a replacement
health insurance plan designed to partly repeal the existing ACA. The new healthcare bill, is one
step closer to repealing . The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has an estimate
with ACA as the law of the land, the uninsured Americans would be 28 million will remain
stable for the next decade. The analysis of an earlier version of the bill, there is an estimate of 54
million could be uninsured by 2026 in case of implementation of the AHCA. The ACA have
provision to impose penalty on consumers who can afford to buy health insurance but do not do
so, known as the individual mandate payment. it’s paid when you file your federal tax return.
This penalty can be either 2.5% of income up to the total yearly premium or $695 per person up
to $2,085, whichever is higher. AHCA eliminates the individual mandate and offers an incentive
to consumers who maintain insurance coverage: insurance companies can charge a 30% penalty
who buy health insurance after had a gap in required coverage exceeding 63 days. The 30%
penalty would apply for 12 months. The ACA requires that all major health policies sold to
consumers offer coverage for 10 categories of essential health benefits: Outpatient services,
Emergency services , Maternity and newborn care, Hospitalization. Prescription medication ,
Mental health and substance abuse services, Laboratory services. Pediatric services,
Rehabilitation services, including vision and oral. Preventative, wellness, and chronic disease
management services. The AHCA eliminates these protections by giving a waiver to define what
they consider essential health benefits. States could allow insurance companies to sell plans that
do not cover prescription drugs or maternity care. The ACA and AHCA have the same rules for
newborns. A baby can be added to family existing health insurance plan or can buy a new plan to
give cover the baby. AHCA is making major changes in the health insurance by reducing the
requirements and making change in the structure of total offered government subsidies. On the
analysis, the CBO has reported the current changes would make health insurance more
affordable for few customers. Obamacare: The ACA increased Medicare taxes for the
households having incomes above $250,000. The legislation gave some tax credits to middle-
income earners to help them pay out-of-pocket health expenses. The AHCA repeals taxes of
previous insurance plan. It was mandatory for the companies employing more than 50 employees
to offer health insurance or pay a pena.
What is this image trying to tell you about the American West.pdf
The probability that a man will be alive in 10 year is 0.8 and the probability that his wife will be
alive in 10 years is 0.9 Find the probability that in 10 years Both will be alive; Only the man will
be alive; Only the wife will be alive; At least one will be alive.
Solution
(a)
P = 0.8*0.9 = 0.72
(b)
P = 0.8*(1-0.9) = 0.08
(c)
P = (1-0.8)*(0.9) = 0.18
(d)
P =1- (1-0.8)(1-0.9) = 1-0.02 = 0.98.
What is the difference between a defined-benefit and a defined-contr.pdf
The lateral surface area of a cone of radius r and height h (the surface area excluding the base) is
A=pir . Find dr/dh for a cone with lateral surface area of A = 4500picm2. Evaluate this
derivative when r = 60 cm and h = 45 cm. dr/dh= cm3
Solution
4500=rsqrt(r2+h2) 2025*10^4=r^4+r^2 h^2 0= 4r^3 dr/dh +2rh^2dr/dh+2r^2h
dr/dh=-rh/2r^2+h^2 =-45*60/2*3600+2025 =-0.292.
This is question about excel cuers.How would you use Financial Fun.pdf
The average temperatures for Annapolis, MD are: 44, 48, 57, 68, 77, 86, 90, 88, 81, 69, 59, and
48
A. create a box-and-whisper plot for the data.
B. What is the median temperature?
C. 75% of the temperatures are below what value? How do you know?
D. 75% of the temperatures are above what value? How do you know?
E. What conclusions can you draw about the temperature in Maryland?
Solution
Ascending order for given data is,
44
48
48
57
59
68
69
77
81
86
88
90
hence median is 68.5
75 percent temperatures are below 81
75 percent temperatures are above 57
In maryland
temperature sustains either at highest or lowest range of temperature not around median range.
The surface area to volume ration is least improtant in thea. sink.pdf
Temperature is an example of a variable that uses
a.the ratio scale
b.the interval scale
c.the ordinal scale
d.either the ratio or the ordinal scale
Temperature is an example of a variable that uses
a.the ratio scale
b.the interval scale
c.the ordinal scale
d.either the ratio or the ordinal scale
Temperature is an example of a variable that uses
a.the ratio scale
b.the interval scale
c.the ordinal scale
d.either the ratio or the ordinal scale
Solution
Temperature is an example of a variable that uses the interval scale.
Beacuse, interval scales are numerical scales in which intervals have the same interpretation
throughout. As an example, we can take the Fahrenheit scale of temperature..
The Martian calendar has sixteen months instead of twelve. What is t.pdf
Suppose that lines l1, l2, l3 are lines in an affine plane. Suppose that lines l1, l2 are parallel.
Prove that if l1, l3 intersect then l2, l3 intersect.
Solution
Here we have the rule that when two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then the
exteriior corresponding angles, thus formed are equal to each other. Now it is given that l1 and l2
are parallel lines and l3 intersects l1, that means l3 is transversal here, so that the exterior angles
thus forming on line l1 and l3 will be equal to each other.
Now as both exterior angles are forming at two different intersecting points of parallel lines l1
and l2, when intersected by line l3, that proved that being parallel lines, line l3 intersects both
lines l1 and l2.
Proved.
Baby names and birth weights”IntroductionBabies are weighed soon.pdf
At a glass manufacturing facility, crystal stemware is carefully inspected for correct dimensions,
quality, and production trends. After lengthy studies, the factory is known to produce 15%
defectives. Most of these pieces are discovered through inspection and are reworked or
discarded. Suppose two pieces are randomly selected for inspection. Fill in the blank. (Give your
answer to four decimal places.) Suppose at least one of the pieces has a flaw. The probability that
both are defective is...
Solution
PROBABILITY OF DEFECTIVE = 0.15
PROBABILITY NON DEFECTIVE =1-0.15 = 0.85
PROBABILITY BOTH DEFECTIVE = 2C2*(0.15)^2*(0.85)^0 = 0.0225.
Question How can I called this method in the main, and how can I .pdf
Question 1. List and describe three rules of natural justice, provide an example of a situation
where each of the three selected rules may be breached or contravened ( you may make up
examples, draw from your own experience, or use examples from the textbook.)
Solution
The principles of natural justice is fairness and guarantee a fair decision is reached by an
objective decision maker.
Maintaining fairness protects the rights of individuals and increase public confidence in the
process.
The principles of natural justice were evolve from the Romans who admit that few legal
principles were \"natural\" or self-evident and did not need a statutory basis.
These two primary legal safeguards carrry out all decisions by judges or government officials
when they take quasi-judicial or judicial decisions.
The 3 common law rules are referred to in alliance to natural justice or procedural fairness.
The Hearing Rule
A person must be allowed an adequate opportunity to present their case where certain interests
and rights may be adversely altered by a decision-maker.
To ensure that these rights are valued, the authority which is assigned for deciding give both the
opportunity to prepare and present evidence and to chase to arguments presenting by the opposite
side.
When oversee an investigation in relation to a complaint it is important that the person being
accuse against is advised of the affirmations in as much detail as possible and given the
opportunity to reply to the affirmations.
The Bias Rule
This rule states that no one concern to be judge in his or her case. This is the requirement that the
deciding authority must be unbiased when according the hearing or making the judgment.
Additionally, investigators and decision-makers must act without bias in all channels connected
with the making of a decision.
A decision-maker must be impartial and must make a decision based on a balanced and
considered assessment of the information and evidence before him or her without fondness over
another party.
Investigators should ensure that there is no battle of interest which would make it inappropriate
for them to conduct the investigation .
The Evidence Rule
This rule is that an administrative decision must be based upon analytical proof or evidence
material.
Investigators and decision makers should not base their decisions on mere belief or gut feelings .
Rather, an investigator or decision maker should be able to clearly point to the evidence on
which the inference or decision is based.
Evidence (arguments, allegations, documents, photos, etc..) conferred by one party must be
expose to the other party, who may then subject it to analysis.
For example - the idea of fair hearing particularly varies significantly in different contexts such
as whether it is a sophisticated full fledged hearing or a blunt and minimal one ; hearing prior to
the decision or post decisional hearing.
Case : Tanjong jaga vs minister of labour (1987)
- Tanjong jaga contend that it was a .
Question 1. List and describe three rules of natural justice, provid.pdf
PROBLEM I. A nightclub manager realizes that demand for drinks is more elastic among
students and tries to determine the optimal pricing schedule. Specifically, he estimates that the
demand functions are given by g.-30-6P1 for students and = 24-4p for non-students. Assume that
drinks cost the nightclub S2 each. Q1. If the market cannot be segmented, what is the uniform
monopoly price? (a) $3.10 (b) $3.30 (c) S3.50 (d) S3.70 (e) S4.20 Q2. If the nightclub can
charge according to whether or not the customer is a student but is limited to linear pricing, what
price (per drink) should be set for students? (a) $3.10 (b) S3.25 (c) $3.40 (d) S3.50 (e) $3.80 Q3.
Under the same conditions of Q2, what price (per drink) should be set for non-students? (a) s3.80
(b) $4.00 (c) S4.30 (d) $4.60 (e) $5.20
Solution
(Q1) (d)
Without segmentation, p1 = p2 = p
q1 = 30 - 6p
q2 = 24 - 4p
Market demand: q = q1 + q2 = 30 - 6p + 24 - 4p
q = 54 - 10p
10p = 54 - q
p = 5.4 - 0.1q
Profit is maximized when Marginal revenue (MR) equals Marginal cost (MC).
Total revenue (TR) = p x q = 5.4q - 0.1q2
MR = dTR/dq = 5.4 - 0.2q
Equating with MC,
5.4 - 0.2q = 2
0.2q = 3.4
q = 17
p = 5. - (0.1 x 17) = 5.4 - 1.7 = $3.7
(Q2) (d)
With segmentation, profit is maximized when MR1 = MC and MR2 = MC
For students,
q1 = 30 - 6p1
6p1 = 30 - q1
p1 = (30 - q1) / 6
TR1 = p1 x q1 = (30q1 - q12) / 6
MR1 = dTR1/dq1 = (30 - 2q1) / 6
Equating with MC,
(30 - 2q1) / 6 = 2
30 - 2q1 = 12
2q1 = 18
q1 = 9
p1 = (30 - 9) / 6 = 21 / 6 = $3.5
(Q3) (b)
For non-students, q2 = 24 - 4p2
4p2 = 24 - q2
p2 = 6 - 0.25q2
TR2 = p2 x q2 = 6q2 - 0.25q22
MR2 = dTR2/dq2 = 6 - 0.5q2
Equating with MC,
6 - 0.5q2 = 2
0.5q2 = 4
q2 = 8
p2 = 6 - (0.25 x 8) = 6 - 2 = $4.
Postal ClerkAssistant. Why do the five steps of the recruitment pro.pdf
Please help with this question related to Assembly Language! As discussed in class, the
instruction li $s0, 0x123489ab will be translated into two instructions lui $at, 0x1234 ori $s0,
$at, 0x89ab Instead of using the Instruction ori, can the second Instruction be addi $s0, $at,
0x89ab and why? a. Yes, but we need to change the instruction addi to addi $at, $30, 0x89ab.
b. No, There is no instruction addi in MIPS. c. Yes, we can use the instruction addi instead of
ori. d. No, The instruction addi will consider 0x89ab as a negative number. If the instruction
addi is used as shown in the question, the actual value stored in the register $sO will be 0x1234
0000 + 0xffff88ab.
Solution
ADDI:
ORI:
so the ans is d.
OverviewWe will be adding some validation to our Contact classes t.pdf
On March 4 of the current year, Barefoot Bay, Inc. reacquired 5,000 shares of its common stock
at $89 per share. On August 7, Barefoot Bay sold 3,500 of the reacquired shares at $100 per
share. The remaining 1,500 shares were sold at $88 per share on November 29.
1. Journalize the transactions of March 4, August 7, and November 29. If an amount box does
not require an entry, leave it blank or enter \"0\".
2. What is the balance in Paid-in Capital from Sale of Treasury Stock on December 31 of the
current year?
$Mar. 4Aug. 7Nov. 29
Solution
4-Mar Treasury stock 445000 =5000*89 Cash 445000 7-Aug Cash 350000
=3500*100 Treasury stock 311500 =3500*89 Paid in capital-Treasury stock
38500 29-Nov Cash 132000 =1500*88 Paid in capital-Treasury stock 1500
Treasury stock 133500 =1500*89 2 Balance in Paid-in Capital from Sale of Treasury
Stock = 38500-1500 = $37000.
Negotiation - Porto (Porto case).note this is a case study so the.pdf
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
On January 1, a customer paid X Company $21,600 in advance for cleaning services. The
cleaning was going to be done once in January, once in February, and once in March, so the
payment was recorded as Deferred Revenue. What will be the result of the adjusting entry on
January 31?
A: a balance of $7,200 in the Deferred Revenue account on the Balance Sheet
B: a $7,200 increase in the Cash account on the Balance Sheet
C: revenue of $7,200 reported on the Income Statement
D: a $7,200 increase in the Deferred Revenue account on the Balance Sheet
Solution
Income to be recorded for the month of January = $21,600 / 3 months = $7,200
Hence, $7,200 shall be recognised as income for the month of January by transferring from
deferred revenue
The adjusting entry shall be
C: revenue of $7,200 reported on the Income Statement.
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mosome segregation n somatic cells reproduction or (c) A gynandromorph Sex comb XX XO
Solution
Determination of sex in human is different than flys.human having xxy ,xxxy are phenotypocally
male while in flys x chromosome matterial to autosomes determines the sex.in flys y
chromosome encodes only genes for sperms.So it depends on x:A ratio (x chromosome and
autosome ratio).If the ratio is 1 or more than 1 ,then it is a female while less than 1 I:e; 0.5 is
male.
XY-AA- 0.5 - normal male, XO-AA -0.5- sterile male.Therefore Turner syndrome of human xo
is female while a fruit fly with Turner syndrome xo is male..
Name a protein that contacts the insulin receptor inside the cell.pdf
mer EcoRO three-legged stool for retirement savi What sources of income make up the three-
legg ings?
Solution
Sources of income that make up the three legged stool for retirement savings: Social security,
Retirement plans and Personal savings.
Stool leg 1 : SOCIAL SECURITY:
Social security was designed to provide a minimum level of support . That is why it is also
known as social insurance. For every dollar a person earn , the government takes a percentage to
support social security . Your employer is also required to pay the same amount. When a person
retire , having a history of higher esrnings means social security will replace less of pre-
retirement income.
Stool leg 2 : RETIREMENT PLANS:
Retirement plans come in two forms: defined benefit and defined contribution. Defined benefit
pays you a retirement income and is usually paid in full by your employer. Defined contribution
plan provides an annual contribution to an account in your name, based on your annual salary.
Stool leg 3: PERSONAL SAVINGS:
Retirement income will depend on person\'s savings..
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students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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