The document discusses various frameworks and methodologies for theoretical and conceptual frameworks in research, including:
1) Nunamaker's multi-methodological approach to IS research which combines observation, theory building, systems development, and experimentation.
2) The software engineering research methodology which has three phases - conceptual, formal, and developmental.
3) The DAGS framework which integrates design science, action research, grounded theory, and system development methodologies.
4) Grounded theory which is an inductive methodology that allows theories to emerge from data through constant comparison and theoretical sampling.
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Data collection is a one of the major important topic in research study, It should be clear and understandable to all students, especially in graduate studies
Difference between qualitative and quantitative research shaniShani Jyothis
nursing research### quantitative research###qualitative research###difference#### process of research ......
Quantitative Vs qualitative research.......÷######$###@@@@@@@@@@ based on hypothesis, ............., variables analysis,............ interpretation, .............
Qualitative Research Questions and MethodologyLevelwing
Big Data isn't just about numbers and charts; qualitative research provides rich insight to help with any business question you may have. This presentation provides an overview of qualitative research methodology and the importance and process of developing scalable research questions. Learn more about Levelwing's research capabilities: http://ow.ly/gcSXU
Defination, types, importance of research methods. Characteristics, methods of research, Qualitative & Quantitative research, Objectives of research, difference of research methods, research in pharmacy, criteria for good research
To those who would like to have a copy of this slide, just email me at martzmonette@yahoo.com and please tell me why would you want this presentation. Thank you very much and GOD BLESS YOU
Difference between qualitative and quantitative research shaniShani Jyothis
nursing research### quantitative research###qualitative research###difference#### process of research ......
Quantitative Vs qualitative research.......÷######$###@@@@@@@@@@ based on hypothesis, ............., variables analysis,............ interpretation, .............
Qualitative Research Questions and MethodologyLevelwing
Big Data isn't just about numbers and charts; qualitative research provides rich insight to help with any business question you may have. This presentation provides an overview of qualitative research methodology and the importance and process of developing scalable research questions. Learn more about Levelwing's research capabilities: http://ow.ly/gcSXU
Defination, types, importance of research methods. Characteristics, methods of research, Qualitative & Quantitative research, Objectives of research, difference of research methods, research in pharmacy, criteria for good research
To those who would like to have a copy of this slide, just email me at martzmonette@yahoo.com and please tell me why would you want this presentation. Thank you very much and GOD BLESS YOU
Quantitative Methods of Research-Intro to research
Once a researcher has written the research question, the next step is to determine the appropriate research methodology necessary to study the question. The three main types of research design methods are qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of data.
Research Formulation by Dr. Ved Nath Jha.pptxDrVednathJha1
During the course of Ph.D , it is the 1st step towards the steps of best research .On the basis of analysis of research methodology, conclusions are elaborated here.
UNIT – I: INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS RESEARCH: Meaning, Scope and Significance,
Characteristics of Good Research, Types of Research, Research Process, Scientific method-
Blocks, Identifying Research Problem, Concepts, Constructs, Variables, Proposition, and
Theoretical framework.
UNIT – II: RESEARCH FORMULATION AND DESIGNING: Defining and formulating the
research problem-Selecting the problem, Literature review-Importance of literature review
in defining a problem-Sources of collecting reviews, Development of working hypothesis.
Ethical issues in formulation of business research. Research design-Basic Principles, Need of
research design - Features of good design, Types of research design-Descriptive,
Exploratory, Experimental.
UNIT – III: DATA COLLECTION:Sources-Primary data merits and demerits -Sources of
primary data, Secondary data, Merits and demerits and its sources, Observation method
and merits and demerits, Tools for Data Collection, Constructing Questionnaire, Reliability
and Validity, Pilot Study, Scaling techniques-Rating and Ranking methods.
UNIT – IV: DATA ANALYSIS(CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK):Parametric Test - t test, F
test and Z test - Non Parametric Test – How to select a test – Chi2 test, U Test, Kruskal
Wallis, Sign test- Correlation and Regression analyses. Multivariate Analysis – Factor
analysis, Cluster analysis, MDS, Discriminate Analysis.
UNIT – V: REPORTING AND THESIS WRITING: Structure and components of research
report, Types of report, Different steps in the preparation, Language of typical reports Illustrations and tables - Bibliography, referencing and footnotes - Oral presentation –
Planning – Preparation – Practice – Making presentation – Use of visual aids - Importance of
effective communication.
Acceptable Methods in Action Researc.docxannetnash8266
Acceptable Methods in Action
Research
Schools of Public Service Leadership and Nursing and Health Sciences
Version 1.1 Effective January 2015
Capella University
225 South Sixth Street, Ninth Floor
Minneapolis, MN 55402
PSL/NHS ACCEPTABLE METHODS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents .................................................................................................... 3
Action Research Acceptable Methods and Research Designs ................................... 4
Action Research is an Approach ................................................................................... 5
Qualitative Methods .................................................................................................... 5
Quantitative Methods .................................................................................................. 7
Mixed Methods ........................................................................................................... 8
References ................................................................................................................ 9
3
PSL/NHS ACCEPTABLE METHODS
ACTION RESEARCH ACCEPTABLE METHODS AND RESEARCH
DESIGNS
The overarching goal of Action Research (AR) is to collaborate with stakeholders and
participants in an effort to empower and effect social change. AR can be considered a
continuum ranging from appreciative inquiry to pure participatory research: appreciative
and cooperative inquiry (Heron, 1996; Reason & Rowan, 1981, Stowell & West, 1991,
Torbert, 1976, 2004), action research or action science (Argyris, 1970, 1980, 1994; Argyris,
Putnam, & Smith, 1985), participatory action research (Freire, 1970), and participatory
research (Lewin,1958). The common factor is that the participants or subjects are directly
involved in the research activities and the project solves a practice or problem that impacts
the participants (Springer, 2007).
Appreciative Action Participatory Participatory
Inquiry Research Action Research Research
Research Mutually Question Question generated Community generates and
Process generated
generated by the by the community. is in control of the process
question organization. Research process
Research controlled by
controlled and researcher
conducted by
researcher
Degree of Group Researcher asks High High
Participation process. for participation
Authentic
as needed
dialogue
Knowledge For practice Problem-solving Transform and Transformational
Generation improvement advance scientific
knowledge
Knowledge Advance Improve system. Community action. Social action.
Utilization practice. Self-
Advance
determination knowledge
Advance Development of critical
knowledge. consciousness.
Power Shared Held by Shared
Egalitarian
researcher
Outcomes Improvement
Solution
to Empowerment. Empowerment
of shared organizational Generation of community
of
practice problem. .
CHAPTER 1 THE SELECTION OF A RESEARCH APPROACHResearch approacEstelaJeffery653
CHAPTER 1 THE SELECTION OF A RESEARCH APPROACH
Research approaches are plans and the procedures for research that span the steps from broad assumptions to detailed methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. This plan involves several decisions, and they need not be taken in the order in which they make sense to us and the order of their presentation here. The overall decision involves which approach should be used to study a topic. Informing this decision should be the philosophical assumptions the researcher brings to the study; procedures of inquiry (called research designs); and specific research methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The selection of a research approach is also based on the nature of the research problem or issue being addressed, the researchers’ personal experiences, and the audiences for the study. Thus, in this book, research approaches, research designs, and research methods are three key terms that represent a perspective about research that presents information in a successive way from broad constructions of research to the narrow procedures of methods.
THE THREE APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
In this book, three research approaches are advanced: (a) qualitative, (b) quantitative, and (c) mixed methods. Unquestionably, the three approaches are not as discrete as they first appear. Qualitative and quantitative approaches should not be viewed as rigid, distinct categories, polar opposites, or dichotomies. Instead, they represent different ends on a continuum (Creswell, 2015; Newman & Benz, 1998). A study tends to be more qualitative than quantitative or vice versa. Mixed methods research resides in the middle of this continuum because it incorporates elements of both qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Often the distinction between qualitative research and quantitative research is framed in terms of using words (qualitative) rather than numbers (quantitative), or better yet, using closed-ended questions and responses (quantitative hypotheses) or open-ended questions and responses (qualitative interview questions). A more complete way to view the gradations of differences between them is in the basic philosophical assumptions researchers bring to the study, the types of research strategies used in the research (e.g., quantitative experiments or qualitative casestudies), and the specific methods employed in conducting these strategies (e.g., collecting data quantitatively on instruments versus collecting qualitative data through observing a setting). Moreover, there is a historical evolution to both approaches—with the quantitative approaches dominating the forms of research in the social sciences from the late 19th century up until the mid-20th century. During the latter half of the 20th century, interest in qualitative research increased and along with it, the development of mixed methods research. With this background, it should prove helpful to view definitions of these three key t ...
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
2. Theory
Theories are constructed in order to explain, predict
and master phenomena (e.g. relationships, events, or
the behavior). In many instances we are constructing
models of reality.
A theory makes generalizations about observations and
consists of an interrelated, coherent set of ideas and
models.
3. Formulating the Theoretical
Framework
The theoretical framework of the study is a structure
that can hold or support a theory of a research work.
It presents the theory which explains why the
problem under study exists.
Thus, the theoretical framework is but a theory that
serves as a basis for conducting research.
4. Formulating the Theoretical Framework
Purpose:
It helps the researcher see clearly the variables of
the study;
It can provide him with a general framework for data
analysis;
It is essential in preparing a research proposal using
descriptive and experimental methods.
5. For example:
Media Organization, Selection, and Production. McQuail’s
theory on media as an institution takes into account all forces
that affect media’s performance. (After: Littlejohn, 1992)
Basic theory 1
Thesis examines the gatekeeping, news selection and
reportage of world news in leading Philippine dailies
and primetime newscasts.
6. For example:
Basic theory 2
Selective Gatekeeping. Galtung and Ruge selective
gatekeeping theory suggests that news from around the world
are evaluated using news values to determine their
newsworthiness. (After Mc Quail and Windahl 1993, p. 166)
7. For example:
Basic theory 3
Model of the Agenda Setting Theory. Malcolm McCombs and
Donald Shaw’s theory simply states that the issues given most
attention by the media will be perceived as the most
important. (Before: McQuail and Windahl 1993)
8. For example:
Combined theory
Integrated Theoretical Framework. The integrated theoretical
framework shows how media content is shaped by pressures to
the media organization, selective gatekeeping and agenda
setting.
9. Based on the foregoing example, how should the
theoretical framework formulated?
specifies the theory used as basis for the study
mentions the proponents of the theory
cites the main points emphasized in the theory
Supports his exposition of the theory by ideas from
other experts;
illustrates his theoretical framework by means of a
diagram; and,
reiterates his theoretical proposition in the study.
10. Concept
After formulating the theoretical framework, the
researcher has to develop the conceptual framework of
the study.
A concept is an image or symbolic representation of an
abstract idea. Chinn and Kramer (1999) define a concept
as a “complex mental formulation of experience”.
While the theoretical framework is the theory on which
the study is based, the conceptual framework is the
operationalization of the theory.
11. Conceptual framework
It is the researcher’s own position on the problem and
gives direction to the study.
It may be an adaptation of a model used in a previous
study, with modifications to suit the inquiry.
Aside from showing the direction of the study, through
the conceptual framework, the researcher can be able
to show the relationships of the different constructs that
he wants to investigate.
12. Conceptual Framework. News values, and the pressures and
constraints shape the newspapers and television newscasts. The
result of this relationship is selective reporting of events.
Conceptual Framework
13. Operational Framework. Foreign news sections of Philippine
newspapers and foreign news segments of television newscasts
are shaped by the interests of owners, editorial policies,
audience and advertisements. The criteria for selection of
foreign news, the news values, also affect the foreign news
coverage. These factors result in unequal treatment of stories
and paved way for the dominance of some topics and of some
regions in foreign news coverage of media.
14. Based on the foregoing example, how should the
conceptual framework formulated?
cite your conceptual framework or paradigm;
Identify your variables;
Point out the dependent and intervening variables;
Show the direction of the study.
Once the conceptual framework has been determined,
the next for the researcher is to determine what
research methods to employ to best answer the
research problem through the proposed framework.
15. Research design depends on the nature of the data
to analyzed.
Quantitative data – when your thesis problem
requires numerical measurements of traits, trends,
characteristics or attributes of the subject matter;
Analysis leads researcher to:
depict what is typical and atypical among the data;
show the degree of difference or relationship between
two or more variables;
determine the likelihood that the findings are real for
the population as opposed to having occurred only by
chance in the sample.
16. Qualitative data – when your thesis problem focuses
on the meanings, perceptions, symbols or
description of the subject matter.
Analysis leads researcher to:
observe behaviors, situations, interactions and
environments;
scrutinize these observations for patterns and
categories;
answer research questions based on what can be
deduced from the findings.
18. IS research involves the study of the
application of IT to organizations and
society.
The goals are (1) to promote the acquisition
of knowledge, and (2) to document how
individuals, groups, organizations and
society can use IS and technology more
efficiently and effectively.
20. Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological
Approach to IS Research
“a research methodology consists of the
combination of the process, methods and
tools that are used in conducting research in
a research domain.” (Nunamaker as cited in
Adams, 2009)
Research strategies is composed of: (1)
observation, (2) theory building, (3) systems
development, and (4) experimentation.
22. Research Life Cycle
Theory building
Experimentation
Observation
Systems Development
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
23. Research Model
Theory Building involves:
Development of new ideas and concepts
Conceptual Frameworks
Models
Mathematical
Simulation
Data
Methods
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
24. Theory Building Models
Usually concerned with generic system
behaviors
Subjected to rigorous analysis
Mathematical models often have
constraining assumptions which limit
applicability of models
Often display limited practical relevance to
the target domain
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
25. Relevance of a Theory
Refers to potential insights and impacts on
practical applications
Theory building or basic research
contributes to the body of knowledge in a
research domain but produces no system
that takes advantage of this new knowledge
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
26. Theories May Be Used to
Suggest
Research hypotheses
Guide design of experiments
Conduct systematic observations
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
27. Experimentation
Laboratory and field experiments
Computer and experimental simulations
Concerns itself with validation of underlying
theories
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
28. Experimental Designs Are:
Guided by theories and
Facilitated by systems development
Used to refine theories and improve
systems
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
30. Observation
Helps to formulate hypotheses to be tested
in experimentation or to focus later
investigations
Insights are gained in natural, more holistic
settings, relevant to domain studied
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
31. 31
Researchers are expected
to report sufficient
contextual and
environmental conditions
to enable judgment of
limitations
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
32. It is extremely important that
other research methodologies be
employed to support systems
development efforts
32
Software system by itself is not sufficient to
prove anything scientifically relevant.
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
33. Utilizing Different Research
Methodologies in System
Development
Systems development is the hub of
research
Interacts with other research to form an
integrated and dynamic research program
No one research methodology is
preeminent
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
34. Where multiple research
methodologies are applicable,
they appear to be
complimentary, providing
valuable feedback
to one another
34
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
36. System Development
Research Process
Develop a
System Architecture
Analyze &
Design the System
Build the
(Prototype) System
Observe & Evaluate
The System
Construct a
Conceptual Framework
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
38. Construct a Conceptual
Framework
State a meaningful question
Investigate the system functionalities and
requirements
Understand the system building
processes/procedures
Study relevant disciplines for new
approaches and ideas
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
39. Develop a System Architecture
Develop a unique architecture design for
extensibility, modularity, etc.
Define functionalities of system components
and interrelationships among them
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
40. Analyze & Design the System
Design the database/knowledge base
schema and processes to carry out system
functions
Develop alternative solutions and choose
one solution
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
41. Build the System
Learn through the system building process
about:
Concepts
Framework
Design
Gain insights about the problems and the
complexity of the system
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
42. Observe & Evaluate the System
Observe the use of the system by
experiments, case studies and field studies
Evaluate the system by laboratory
experiments or field experiments
Develop new theories/models based on the
observation and experimentation of the
system’s usage
Consolidate experiences learned
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
43. In Concluding…
Building a system
in and of itself does
not constitute
research
43
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
44. Design Science Is
Credible As a Research
Methodology
As just one of many
methodologies
44
Nunamaker’s Multi-methodological Approach to IS Research
45. Software Engineering Research
Methodology
Based on the three phases of the software
engineering methodology: conceptual,
formal, and developmental.
Conceptual phase
Primary activity where the theoretical foundation
of the research effort is defined.
Dependent on the clarity with which problems
are articulated, and the understandability and
translatability of the concepts identified.
Software Engineering Research Methodology
46. Software Engineering Research
Methodology
Formalization phase
Concerned with the application of mathematical
or logic based techniques to describe, develop
and verify a software system.
The use of which reduces the possibility of
misconceptions and misunderstandings.
Software Engineering Research Methodology
47. Software Engineering Research
Methodology
Development phase
Concerned with prototyping.
Prototype allows researchers to study the
validity of their solution by studying system
performance in a controlled environment.
Software Engineering Research Methodology
49. DAGS Framework
Integrates design science, action
research, grounded theory and
system development methodologies in
leveraging information technology
51. Design Science
Described by R. Buckminister Fuller (as cited
in Adams, 2009) as
“The function of what I call design science is to solve
problems by introducing into the
environment new artifacts, the availability of
which will induce their spontaneous employment by
humans and thus, coincidentally, cause humans to
abandon their previous problem-producing behaviors
and devices.”
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
52. Design Science
Applied research or research that applies
knowledge to solve practical problems
(Nunamaker 1991)
Attempts to create things that serve human
purposes, as opposed to natural and social
sciences, which try to understand reality.
(March and Smith 1995)
A problem solving paradigm that seeks to
create innovations (Hevner 2004)
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
53. Design Science
March and Smith (1994) characterized
design science products or outputs as being
four types:
Constructs
Models
Methods
Instantiations
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
54. Design Science
Constructs – concepts form the vocabulary
of a domain. They constitute a
conceptualization used to describe problems
within the domain and to specify their
solutions.
Models – a set of propositions or statements
expressing relationships among constructs.
Models represent a situation as problem and
solution statements.
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
55. Design Science
Methods – a set of steps (algorithms) used
to perform a task. Methods are based on a
set of underlying constructs (language) and a
representation (model) of the solution space.
Instantiations – an implementation is the
realization of an artifact in its environment, an
instantiation that operationalizes constructs,
models and methods.
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
56. Action Research
Qualitative approaches to IS research are
gaining acceptance as a valid research
methodology.
Action research is a popular and accepted
methodology primarily because it associates
research and practice, research informs
practice and practice informs research
synergistically.
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
57. Action Research
Conceived as an approach in studying social
psychology within the framework of field theory.
Over a dozen different manifestations have been
identified, characterized by different models,
structures and goals.
Susman and Evered (1978) detailed a five phase
cyclical process requiring the establishment of a
client-system research environment.
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
59. Grounded Theory
Designed to cultivate an integrated set of concepts
that offer a thorough theoretical explanation of the
social phenomena under study.
Grounded theory is an inductive, theory discovery
methodology that allows the researcher to develop
a theoretical account of the general features of a
topic while simultaneously grounding the account
in empirical observations or data.
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
60. Grounded Theory
It implies that theory must be developed from
a systematic analysis of empirical data.
The objective is the discovery of a
theoretically comprehensive explanation
about the phenomenon using techniques and
analytical procedures that enable
investigators to develop a theory that is
significant, generalizable, reproducible and
rigorous.
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
62. Elements of Grounded Theory
Three basic elements of grounded theory:
concepts, categories, and propositions.
Concepts – basic unit of analysis since it is from
conceptualization of data that theories are
developed.
Categories – more abstract than the concepts
they represent.
Propositions – indicators of the generalized
relationship between a category and its concepts
between discrete categories.
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
63. (Events) Grounded Theory
Procedures and Cannons (Corbin and
Strauss, 1990)
Data Collection and Analysis are Interrelated
Processes
Concepts are the Basic Units of Analysis
Categories are the Basic Units of Analysis
Sampling in Grounded Theory proceeds on
Theoretical Grounds
Analysis makes use of Constant Comparisons
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
64. (Events) Grounded Theory
Patterns and Variations must be Accounted for
Process Must Be Built into the Theory
Writing Theoretical Memorandums is an integral
part of doing Grounded Theory
Hypotheses about relationships among
categories should be developed and verified as
much as possible during the research process
A grounded theorist need not work alone
Broader structural conditions must be analyzed,
however microscopic the research.
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
65. (Building Theory) Grounded
Theory
Developed for the purpose of studying
social phenomena using a systematic set of
data collection and analysis procedures to
develop inductively derived theory from the
data.
Theory construction process (Charmaz,
2002): (1) Coding and Categorizing, (2)
Memo-writing, (3) Theoretical Sampling
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
66. System Development
Primary purpose is to add to the body of
knowledge about the creation and
evaluation of software design, development
and implementation issues by investigating
“all aspects of the software development
process, including software formulation,
implementation, description, evolution,
modeling and evaluation.”
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
67. System Development
Study the effective design, delivery, use and
impact of information technology in
organizations and society.
A variety of approaches and methodologies
have been employed and are categorized
into four generally accepted research
approaches (Morrison and George, 1995).
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
68. System Development
Formulative research - development and
refinement of theories, models or frameworks
that guide research activities and support
scientific progress through paradigm shifts.
Evaluative research - methodologies that
employ the scientific method and normally
consist of theory or model generation or
observation followed by hypothesis generation
and testing.
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
69. System Development
Descriptive research – the development and
description of theories or models to provide the
input for developing units of theory, its laws of
interaction, system states and model
boundaries.
Developmental research – generation of
knowledge for examining or solving general
problems.
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
70. System Development Research
Methodology
An age-old method and process that
humans used to study nature and to create
new products.
Nunamaker argue that the synthesis and
expression of new technologies and new
concepts in a tangible product can act as
both contribution to both basic and applied
research.
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
71. System Development Research
Methodology
Methodology is the philosophy of the
research process
Researcher identifies research problems and
related research questions;
Develops and evaluates a software prototype
Evaluation of results may suggest revision of
prototype concepts, requirements, and
architecture, design and implementation
considerations.
DAGS Framework (Adams, 2009)
73. Task-Technology Fit Theory
Dependent factors: individual performance,
system utilization
Independent factors: task characteristics,
technology characteristics
TTF theory holds that IT is more likely to have
a positive impact on individual performance
and be used if the capabilities of the IT match
the tasks that the user must perform
(Goodhue and Thompson, 1995)
Task-Technology Fit Theory (Goodhue and Thompson, 1995)
74. Task-Technology Fit Theory
Measure of task-technology fit:
Quality
Locatability
Authorization
Compatibility
Ease of use/training
Production timeliness
Systems reliability
Relationship with users
Factors are measured
using between two and
ten questions with
responses on a seven
point scale ranging from
strongly disagree to
strongly agree.
Task-Technology Fit Theory (Goodhue and Thompson, 1995)
75. Task-Technology Fit Theory
TTF measure is found to be a significant
predictor of user reports of improved job
performance and effectiveness that was
attributable to their use of the system under
investigation.
Task-Technology Fit Theory (Goodhue and Thompson, 1995)
77. References
Adams, Lascelles A. (2009) “DAGS: An Information System Design
Research Framework Supporting the Design, Development and
Delivery of More Effective Information Systems”. (Doctoral
Dissertation)
Nunamaker, J.F. Jr., Chen, M., Purdin, T.D. (1991) “Systems
Development in Information Systems Research”, Journal of
Management Information Systems.
York University. “Theories Used in IS Research - Task Technology Fit”
(http://www.istheory.yorku.ca/tasktechnologyfit.htm last accessed Sep
8, 2013)
IS Theory (list of IS theories as compiled by BYU) (
http://istheory.byu.edu/wiki/Main_Page)