MEGHA22[1].pdf
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This document discusses machine instructions and program execution. It describes the objectives as explaining machine instructions and program execution, number representation and arithmetic, addressing methods, assembly language, and input/output operations. It then defines three types of machine instructions and the four main steps of machine instruction execution: fetch, decode, execute, and store. Finally, it explains that machine instructions make up machine language programs and allow computers to directly execute commands through their central processing units.
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MEGHA22[1].pdf
- 1. BUDGE BUDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING SUBJECT-COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE NAME-ANKITA DEY REG NO-27600322034 YEAR-3rd SEM-5th YEAR-2023-2024 PROJECT PRESENTATION ON “Machine instruction and programes”.
- 2. OBJECTIVES • Machine instructions and program execution, including branching and subroutine call and return operations. • Number representation and addition/subtraction in the 2’s-complement system. • Addressing methods for accessing register and memory operands. • Assembly language for representing machine instructions, data, and programs. • Program-controlled Input/Output operations.
- 3. TYPES OF MACHINE INSTRUCTIONS • Data Transfer instructions. • Data Manipulation Instructions (Computation) : Arithmetic and Logical Instructions. • Program Control Instructions.
- 4. MACHINE INSTRUCTIONS – FOUR MAIN STEPS • Fetch: the processor fetches the instruction from the memory address. It stores the address in the PC (Program Counter) and IR (Instruction Register). The PC points to the next instruction at the end of the fetch operation. • Decode: the processor interprets and decodes the instruction. The instruction within the IR gets decoded. • Execute: the CPU’s Control Unit decodes the data as a sequence of control signals to the CPU’s relevant function units. These units perform the actions that the instruction ‘instructs.’ • Store: the operation generates a result, which the processor stores in the main memory. Sometimes, it may send it to an output device.
- 6. MACHINE INSTRUCTIONS MAKE UP THE MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAM • Machine instructions are machine code programs or commands. In other words, commands written in the machine code of a computer that it can recognize and subsequently execute. • Machine code or machine language refers to a computer programming language consisting of a string of ones and zeros, i.e., binary code. Computers can respond to machine code directly, i.e., without any direction or conversion. • One machine instruction consists of several bytes of memory. It tells the computer’s CPU to perform one machine operation. CPU stands for Central Processing Unit.
- 7. CONCLUSION Human programmers do not write programs as long strings of ones and zeros or sequences of binary digits. They use Python, BASIX, Ruby, Java, C++, or another programming language. We call these high- level programming languages.