Qutab Minar is a victory tower built to commemorate Muhammad Ghori's victory. It was constructed in stages by different rulers over time. Alauddin Khilji introduced important reforms like regulating markets, curbing the power of nobility, establishing a spy system, and reforming the military and revenue systems. Muhammad bin Tughlaq unsuccessfully tried to shift the capital to Daulabad and introduced token currency, which led to economic problems. The Delhi Sultanate had a centralized administration headed by the Sultan, with provincial administration divided into local administrative units.

1.  Qutab Minar.
 Alauddin Khilji
&
 Muhammad Bin Tughlaq

3. Qutab Minar
• It is a victory tower-commemoration of great victory of Muhammed Ghori
• His general Qutub-ud-din Aibak –the constructed the first Islamic building
QM.
• Dedicated to Sufi Saint, Qutub-ud-din Bakhtiar Kaki.
• Completed by Illtumish.
• Different style of Architecture.
• Many rulers constructed it part by part.

5. Features of QM
 It has a diameter 14.32 m at the base and about 2.75m on the top with the height of
72. 5 m.
 It has five storeys . Each storey was separated by projecting balcony.
 First three storeys are built in pale red stone, the fourth one is purely made of marble
and the fifth one is a mix of marble and sandstone.
 The structure also includes spiral staircase of 379 steps leading to the top.
 Verses from Holy Quran and some intricate carvings with floral motifs are inscribed in
the tower.
 The architectural styles differ from base to top.

9. THE KHILJI DYNASTY
• The founder - Jalaluddin Khilji
• His nephew Alauddin Khilji murdered Jalaluddin Khilji and proclaimed
himself as Sultan.
• Alauddin Khilji was an ambitious ruler.
• His main objective was plunder and expand his territory.
• He annexed Northern India and Southern India.
• He introduced many reforms:

10. Alauddin khilji introduced many reforms:
• Market regulations –
• 3 separate markets at Delhi: 1. Food grains,
2. Costly cloth,
3.Horses, slaves and cattle.
• Appointed a controller of market (Shahna).
• Fixed the prices of goods
• Very strict punishments for cheating and under weighing goods
• Measures against nobility
• The nobles were not allowed to hold parties and festivities or to form
marriage alliance without the permission of Sultan.
• Banned Wine and intoxicants.
• Gambling was forbidden.
• He established an efficient spy system.

11. Alauddin khilji ….Reforms Cont…..
• Reorganized Army
• Provided intensive training for fresh recruits
• Dismissed incompetent soldiers.
• Introduced the system of recording the identifying features (Huliya) of soldiers.
• Introduced the system of branding Horse (dagh).
• Introduced cash salaries for soldiers (instead of land).
• Introduced identity card for every soldier (chehra).
• Revenue reforms.
• He brought all the land of his empire under his control.
• To increase income of the empire he imposed taxes on the actual income of the land.
• Introduced the practice of measuring the land and fixing state share accordingly.
• Increased the land revenue from one-third to one half
• Demanded it (revenue) to be paid in cash and not in kind.
• Appointed special officers to collect land revenue

12. MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ
• He is the only educated sultan.
• A person with innovative ideas.
• known as man of opposites.
His reforms regarding taxes.
• His decision to raise taxes on agriculture in the doab was followed immediately
by famine (,draught ) and so failed. He took effective steps to fight the famine
 distributed free grains.
 advanced loans to the peasants.
 Improved irrigation facilities.
• His attempt to increase the area of agriculture failed because of mismanagement and
corruption among the officials.

13. Transfer of Capital.
• Decided to transfer his capital from Delhi to devagiri near modern Aurangabad
and renamed it.
• Dauladabad was centrally located from where he could control Deccan
territories.
• Delhi was in the grip of famine.
• Delhi was constantly threatened by the Mongol invasions
• He ordered the people of Delhi including religious heads to shift to Dauladabad.
• Then he realised the gravity of the threat from north-west he decided to shift
the capital back to Delhi.
Introduction of token currency.
• Introduction of bronze tanka in place of silver tanka.(because of the shortage of Silver)
• Failed because of circulation of fake coins on a very large scale,which caused chaos in trade
and commerce.

14. CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION
Sultan ruled in the name of God.
Islam was the state religion.
 Sultan was the
Chief Executive
Highest Judicial authority.
Commander-in-Chief of the Army.
 Other Ministers
Chief Minister in the government- The wazir
The Finance Minister The Diwan
The Chief Judge The Quazi
The Army minister The Ariz.

15. PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION
 Empire was divided into many Provinces called Iqtas.
 The in the charge of iqtas are Governors called Naib Sultans or Iqtadars
 Important Provinces – Jaunpur, Malwa, Gujarat and Deccan.
 Each province was divided into Shiqs .
 Shiqs were further divided into parganas .
 parganas included one or more villages.
 Parganas were divided into mouzas.
 Village is the lowest administrative unit.
 Each village was headed by village headperson called muqaddam.
 Apart from these officials there were
 Patwari -the record- keeper
 Musharif - the village assistant.