This ppt is about the nobility of Delhi sultanate

1. Chapter 4

2. Contents
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• The Sultanate Period
🞄The Slave Dynasty
🞄V
arious Rulers of The Slave Dynasty
🞄The Khalji Dynasty
🞄V
arious Rulers of The Khalji Dynasty
🞄The Tughlaq Dynasty
🞄Various Rulers of The Tughlaq Dynasty
🞄The Sayyid Dynasty
🞄The Lodi Dynasty
🞄V
arious Rulers of The Lodi Dynasty

3. The Sultanate Period CE 1206-CE 1526
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• India was ruled by Turkish Sultans of the Ilbari Turkish Clan.
• Five Main Dynasties of this period:
🞄The Slave Dynasty (CE 1206-CE 1290)
🞄The Khalji Dynasty (CE 1290-CE 1320)
🞄The Tughlaq Dynasty (CE 1320-CE 1414)
🞄The Sayyid Dynasty (CE 1414-CE 1451)
🞄The Lodi Dynasty (CE 1451-CE 1526)

4. The Slave Dynasty (CE 1206-1290)
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• The Dynasty was known as ‘Mamluk’or owned.
• Two rulers ,Iltutmish and Balban were slaves of Qutub-ud-din-Aibak ,who
himself was a slave of Muhammed Ghori.
• Important Rulers were:
🞄Qutub-ud-din-Aibak (CE 1206-1210)
🞄Iltutmish (CE 1210-1236)
🞄Razia Sultan (CE 1236-1240)
🞄Nasir-ud-din Mahmud (CE 1240-1266)
🞄Ghiyas-ud-din Balban(CE 1266-1287)

5. Qutub-ud-dinAibak(CE 1206 – 1210 CE )
• Founder of The Slave Dynasty.
• Began his career as a slave of Muhammed
Ghori.
• Consolidated his kingdom through
matrimonial alliances with his rivals.
• Started the construction of Qutub Minar.
• Donated generously to both Hindus and
Muslims.
• Also Known as ‘Lakh Badhsha’or the giver
of lakhs.
• Died after falling from his horse while
playing Chaughan or Indian Polo.
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6. Iltutmish (CE 1210 – 1236 )
• Occupied the throne in CE 1210 after
overthrowing his Brother-in-law Amar
Shah.
• Proved his position as a strong and efficient
King by capturing Malwa, Mandu, Ujjain,
Gwalior, Ranthambor.
• Brought the entire Northen India under his
rule.
• He Has been called the “Real Founder Of
The Delhi Sultanate”.
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7. Achievemens Of Iltutmish
• Iltutmish was undoubtedly a great ruler.
• He shifted his capital from Lahore to Delhi after suppressing
the revolt of theAmirs of Delhi.
• He saved the Delhi Sultanate from Mongol Invasions
• He also suppressed internal revolts thus consolidated his
internal revolts and empire.
• He got his claim to the throne approved by the Khalifa, giving
legitimacy to his rule.
• The land revenue system was reorganized by him
• . He introduced the gold and silver coins (Tanka).
• • He was a patron of art and architecture. The Qutub Minar was
completed by him.
• Iltutmish was an efficient administrator, He divided his empire
into Iqtas or provinces for good governance .The Iqtas were
administered by Iqtadars who maintained law and order.
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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Image source : Wikipedia

8. Razia Sultan (CE 1236 – 1240 )
• She was nominated by her father as his
successor.
• But he was overruled by a group of forty
powerful Turkish nobles called
‘Chahalgani’, who didn’t approve a female
to be the sultan.
• They made Iltutmish’s son Rukn-ud-din
Firoz the new sultan. But he proved
unworthy and inefficient as a result of
which Razia was made the sultan in CE
1236.
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9. Achievements of Razia Sultan
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• Razia was brave, intelligent, and possessed the royal qualities. She used to sit in
the open darbar to transact business.She even rode horses. She was a talented
woman and regarded the welfare of her subjects as an essential duty.
• There was chaos and disorder in the country when Razia came to the throne.
But being an able ruler, she put the things in order. She was a wise, just, and
benevolent ruler.
• But some nobles did not like to be ruled by a woman The nobles accused her of
being too friendly to an Abyssinian, Yaqut Khan. Some of the nobles under the
leadership of Altuniya then rebelled against her. She won over Altunia by
marrying him. Both of them were killed in their struggle against the rebels in
the year 1240 CE

10. Nasir-ud-din Mahmud (CE 1246– 1266 )
• In 1246, a few influential nobles raised
Iltutmish's younger son Nasir-ud-din
Mahmud to the throne.
• Nasir-ud-din was just 17 years old and
could not manage the empire.
• He left the control in the hands of his
father-in-law Balban.
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11. Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (CE 1246 –1266)
• Balban came to power after the death of Nasir-
ud-din Mahmud in CE 1266)
• It was he, who first realised that the prevailing
weakness of the royal power was due
to the intrigues of the Turkish nobles.
• Thus, he weakened the power of the nobles by
drawing a line of distinction between the
Sultan and the nobles.
• He built a chain of forts on the frontier to
protect the empire from Mongol attacks)
• Balban was the most successful ruler among
the slave kings.
• In order to raise the prestige of the king, the
nobles were to perform sijdah and paibos
(prostration and kissing the monarch's feet))
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12. Achievements of Balban
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• Balban reformed the army to increase its efficiency.
• Balban created an awe and respect in the minds of the people.
• He made the people and the nobles loyal to the crown.
• Balban put the administration in order.
• He checked the Mongol invasions successfully.
• He organised an efficient spy system.
• He strictly believed in the divine theory of kingship, i.e., king is the
representative of God on earth.
• He followed the policy of 'Blood and Iron' which implied being ruthless to the
enemies.

13. End of Dynasty
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• Balban Died of illness in 1286 CE.
• His successors were weak and they failed to prserve the kingdom.
• The reign of the Mamluks ended in 1290 CE.

14. The Khalji Dynasty CE
1290-1316
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15. Jalal-ud-din Khalji (CE 1290–1296 )
• Founder of the Khalji Dynasty.
• An important event of his reign was the
reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji on Devagiri In
CE 1294.
• He was killed by his nephew when he was
congratulating him for his victory.
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16. Ala-ud-din Khalji (CE1296 – 1316 )
• Ala-ud-din Khalji was the nephew and son
in law of Jalal ud-din Khalji.
• He came to the throne in CE1296, after
murdering his uncle.
• He was a great and efficient ruler.
• He had several Achievements in conquests,
administration, Economic Reforms as well
asArt and Architecture.
• Built the famous Alai Darwaja near Qutub
minar and the Hauz Khas for royal bath.
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17. Conquests of Ala-ud-din
• Gujarat:Ala-ud-din sent an expedition under his
generals Ulugh Khan and Nasrat Khan to conquer
Gujarat.
🞄They defeated king Karan Dev, plundered the state and
returned with rich booty.
• RajasthanAla-ud-din had a long history of expeditions
in the Rajput states.
🞄 In CE 1301, he captured the fort of Ranthambhor. In CE
1303, he captured Chittorgarh.
🞄 Alauddin also overran Jalor.Almost all the states in
Rajasthan were forced to submit to him. But he did not
annex these Rajput states.
🞄 He conquered Malwa and also annexed it bringing Malwa
under direct rule.
🞄 By CE 1305, he became the master of Northern India.
Ujjain, Dhar, Mandu and Chanderi-all became parts of his
empire.
• Deccan and South India:During 1306-1311, Alauddin's
general Malik Kafur defeated the Yadavas of Devagiri,
Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra, Kakatiyas of Warrangal
and the Pandyas of Madurai. However, he did not
annex these kingdoms but realised annual tributes
from them. 17

18. Administration in Ala-ud-din’s Kingdom
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• Ala-ud-din was an able and efficient administrator.
• He made a study of the cause of revolts and initiated reforms for keeping control over the
nobles.
• He discovered there were 3 main reasons for revolts :
🞄 The wealth of the nobles
🞄 Social gatherings
🞄 The habit of excessive drinking.
• Marriage parties and drinking of wine in public were prohibited.
• An efficient spy system was organised.
• Ala-ud-din increased his revenue system .
• In the areas of Ganga-Yamuna doab he increased the tax to half of the total yield of crops.
• He introduced the system of chehra for soldiers and dagh or marking of horses to stop the
substitution of thoroughbred horses with ordianary ones.

19. Economic Reforms
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• Ala-ud-din maintained a huge army. In order to meet his military expenses, he
undertook various economic reforms.
• He took steps to control the prices and supervised the market.
• He fixed the prices of essential goods.
• Officers were appointed to keep a check on the prices. Due to the strict check
on the shopkeepers, there was no cheating with weights and whoever was found
charging beyond the price -limit, was punished severely.
• Thus, the traders could not overprice their goods.

20. Art and Achitecture
• Ala-ud-din was a great patron of art and
architecture. Poets and scholars adorned his
court. Amir Khusrauand Amir Hasan were
the most prominent among them.
• Ala-ud-din Khalji was a great builder. He
built the famous Alai Darwaza near Qutub
Minar, a new town Siri near Delhi, and also
constructed Hauz Khas, a big tank for the
royal bath.
• He also started the construction of
TheAlai Minar.
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Alai Darwaza
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY-SA
Hauz Khas This Photo by Unknown Author is
Alai Minar licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

21. The Tughlaq Dynasty CE
1320-1414
After the death of Ala-ud-din Khalji, there was chaos in the kingdom. Malik
Kafur assumed power as a regent. He was killed by Ala-ud-din's slaves who
hatched a conspiracy against him. Ghazni Malik who assumed the title of Ghias-
ud-din Tughlaq, was the founder of the Tughlaq Dynasty.
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22. Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq (CE 1320 –1325)
• Founder of the Tughlaq Dynasty.
• Was a strong and benevolent ruler.
• Combined fairness and firmness to establish
peace and order in his kingdom.
• Died near Afghanpur as a pavilion fell on
him which was said to be planned by his
successor Jauna Khan.
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23. Muhammed –bin-Tughlaq (CE 1325 -
1351)
• Jauna Khan ascended the throne in 1325 un
the name of Muhammed-Bin Tughlaq.
• He was a learned man but he failed
misrebely as most of his plans were way
ahead of his time while some others that
were sensible also failed as they were not
implemented properly.
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24. Various Failed Schemes
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25. 1.Taxation in the Doab
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• In order to increase the revenue, Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq increased the land
tax in the Doab region but Unfortunately, this plan was carried out when a
severe famine affected the region, Agriculture suffered as the impoverished
farmers left their fields to escape the tyranny of the Sultan's officers as they
could not pay the taxes.
• When the Sultan came to know about this he ordered liberal financial help to
the farmers like advancing loans, giving seeds and bullocks, and digging wells
for irrigation.
• However the remedies came in late so the affected population failed to gain
much out of the measures.

26. 2.Transfer of Capital
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• A very important step was taken by Muhammed-bin Tughlaq when he shifted his capital
from Delhi to devgiri (renamed Daulatabat)
• The reasons for the shifting of the capital:
• The empire had extended south and Delhi was no loger centrally located. Devagiri was
located in the center.so the Sultan thouth it would be easIer to rule from Devagiri.
• Also, since Devagiri was far from the North-West, it was safer from Mongol invasions.`
• It was a long journey, approximately 708 miles from Delhi. Many perished on the way.
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq soon realised that his absence from Delhi would make his capital
vulnerable to Mongol invasions.
• He could not control the North from distant Daulatabad so he ordered the inhabitants to
return to Delhi.
• Thousands of people died during the return journey.

27. 3.Introduction of Token Currency (CE
1330)
• The economic burden of the transfer of capital was heavy and it made the
treasury empty.
• The royal treasury became empty by the Sultan's generous and lavish
lifestyle, failure of the agricultural reforms and the Doab taxation policy.
• In order to make up the deficit in his treasury, Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
issued copper coins, considered equal in the value to gold and silver coins.
• But the Sultan did not take any step to prevent forgery.
• On the other hand large-scale imitation of royal coins began. A large
number of such coins were in circulation and trade and industry suffered
because people could not differentiate between the real and fake coins.
• The Sultan withdrew the scheme and paid gold and silver coins in exchange
of copper coins from the treasury to the people, further impoverishing the
state treasury.
Muhammed Bin Tughlaq’s Coins
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28. 4.Failures of Expeditions
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• Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq wanted to expand his empire so he ordered his army
to move to Kangra (Modern Himachal Pradesh).
• He conquered this region and sent the army further, towards Tibet. But soon,
Tughlaq realised that it would not be possible to continue with the expedition
because of extreme climatic conditions, so he had to withdraw it.
• He also sent his army to conquer Khurasan in central Asia. For this, he
equipped the army with new weapons and the soldiers were paid one year
salary in advance. But this project too was abandoned and the treasury suffered
heavy losses.

29. 5. Loss of Territory
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• The repeated failure of all of Muhammad-bin Tughlaq's plans resulted in his
unpopularity.
• Open revolts broke out in Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Warangal, Gujarat, Sind etc. By
the end of fourteenth century, Bengal and Sind were lost to the empire.
• The entire region south of Narmada river became free of the Sultan's control.
By CE 1347, two important independent kingdoms of Vijayanagar and
Bahmani were set up.

30. Muhammed-bin-Tughlaq ‘The Mixture of
Opposites’
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• He was a great philosopher and mathematician.
• Was a great general but lacked common sense and practical judgement.
• He was a Sunni Muslim but did not allow the Ulemas tio interfere with state
affairs.
• Some historians argue he was a man ahead of his time.

31. Firoz Shah Tughlaq (CE 1351-1388)
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq, a cousin of
Muhammad-bin Tughlaq, succeeded him in
CE 1351. He believed that Muhammad-bin-
• Tughlaq failed because he lacked the
support of Ulemas and the nobles, so he
tried to keep everyone happy.
• Hereditary rights to land were given to
nobles and people in the army.
• He was an incompetent general. Bengal and
Deccan became independent during his
reign.
• His military campaigns in Bengal, Sind and
Gujarat were mismanaged.
This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
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32. Art and Architecture
• Firoz Tughlaq was a great builder. He founded
the towns of Firozabad, Jaunpur, Fatehabad,
Hissar and built a palace-cum-fort complex at
Firoz Shah Kotla.
• He improved the irrigation system and had
many canals and wells dug.
• He was a great scholar and founded many
schools and colleges. He also built sarais,
hospitals and rest houses, He improved
agriculture and encouraged trade.
• He brought the Ashokan Pillar to Delhi and
placed it at Firoz Shah Kotla.
• He had many Sanskrit scriptures translated
into Persian,
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
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33. Help Measures
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• Firoz Shah Tughlaq established a department of charity called Diwan-i-Khairat.
• The department provided relief to the poor and needy such as widows and
orphans.
• He provided employment opportunities to the jobless by creating a new
department.

34. Firoz Shah Tughlaq An Ideal, Kind and
Pious ruler
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• He simplified the legal system and discouraged the use of spies.
• He showed his humane attitude while dealing with slaves.
• He reduced land revenue and cancelled the loans advanced during famines.
Thus, he revived agriculture.
• To promote trade, he reduced the octroi duty.
• He opened a number of Madrasas.
• He was a great builder. He established many cities, such as Firozpur, Jaunpur,
Firozabad and palace fortress complex, Firoz Shah Kotla at Delhi.

35. Timur’s Invasion and The End of The
Tughlaq Civilization
• Amir Timur invaded India in CE 1398.
• This dealt a death blow to the Tughlaq
empire from which it could never recover.
• He set out from Samarkand with 92,000
horsemen to invade India.
• The weak Tughlaq government provided
him with a golden opportunity to attack.
• With Timur's invasion, the Tughlaq dynasty
came to an end.
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Amir Timur

36. The Sayyid Dynasty (CE 1414-1451)
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• Khizr Khan (Amir Timur’s deputy of India), defeated Daulat Khan and
occupied the throne of Delhi in CE 1414.
• He laid the foundation of the Sayyid dynasty.
• Several Sayyid Sultans-Mubarak Shah, Muhammad Shah and Ala-ud-din Shah
reigned in Delhi from CE 1414-51.
• Their authority did not extend beyond the Punjab and the Ganga- Yamuna
Doab.
• The last ruler of this dynasty wasAla-ud-din Shah Sayyid.He surrendered the
throne of Delhi to Bahlol Lodi, who was at that time the governor of Lahore
and Sind.

37. The Lodi Dynasty
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Bahlul Lodi was the founder of the Lodi dynasty. He was anAfghan who was the
governor of Punjab.

38. Important Rulers
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39. Sikandar Lodi (CE 1489-1517)
• Sikandar Lodi (CE 1489 1517) was the best
Among the Lodi rulers. He tried his best to
make the empire strong.
• He conquered Jaunpur, Bihar and the
Gangetic valley.
• The city of Agra was founded by him.
• He adopted various measures to improve
the agriculture and economy of the country.
• He wanted to make people happy and thus
took several steps for their welfare.
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40. Ibrahim Lodi (CE 1517-1526)
• Sikandar's successor was Ibrahim Lodi.
• He failed to gain support of the Afghan
nobles. They started fighting among
themselves and also began plotting against
the Sultan.
• Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of Punjab
and Ibrahim's uncle, invited Babur to
invade India and to end the Sultanate.
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41. End of the Delhi Sultanate
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• Babur invade India in CE 1526.
• He defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in CE 1526.
• This marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate and the foundation of the Mughal
Empire .

42. Comparison BetweenAla-ud-din-Khalji
and Muhammed –bin-Tughlaq
Ala-ud-din-Khalji Muhammed –bin-Tughlaq
Period CE1296 -1396 CE 1325-1351
Architecture Built Alai Darwaza, a new garrison town named Siri, Hauz Khas-a
big tank for the royal bath.
, Built Jahan-pana (fourth city of Delhi) by linking the first and
second cities by walls.
Mode of Payment Paid soldiers salary in cash. Also paid his soldiers in cash. Used a "token“ currency.
Reforms Land Reforms-fixed revenue. Identity card system for soldiers,
branding of horses. Economic reforms-fixed the prices of essential
goods, supervised the market.
Increased the land revenue in Doab-region, transfer of capital
from Delhi to Devagiri .
Empire building He annexed Gujarat, Malwa and captured Chittorgarh,Jalor. He conquered Kangra, failed in the expeditions of Tibet and
Khurasan.
Result His administrative measures were quite successful. Chroniclers
praised his reign.
His administrative measures were failure. created
complications.
Characterstics A great conqueror, efficient administrator, religious man, worked for
the welfare of his subjects. time, but as a ruler failed.
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A learned and acomplished man, had vision far ahead of his

43. ThankYou
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