The document summarizes the key Mughal emperors who ruled the Mughal Empire in India from the 16th to 18th centuries. Zahir ud din Babar founded the Mughal dynasty after defeating Ibrahim Lodhi in 1526 and established an empire stretching from Afghanistan to Bengal. His son Humayun struggled to maintain control and was defeated by Sher Shah Suri, but Humayun later reclaimed the throne. Akbar introduced major reforms but his attempts to create a new religion were unsuccessful. Shah Jahan built the iconic Taj Mahal, while Aurangzeb expanded the empire significantly but also faced challenges from the Marathas.

1. The Mughals
Pak Studies Presentation

2. Zahir ud din Babar:
• the ultimate founder and first Emperor of the Mughal dynasty in the subcontinent.
• He inherited the kingdom of Farghana in Afghanistan
• Ambitious to conquer Samarkand.
• After his unsuccessful attempts he turned to Kabul and became the ruler.
• He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the battle of Panipat and took control of Delhi and
Agra.
• His empire stretched from Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal.

4. Humayun
• was Babur’s eldest son
• The kingdom was very insecure, and many nobles rose
against him.

5. Sher Shah Suri:
• a brilliant Afghan noble
• Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun forces again and again, until he was
forced to flee Sindh
• He appointed honest and officials, and set up an effective and army
• He reformed the state money system and passed strict laws, especially against
criminal offences
• He built the GT road from Peshawar to Bengal

6. • He set up first real postal service but this was
for official business
• His successor Adil Shah was finally defeated
by Humayun in 1555.

7. Humayun again:
• He marched into India in 1555 and recaptured Delhi
• 1556 he fell from his library stairs in Agra and died.

8. Akbar
• He was born in 1542 at Umerkot in Sindh
• . Humayun’s wise general Bahram khan guided
him
• He introduced many reforms such abolishing
the jizya tax
• He also strengthened his army

9. • He introduced financial reforms
• He introduces Deen e Illahi which was not acceptable for his people. His
reforms gave Hindus more advantage than the Muslims.
• He spent a great deal of money on building a new city Fatehpur Sikri

10. Jahangir
• he was fairer to Muslims than Akbar was
• His reign is also renowned by his wife, Nur Jahan
• The Mughal Empire became the most cultured
place in the world in that time.
• Poets, craftsmen, artists, musicians, writers and
architects were all highly respected

11. Shah Jahan
• . The empire was peaceful in his reign
• known as a builder
• He was married with Mumtaz Mahal for twenty
years and when died, he built the Taj Mahal in her
remembrance.

12. Aurangzeb
• His four sons fought for the throne but Aurangzeb won
• His three brothers were captured and executed with their
children.
• He imprisoned his father at the fort in Agra.

13. The Mughal Empire at its greatest extent
• stretching from Kabul to Ganges delta and from the Karakorum and
Himalayas to the Cauvery river Basin
• The treasury and the forces both suffered
• Most of the Deccan was finally conquered but the Marathas under Shivaji
were a constant problem for him

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