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Medicine and Public Health Edexcel GCSE Revision
- 1. Galen Began studying medicine at 16, travelled to Alexandria to study. Great showman, put on public performances, became doctor to emperors for life after the great plague. Why his ideas were so widely accepted: •Wrote hundreds of books covering every aspect of medicine included work of others including H but added his own work on treatments and structure and workings of the body People believed his books had all the answers (became basis of medical training for thousands of years •Ideas fitted with the ideas of the Christian Church church controlled education in Europe during middle ages even though not a Christian, believed one God created the body and made all parts fit together perfectly
- 5. Edward Jenner Before Discovery: •Smallpox killed more children than any other disease •Survivors of small pox severely disfigured Limitations •Jenner’s vaccination only dealt with one discovery •Many opposed vaccinations Anti-Vaccine league formed in 1866 •Governments could not decide if it should be made compulsory 1852 Vaccination made compulsory Industrial Revolution 1750-1900
- 6. Germ Theory and Identification of microbes Led to other scientists developing other vaccines: Typhoid, TB, Diptheria and Tetanus Led to other scientists developing other vaccines: Typhoid, TB, Diptheria and Tetanus Industrial Revolution 1750-1900
- 7. DNA: Crick and Watson
- 8. Discovered chloroform by chance with colleagues when they were experimenting with anaesthetics. Realised it was very effective and used it within day son women in childbirth significant immediate impact Opposition •Surgeons prided themselves on speed, anaesthetics meant it was no longer important •No one knew long term side effects •Hannah Greener died in 1848 whilst having toenail operation •Increased infection because doctors attempted more complex surgery Opposition •Surgeons prided themselves on speed, anaesthetics meant it was no longer important •No one knew long term side effects •Hannah Greener died in 1848 whilst having toenail operation •Increased infection because doctors attempted more complex surgery Surgeons unsure of correct dosage Chloroform made patients vomit Surgeons still operated at high speed Problem of infection and bloodloss remained James Simpson Limitations
- 9. Florence NightingaleConcentrated on cleaning the hospitals and patients in the crimea and wrote to the government Focused on: •Sanitation in hospitals •Good ventilation •Good supplies Opposition o Wealthy family didn’t want her to train as nurse Limitations o Ignored the germ theory as she believed disease was caused by miasma o Other factors improved nursing o She didn’t suppot women in becoming doctors
- 10. Development of Penicillin War English factories busy helping war effort. Florey and Chain went to America. American Government realised its potential after Pearl Harbour. Made interest free loans to US companies to buy expensive equipment for mass production. Soon British firms were mass producing penicillin Stagefour
- 11. Edwin Chadwick1848 became a member of the National Board of Health, argumentative, arrogant and rude but extremely hardworking. Report 1842 wrote ‘Report on the Sanitary conditions of the Labouring Population’ Stated that: •Poor lived in dirty, overcrowded conditions •This causes huge amount of illness •Many people too sick to work so became poorer •Therefore other people have to pay higher tax to help the poor Solution: Improve drainage and sewers Remove refuse from streets and homes Provide clean water supplies Appoint medical officers to check reforms 1848 public health act •National board of health set up •Government could force local councils to improve PH and appoint a medical officer •Local councils encourage to collect taxes for improvements if they had the support • 1875 public health act • Local councils forced to provide clean water, public toilets, drains and sewers • Councils forced to appoint a medical officer of health Opposition Local taxpayers didn’t want to pay for improvements even though it would save taxes in the long run Government didn’t want to interfere in local matters Limitations Report didn’t lead to immediate reform. His influence faded in 1850s Limitations Report didn’t lead to immediate reform. His influence faded in 1850s
- 12. John Snow • Pioneer in surgery and public health • 1849: Published book saying cholera was spread through water not miasma • Wrote a report detailing his evidence ‘on the mode of communication of cholera’ • Provided enough evidence so that handle of the broad street water pump was taken away. • Later discovered cesspool 1m from pump contaminated the water (500 deaths caused) • 1854: cholera outbreak helped to prove his theory Opposition His idea of disease from water was mocked by doctors Limitations Didn’t lead to a new public health act Many scientists still believed it was bad air Pasteur had not yet published germ theory
- 13. Roman Public Health Key Features Romans developed first ever public health system Believed in personal health and hyygene Settlements such as army camps were ‘healthy places’ as they werent near swamps Aquaducts, Bath houses, sewers and hospitals Weaknesses Little changed in countryside as only rich could afford bath houses Lead pipes poisoned water If rain was scarce waste built up in the sewers which spread disease Sewers emptied into rivers where people washed their clothes
- 14. Medieval Public Health CONTINUITY Rich people took regular baths and did their best to avoid filth and bad smells PROGRESS Monasteries had comprehensive PH systems Fresh water, herbs and food Rakers employed to empty cesspools First hospitals built since roman times eg St Bart’s Medieval kings passed laws to keep streets clean During plague quarantine laws put in place REGRESS No concept of public health Focus on ‘Care not Cure’ in Monasteries Government saw PH as a local issue for individuals Streets very dirty, people disposed of rubbish in rivers and streets Toilets in London built over Thames
- 15. Rennaissance Public Health CONTINUITY Still some public toilets Aniimals filled the streets with dirt Cesspits often overflowed into nearby cellars and water tanks many too poor to afford it PROGRESS Night soil men employed to carry away human waste Increased Travel Reduced influence of Christian church Households ordered to put out rubbish every Wednesday and Saturday but too few rakers to maintain this REGRESS Not enough Rakiers to make a difference Quite corners or doorways became accepted places to wee
- 16. Industrial Revolution Public Health CONTINUITY ‘Laissez Faire’ attitude Still very dirty Cholera large threat PROGRESS Individuals eg Pasteur advanced knowledge of cause Edwin Chadwick led to 1848 public health act REGRESS Significant public health problems caused by industrial revolition
- 17. Modern day Public Health CONTINUITY Dirt and poverty was still a problem Government initially gave no help to sick or unemployed PROGRESS Many laws passed Eg: 1909 back to back housing banned 1911 National Insurance Act Facilities improved Government : NHS Increased life expectancy More Spacious wards and hospitals
- 19. The development of treatments and cures
- 22. Treatments
- 23. How effective were medieval hospitals? Middle Ages 500-1500 Middle Ages 500-1500
- 26. Renaissance: Conservatism VS Enquiry Area of medicine Conservatism VS Enquiry Knowledge of the human body Enquiry: Versealius challenged Galen’s theories of anatomy and proved them to be incorrect. Harvey proved blood was pumped round body by heart Growth of Science Enquiry: new experimental approach encouraged discovery. Physicians Enquiry: New practical training and diseection in Edinburgh. Study of urine and astrology rarely used. Harvey set up own medical story. However women still not allowed to be doctors. Hospitals Enquiry: New hospitals that cared for poor. Simple surgery carried out Conservatism: Most didn’t admit infectious diseases Everyday treatments Conservatism: still used herbal remedies and bleeding. Thought tobacco and goat’s stomach good cures. (Beliefs preserved) Cause of disease Conservatism: Still believed in astrology Still used 4 humours and power of observation.