Medical Complications associated with Eating Disorders
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This document summarizes the medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It describes how these eating disorders can negatively impact the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, reproductive, nervous, physical and metabolic systems of the body. Specific risks include low bone density, muscle atrophy, amenorrhea, seizures, lanugo hair growth, hypoglycemia, electrolyte imbalances, erosion of dental enamel, cardiomyopathy and more. Treatment involves addressing the underlying psychological issues with help from medical professionals like doctors and dieticians.
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Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric illness. Cardiac complications are the most common cause of death, followed by suicide. Overall death rates from eating disorders approach 20%. Eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) may have an even higher mortality and complication rate than anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Laboratory tests can show metabolic abnormalities, anemia, thyroid dysfunction, low sex hormones, and abnormal lipid and bone mineral density levels.
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Alcohol/Ethanol Consumed by ~60% of AmericansProvides 3% of total energy intake7kcal/gm Is a narcotic Reduces sensation, consciousness, central nervous system depressant
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Actual Picture
Energy Metabolism Substrates Converted to Acetyl CoA and enter to Kreb’s cycle to produce energyCarbohydrates – 4kcal/gmLipids – 9kcal/gmProteins – 4kcal/gmAlcohol – 7 Kcal/gm
Metabolism
Ketone Bodies Produced by liver and (kidney)The brain uses it during periods of fasting when glucose is not available
Hormones involved in Energy Metabolism (Regulation)InsulinGlucagonThyroid
Energy Balance
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)The minimum amount of energy needed when resting and fasting
Factors that affect BMRMuscle massBody surface areaGender body temperature Thyroid hormoneStages of growth Stimulants Sedatives
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Harris Benedict Equation Male66.5+(13.8xWt)+(5xHt)-(6.8xage)Females655.1+(9.6xWt)+(1.9xHt)-(4.7xage)Activity factorSedentary – 1.0Low – 1.1Active - 1.26Very active – 1.46
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Body Mass IndexInterpretation of BMI:Under weight <18.5 Healthy – 18.5 to 24.9Over weight – 25 to 29.9Obese - >30
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Dehradun #ℂall #gIRLS Oyo Hotel 8107221448 #ℂall #gIRL in Dehradun
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
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