the Mechanical layers of the Earth
Distinct Layers
* Compositional Layers
* Mechanical Layers
Compositional Layers is composed of Crust, Mantle and Core while Mechanical Layers is composed of Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesosphere, Outer Core and Inner Core.
Thank you ^-^
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
This is a PowerPoint Presentation about Magmatism, a lesson in Earth and Life Science, First quarter for Grade 11/12 Students. This will help them understand the lesson and make them familiar with the topic.
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESSSimple ABbieC
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
geologic processes that occur within the Earth and
the folding and faulting of rocks
This lesson plan related to STEM education.
Learning Outcomes
• Define the term “mineral” in
your own words.
• Evaluate the usefulness of
various physical properties
for describing and identifying
different minerals.
• Explore how mineral crystals
are constructed and how the
external form of a crystal
reflects its ionic structure.
• Identify a variety of mineral
specimens according to their
physical properties
Concepts:
‣A. Minerals are homogeneous solid earth materials. ‣B. Minerals have distinct physical properties that enable them to be distinguished from one another. ‣C. For most common minerals, the most useful properties for hand sample identification include hardness, cleavage or fracture patterns, translucency, and color. ‣D. Metallic minerals are uncommon, but economically important. ‣E. For metallic minerals, the additional properties of streak and magnetism are useful for hand sample identification. ‣F. Completely unambiguous identification of minerals often requires sophisticated laboratory analysis
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Properties
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Earth Science (for STEM): Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
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Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure.
Characteristics of Minerals
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation.
It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism.
In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral.
2. A mineral is Inorganic
It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound.
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral.
This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals.
3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid
We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter.
This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases.
A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition
Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula.
Example:
A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms.
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern.
NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD).
Mineraloids
Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid.
Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure.
Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.
This is a PowerPoint Presentation about Magmatism, a lesson in Earth and Life Science, First quarter for Grade 11/12 Students. This will help them understand the lesson and make them familiar with the topic.
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESSSimple ABbieC
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
geologic processes that occur within the Earth and
the folding and faulting of rocks
This lesson plan related to STEM education.
Learning Outcomes
• Define the term “mineral” in
your own words.
• Evaluate the usefulness of
various physical properties
for describing and identifying
different minerals.
• Explore how mineral crystals
are constructed and how the
external form of a crystal
reflects its ionic structure.
• Identify a variety of mineral
specimens according to their
physical properties
Concepts:
‣A. Minerals are homogeneous solid earth materials. ‣B. Minerals have distinct physical properties that enable them to be distinguished from one another. ‣C. For most common minerals, the most useful properties for hand sample identification include hardness, cleavage or fracture patterns, translucency, and color. ‣D. Metallic minerals are uncommon, but economically important. ‣E. For metallic minerals, the additional properties of streak and magnetism are useful for hand sample identification. ‣F. Completely unambiguous identification of minerals often requires sophisticated laboratory analysis
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Properties
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Earth Science (for STEM): Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Youtube:
http://tiny.cc/SimpleABbieC
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Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay
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Blogger:
https://simpleabbiec.blogspot.com/?m=1
Earth's Internal Structure - Earth and Life Science / Earth Science for SHS
I do not own any material in this presentation. Credits go to their respective owners.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
4. Crust
2 types of Crust:
Continental CrustOceanic Crust
90 km. thick (12~56 miles)
• Density of 2.7 g/cm³
= it is made up of all rock types
10 km. thick (3~6 miles)
• Density of 3g/cm³
= it is made of more dense rocks
Ocean Land
5. Mantle
Convection
Currents
Upper Mantle
Middle
Mantle
Lower Mantle
2,885 km. thick (1,800 miles)
• Density of 3.5g/cm³ to 5.5g/cm³ 70%
= The hot material (magma) in the mantle rises to the top of the mantle,
cools, then sinks, reheats, and rises again. These convection currents cause
changes in the Earth’s surface
6. CORE
Core
• Made mostly of iron
• Liquid – Outer core
• Solid – Inner Core
• 1/3 of the earth’s mass
• Very hot.
• Outer boundary of the
core is a depth of 2,900
km.
Two parts
Outer Core
Inner Core
9. Lithosphere
The lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) is divided
into separate plates which move very slowly in
response to the “convecting” part of the mantle.
12. Mesosphere
• The solid part of the earth’s mantle lying between the asthenosphere and the
core.
• It is made of magma (hot, pressurized molten rock)
• Density between 3.4 and 4.3g/cm³
Lower
Mantle
13. Outer Core
Outer
Core
2,255 km. thick (1,400 miles)
• Composed of melted metals nickel
and iron.
• Molten (liquid) metal that is about
4,700°C (8,500°F)
= Earth’s magnetism is created
because the outer core moves around
the inner core.
14. Inner Core
Inner
Core
1,220 km. thick (758 miles)
• Solid sphere composed mostly of
iron.
• It is believed to be as hot as 6,650°C
(12,000°F)
• It is solid because of the pressure
from the outer core, mantle, and
crust compressing it tremendously
The outermost compositional unit is the crust. While the core and the mantle have nearly constant thicknesses, the thickness of the crust is different in different places. The oceanic crust is basalt while the continental crust has a granitic composition.
Continental Crust is 90 km. thick and has a density of 2.7 g/cm³. It is made of all rock types. In general, it is where you find less dense materials. More pores or spaces in the rocks further decrease density.
Oceanic Crust is 10 km. thick and has a density of 3 g/cm³. It is made of more dense rocks. Smaller pores or spaces means higher density.
Mantle is about 2,885 km. thick (1,800 miles) and it has a density of 3.5g/cm³ to 5.5g/cm³. It is the thickest layer of the earth making up 70% of the Earth mass.
The thick shell of the dense, rocky matter that surrounds the core is called the mantle. The mantle consists of iron-magnesium-silicates and it is less dense than the core but denser than the outermost compositional layer, which also consists of rocky matter.
The core is made up of iron alloy (iron mixed with small amounts of other elements).
The core has 2 parts: Outer Core and Inner Core
At the centre is the densest of the three layers, the core. It is mostly metallic iron with small amounts of nickel and other elements. The outer boundary of core is at a depth of 2,900 kilometres.
The upper most layer is called the Lithosphere.
It is rigid, meaning it can bend slightly but not flow at all.
The asthenosphere (“weak sphere”) is a soft layer of the mantle on which pieces of the lithosphere move. It is made of solid rock that, like putty, flows very slowly—at about the same rate your fingernails grow.
The mesosphere is 1,800 miles below the earth’s surface
The two other name for mesosphere is lower mantle and middle sphere
Outer core is liquid because temperature is so high that not even the high pressure can force it to become solid. The swirling convective flow in the outer core creates earth’s magnetic field.
It is the second last layer of the earth. It is a magma like liquid layer that surrounds the Inner Core and creates Earth's magnetic field.
The Inner Core is so hot it causes all the metal in the Outer Core to melt into liquid magma. Composition
The Inner Core is the final layer of the Earth. It is a solid ball made of metal. It is also the hottest.
In inner core, even though it is hotter than the outer core, the pressure is so high that the atoms get forced together to make a solid. The Inner core actually spins slightly faster than the rest of the planet due to the force of earth’s magnetic field.
