This document summarizes a study on measuring farm-level efficiency of beef cattle fattening operations in West Java Province, Indonesia. The study analyzed data from 100 beef cattle farmers to estimate technical efficiency levels and determinants. Results found the average technical efficiency was 0.77, meaning output could increase 23% with current technology. Education levels, experience, cattle ownership numbers, and access to credit significantly impacted technical inefficiency. The study concluded that improving farmer knowledge through extension and training could boost technical efficiency.
Good Parameters for PSO in Optimizing Laying Hen Diet IJECEIAES
Manual formulation of poultry diet by taking into account the fulfillment of all nutrients requirement with least cost is a difficult task. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) shows promising technique to solve this problem. However, there is a lack of studying a good parameter for PSO to solve feed formulation problem since PSO is sensitive to control parameter which depends on the problem. Therefore, this study investigates good swarm size, total iterations, acceleration coefficients, and inertia weight to produce a better formula. PSO with proposed good parameters is compared with other parameters. The obtained result shows that PSO with good parameters choice produces the highest fitness. Furthermore, good parameters of PSO can be used as a reference for a software developer and for further research to optimize poultry diet using PSO.
Using the Breeder GA to Optimize a Multiple Regression Analysis Modelinfopapers
Florin Stoica, Cornel Gheorghe Boitor, Using the Breeder genetic algorithm to optimize a multiple regression analysis model used in prediction of the mesiodistal width of unerupted teeth, International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control, Vol 9, No 1, pp. 62-70, ISSN 1841-9836, february 2014
In this paper, a modified invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm is presented for
optimization of multiobjective flexible job shop scheduling problems (FJSSPs) with the criteria
to minimize the maximum completion time (makespan), the total workload of machines and the
workload of the critical machine. IWO is a bio-inspired metaheuristic that mimics the
ecological behaviour of weeds in colonizing and finding suitable place for growth and
reproduction. IWO is developed to solve continuous optimization problems that’s why the
heuristic rule the Smallest Position Value (SPV) is used to convert the continuous position
values to the discrete job sequences. The computational experiments show that the proposed
algorithm is highly competitive to the state-of-the-art methods in the literature since it is able to
find the optimal and best-known solutions on the instances studied.
THE STUDY OF CUCKOO OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR PRODUCTION PLANNING PROBLEMijcax
This document discusses using the Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm (COA) to solve a production planning problem. It provides background on COA and how it works, modeling the production planning problem with objectives and constraints. The COA is implemented on a 3-product, 5-period example problem. Results show COA finds better solutions faster than Genetic Algorithm and provides answers close to commercial solver Lingo. COA is thus shown to be an effective method for solving this type of constrained nonlinear production planning problem.
This document discusses predicting the secondary structure of proteins using machine learning algorithms. The researchers used 57 features of 700 amino acids to train logistic regression, naive Bayes, decision tree, and random forest models. Random forest achieved the best accuracy of 78.76% for a dataset of 1000 samples. The results show that modern machine learning algorithms can efficiently and accurately predict protein secondary structures. Room for improvement remains in adding new informative features to further boost prediction accuracy.
IRJET- Mathematical Analysis of Performance of a Vibratory Bowl Feeder for Fe...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a vibratory bowl feeder for feeding buttons of different sizes in a garment factory. It describes how experiments were conducted using the design of experiments methodology to develop a mathematical model relating the feed rate output to input parameters of part size, population, and frequency. The model was found to be statistically significant based on ANOVA analysis. The optimal model can predict the feeder's performance behavior based on the input parameters.
Prediction model of algal blooms using logistic regression and confusion matrix IJECEIAES
Algal blooms data are collected and refined as experimental data for algal blooms prediction. Refined algal blooms dataset is analyzed by logistic regression analysis, and statistical tests and regularization are performed to find the marine environmental factors affecting algal blooms. The predicted value of algal bloom is obtained through logistic regression analysis using marine environment factors affecting algal blooms. The actual values and the predicted values of algal blooms dataset are applied to the confusion matrix. By improving the decision boundary of the existing logistic regression, and accuracy, sensitivity and precision for algal blooms prediction are improved. In this paper, the algal blooms prediction model is established by the ensemble method using logistic regression and confusion matrix. Algal blooms prediction is improved, and this is verified through big data analysis.
Assessing Discriminatory Performance of a Binary Logistic Regression Modelsajjalp
The evaluation of fitted binary logistic regression model is very important in assessing the appropriateness of a model for specific purposes. The studyproposesto assess the discriminatory performance of a binary logistic regression model to correctly classify between the cases and non-cases. The discriminatory performance of binary logistic regression model is measured using two approaches. The first approach is the use of fitted binary logistic regression model to correctly predict the subjects that are cases and non-cases,with the help of the parameters sensitivity and specificity. The alternative approach is basedon receiver operatingcharacteristic(ROC)curvefor the fitted binary logistic regression model and then determining the area under the curve (AUC) as a measure of discriminatory performance. The value of sensitivity is observed to be greater than the value of 1-specificity, which signifies suitable discrimination for the mentioned cut point. The area under the curve indicates that there is evidence of reasonable discrimination reported bythe fitted model.
Good Parameters for PSO in Optimizing Laying Hen Diet IJECEIAES
Manual formulation of poultry diet by taking into account the fulfillment of all nutrients requirement with least cost is a difficult task. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) shows promising technique to solve this problem. However, there is a lack of studying a good parameter for PSO to solve feed formulation problem since PSO is sensitive to control parameter which depends on the problem. Therefore, this study investigates good swarm size, total iterations, acceleration coefficients, and inertia weight to produce a better formula. PSO with proposed good parameters is compared with other parameters. The obtained result shows that PSO with good parameters choice produces the highest fitness. Furthermore, good parameters of PSO can be used as a reference for a software developer and for further research to optimize poultry diet using PSO.
Using the Breeder GA to Optimize a Multiple Regression Analysis Modelinfopapers
Florin Stoica, Cornel Gheorghe Boitor, Using the Breeder genetic algorithm to optimize a multiple regression analysis model used in prediction of the mesiodistal width of unerupted teeth, International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control, Vol 9, No 1, pp. 62-70, ISSN 1841-9836, february 2014
In this paper, a modified invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm is presented for
optimization of multiobjective flexible job shop scheduling problems (FJSSPs) with the criteria
to minimize the maximum completion time (makespan), the total workload of machines and the
workload of the critical machine. IWO is a bio-inspired metaheuristic that mimics the
ecological behaviour of weeds in colonizing and finding suitable place for growth and
reproduction. IWO is developed to solve continuous optimization problems that’s why the
heuristic rule the Smallest Position Value (SPV) is used to convert the continuous position
values to the discrete job sequences. The computational experiments show that the proposed
algorithm is highly competitive to the state-of-the-art methods in the literature since it is able to
find the optimal and best-known solutions on the instances studied.
THE STUDY OF CUCKOO OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR PRODUCTION PLANNING PROBLEMijcax
This document discusses using the Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm (COA) to solve a production planning problem. It provides background on COA and how it works, modeling the production planning problem with objectives and constraints. The COA is implemented on a 3-product, 5-period example problem. Results show COA finds better solutions faster than Genetic Algorithm and provides answers close to commercial solver Lingo. COA is thus shown to be an effective method for solving this type of constrained nonlinear production planning problem.
This document discusses predicting the secondary structure of proteins using machine learning algorithms. The researchers used 57 features of 700 amino acids to train logistic regression, naive Bayes, decision tree, and random forest models. Random forest achieved the best accuracy of 78.76% for a dataset of 1000 samples. The results show that modern machine learning algorithms can efficiently and accurately predict protein secondary structures. Room for improvement remains in adding new informative features to further boost prediction accuracy.
IRJET- Mathematical Analysis of Performance of a Vibratory Bowl Feeder for Fe...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of a vibratory bowl feeder for feeding buttons of different sizes in a garment factory. It describes how experiments were conducted using the design of experiments methodology to develop a mathematical model relating the feed rate output to input parameters of part size, population, and frequency. The model was found to be statistically significant based on ANOVA analysis. The optimal model can predict the feeder's performance behavior based on the input parameters.
Prediction model of algal blooms using logistic regression and confusion matrix IJECEIAES
Algal blooms data are collected and refined as experimental data for algal blooms prediction. Refined algal blooms dataset is analyzed by logistic regression analysis, and statistical tests and regularization are performed to find the marine environmental factors affecting algal blooms. The predicted value of algal bloom is obtained through logistic regression analysis using marine environment factors affecting algal blooms. The actual values and the predicted values of algal blooms dataset are applied to the confusion matrix. By improving the decision boundary of the existing logistic regression, and accuracy, sensitivity and precision for algal blooms prediction are improved. In this paper, the algal blooms prediction model is established by the ensemble method using logistic regression and confusion matrix. Algal blooms prediction is improved, and this is verified through big data analysis.
Assessing Discriminatory Performance of a Binary Logistic Regression Modelsajjalp
The evaluation of fitted binary logistic regression model is very important in assessing the appropriateness of a model for specific purposes. The studyproposesto assess the discriminatory performance of a binary logistic regression model to correctly classify between the cases and non-cases. The discriminatory performance of binary logistic regression model is measured using two approaches. The first approach is the use of fitted binary logistic regression model to correctly predict the subjects that are cases and non-cases,with the help of the parameters sensitivity and specificity. The alternative approach is basedon receiver operatingcharacteristic(ROC)curvefor the fitted binary logistic regression model and then determining the area under the curve (AUC) as a measure of discriminatory performance. The value of sensitivity is observed to be greater than the value of 1-specificity, which signifies suitable discrimination for the mentioned cut point. The area under the curve indicates that there is evidence of reasonable discrimination reported bythe fitted model.
This document provides information about beef cattle varieties, USDA beef grading and inspection, and beef cuts. It discusses the main breeds of beef cattle, including Bos Indicus zebu cattle from South Asia and Bos Taurus cattle from Europe and Britain. It also outlines the differences between USDA meat inspection, which ensures safety, and grading, which evaluates quality and yield. Finally, it identifies the main beef primal cuts from various beef sections, including the round, loin, rib, chuck, flank, short plate, brisket, and shank.
Noosa beef local food value chain project reference group meeting 1Dr Brian Stockwell
Background information on consumer attitudes and preferences in regard to local food, beef, branding and certification. Scenarios for beef production in Noosa District.
'Beef cattle finishing in the feedlot' is a brief document on the basics farmers and investors need to know before they engage in cattle pen fattening exercises. It emphasizes the pitfalls that must be avoided and the best courses of action, particularly under the economic conditions prevailing in Zimbabwe right now. However, i have tried as much to share the why, but when you need the how, you may have to contact me or animal business experts. I hope you will all find the document useful.
Dr. Dave Kammel, UW Extension Specialist, tips for creating useful handling facilities for today's beef operations. This presentation was given at the 2011 Wisconsin Cattlemen's Winter Conference.
In India, as not much of attention is paid so far as to this important aspect- animal housing, we find different types of animal houses constructed without careful planning and designing.
Contrary to the belief that cattle and other animals raised in large feedlots (CAFOs) are abused, J&S Feedlots shows how well cared-for cattle really are, and how they strive to improve conditions for their animals every day.
This document provides plans and specifications for building a cattle house. It includes a diagram of the cattle house layout with dimensions for different areas. It lists the necessary building materials and their estimated quantities. It also identifies potential issues with unhygienic and poorly designed cattle houses such as waste buildup and lack of access to food and water. Finally, it presents a checklist of characteristics of a well-managed cattle house.
This document discusses calf fattening in Pakistan. It notes the increasing demand for meat due to population growth, urbanization, and rising incomes. Per capita meat consumption in Pakistan has risen from 11 kg in 1983 to a projected 47 kg in 2020. The majority of beef production comes from traditional, inefficient systems involving young calves. The document advocates for commercial feedlot systems to finish calves on balanced diets to higher weights to produce quality beef. It provides details on feedlot design, selection of animals, feeding, and management. Feeding trials demonstrated growth rates of over 1 kg per day. Commercial feedlot systems can yield good profits but farmers must sell processed, high quality meat through organized markets.
11.technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the technical efficiency of cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. It finds that the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, meaning on average farmers were producing 66% of potential output. Factors like age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education increased inefficiency. The study concludes there is room for improving efficiency to boost cowpea output through better use of available resources.
Technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
- The study analyzed the technical efficiency of 200 cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria using a
stochastic production frontier function.
- The results found the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, indicating room for improvement.
- Age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education
increased inefficiency.
- The findings suggest cowpea farmers could increase output with existing inputs and technology by improving
their technical efficiency.
Characteristics of farmers and technical efficiency in cocoa farming at sigi...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on cocoa farming efficiency in Sigi Regency, Indonesia. The study used a stochastic frontier production function model to analyze factors affecting cocoa production and farmer technical efficiency. It found that fertilizer, pesticide and labor had a significant positive effect on cocoa production. Farmer characteristics like education, experience, and participation in extension programs increased technical efficiency and could help boost cocoa output. The study concluded that improving these factors could increase farmer incomes and Indonesia's cocoa production.
Technical efficiency of rural women farmers in borno state, nigeria.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the technical efficiency of rural women farmers in Borno State, Nigeria. Key findings include:
1) Rural women farmers in the study area had high levels of illiteracy (59.4%), did not belong to cooperatives (89.8%), had little contact with agricultural extension services (72%), and low access to credit (89.4%).
2) The mean technical efficiency of respondents was 0.5754, while the most efficient farmer achieved a technical efficiency of 0.9994.
3) Factors found to reduce technical inefficiency (and thus increase efficiency) included higher education levels, more off-farm income, more time spent farming, older
Article review (Agicultural Production Economics) by Yishak and Kutoya (Hu, M...YishakShitaye1
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of Uganda's Agricultural Productivity Enhancement Program (APEP) on the technical and allocative efficiency of maize farmers. The study found that APEP farmers had higher average technical efficiency (67%) than non-APEP farmers (49%). APEP farmers also had higher yields, profits, and were more efficient in allocating seeds. Membership in APEP, larger household size, and using improved seeds positively influenced technical efficiency. The results indicate APEP improved productivity and efficiency of maize farmers in Masindi District, Uganda.
Poster presentation given by Mauro Vigani at the recent ICAE conference in Milan.
The aim of this paper is to answer the following questions:
are risk management practices (RMP) inefficient or beneficial to wheat farming productivity? And if they are beneficial (as advocated by many authors), how much they contribute to
wheat farming productivity when a natural disaster or a market risk occur?
A meta analysis of the use of genetically modified cotton and its conventiona...Alexander Decker
This document presents a meta-analysis of 46 studies comparing the yield gain of genetically modified (GM) cotton and conventional cotton. The analysis found strong evidence of heterogeneity between studies. Under the fixed effects model and random effects model, the overall results showed a statistically significant yield gain for GM cotton compared to conventional cotton. Similarly, meta-analyses of 25 studies on seed costs and 28 studies on pesticide costs found statistically significant benefits of GM cotton over conventional cotton for those economic factors. However, the analysis of pesticide costs found some heterogeneity between studies, with some individual studies finding benefits for conventional cotton. Overall, the meta-analyses found statistically significant positive impacts of GM cotton adoption.
The efficiency of food crop agriculture is a fairly common and used performance
parameter, efficiency measurement is widely used to answer the challenges of
calculating the size of agricultural crops. This research uses a method called Data
Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure technical efficiency. DEA method from one
company is a non-parametric analysis method which aims to measure the level of
efficiency relative to the productivity unit that has the same goal. The productivity unit
is here in the form of a decision-making unit (DMU) where the DMU in this study is
the food crop agriculture sub-sector 29 districts in East Java. The results of this study
can be studied as many as 93.
This document summarizes a study that examines the production efficiency of smallholder chicken farms in Northwestern Vietnam using data envelopment analysis. The study finds that the average efficiency of chicken farms is relatively low, indicating room for improvement. Scale efficiency is about 90% on average, so farms cannot gain much efficiency through upscaling. Household characteristics like total land owned and vocational training influence efficiency, but other factors do not. The study uses data from Vietnam household surveys on 335 smallholder farms, analyzing efficiency based on inputs like costs and outputs like chicken meat and egg value.
Statistical analysis of Multiple and Logistic RegressionSindhujanDhayalan
1) The document summarizes statistical analyses performed on multiple and logistic regression models. For multiple regression, two predictors explained 35% of the variance in median income. Tertiary education had the highest unique contribution.
2) Logistic regression analyzed predictors of casualty gender. The model correctly classified 64.6% of cases, improving from 59.5% without predictors. Casualty class was the most significant predictor.
3) Positive and negative predictive values were 67% and 59%, respectively, indicating the model's accuracy in predicting gender.
Modelling Food Systems as Neural NetworksIFPRI Africa
This document discusses modeling food systems as neural networks. It begins by providing context around global food security goals. The authors then define food systems and discuss challenges in modeling them due to their complex, nonlinear nature. They propose using artificial neural networks, which can model these complex systems. Examples of neural networks being applied to agriculture are provided. The authors then describe their model using US county-level food trade and security data. Their neural network achieved better accuracy than other models. Interpretation of the results found some variables had significant impacts on food insecurity. The authors conclude neural networks show promise but need improved interpretation and additional data to better inform policy.
Model Increasing Productivity and Sustainability of Lowland Rice Farming in T...AI Publications
This study aims to analyze the structural model of the increase productivity and sustainability of rice farming in West Tanjung Jabung District. The data used are primary data obtained directly from farmers. The sample size used was 90 farmers. Sampling using simple random sampling method. The data analysis used the SEM Partial Least Square structural model. The results of the analysis show that the description of internal factors, external factors of farmers and the adoption of farming technology are in the medium category. The productivity and farming sustainability factors are in a low category. The determinant factor that greatly influences the productivity and sustainability of rice farming is farm income. Farm productivity and sustainability are significantly influenced by farmers 'access to credit, farmers' access to technology, and access to input procurement. The main determinant of productivity is the use of production inputs. The sustainability of farming is mainly determined by economic aspects, especially income. Models for increasing productivity and agricultural sustainability must pay attention to efforts to improve farmers' access to credit, access to technology and access to input procurement. Efforts are needed to handle the input output price for rice so that it can increase farmers' income.
Technical efficiency in agriculture in ghana analyses of determining factorsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that estimates technical efficiency in Ghana's agricultural sector from 1976-2007 and investigates factors that influence the estimated efficiencies. The study finds decreasing returns to scale and that land is negatively related to output while fertilizer and machinery are positively related. The estimated level of inefficiency is 21% with decreasing returns to scale. No hypothesized variables for explaining technical efficiency were found to be statistically significant. The study calls for decreasing land use relative to other inputs to improve efficiency.
This document provides information about beef cattle varieties, USDA beef grading and inspection, and beef cuts. It discusses the main breeds of beef cattle, including Bos Indicus zebu cattle from South Asia and Bos Taurus cattle from Europe and Britain. It also outlines the differences between USDA meat inspection, which ensures safety, and grading, which evaluates quality and yield. Finally, it identifies the main beef primal cuts from various beef sections, including the round, loin, rib, chuck, flank, short plate, brisket, and shank.
Noosa beef local food value chain project reference group meeting 1Dr Brian Stockwell
Background information on consumer attitudes and preferences in regard to local food, beef, branding and certification. Scenarios for beef production in Noosa District.
'Beef cattle finishing in the feedlot' is a brief document on the basics farmers and investors need to know before they engage in cattle pen fattening exercises. It emphasizes the pitfalls that must be avoided and the best courses of action, particularly under the economic conditions prevailing in Zimbabwe right now. However, i have tried as much to share the why, but when you need the how, you may have to contact me or animal business experts. I hope you will all find the document useful.
Dr. Dave Kammel, UW Extension Specialist, tips for creating useful handling facilities for today's beef operations. This presentation was given at the 2011 Wisconsin Cattlemen's Winter Conference.
In India, as not much of attention is paid so far as to this important aspect- animal housing, we find different types of animal houses constructed without careful planning and designing.
Contrary to the belief that cattle and other animals raised in large feedlots (CAFOs) are abused, J&S Feedlots shows how well cared-for cattle really are, and how they strive to improve conditions for their animals every day.
This document provides plans and specifications for building a cattle house. It includes a diagram of the cattle house layout with dimensions for different areas. It lists the necessary building materials and their estimated quantities. It also identifies potential issues with unhygienic and poorly designed cattle houses such as waste buildup and lack of access to food and water. Finally, it presents a checklist of characteristics of a well-managed cattle house.
This document discusses calf fattening in Pakistan. It notes the increasing demand for meat due to population growth, urbanization, and rising incomes. Per capita meat consumption in Pakistan has risen from 11 kg in 1983 to a projected 47 kg in 2020. The majority of beef production comes from traditional, inefficient systems involving young calves. The document advocates for commercial feedlot systems to finish calves on balanced diets to higher weights to produce quality beef. It provides details on feedlot design, selection of animals, feeding, and management. Feeding trials demonstrated growth rates of over 1 kg per day. Commercial feedlot systems can yield good profits but farmers must sell processed, high quality meat through organized markets.
11.technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the technical efficiency of cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. It finds that the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, meaning on average farmers were producing 66% of potential output. Factors like age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education increased inefficiency. The study concludes there is room for improving efficiency to boost cowpea output through better use of available resources.
Technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
- The study analyzed the technical efficiency of 200 cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria using a
stochastic production frontier function.
- The results found the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, indicating room for improvement.
- Age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education
increased inefficiency.
- The findings suggest cowpea farmers could increase output with existing inputs and technology by improving
their technical efficiency.
Characteristics of farmers and technical efficiency in cocoa farming at sigi...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on cocoa farming efficiency in Sigi Regency, Indonesia. The study used a stochastic frontier production function model to analyze factors affecting cocoa production and farmer technical efficiency. It found that fertilizer, pesticide and labor had a significant positive effect on cocoa production. Farmer characteristics like education, experience, and participation in extension programs increased technical efficiency and could help boost cocoa output. The study concluded that improving these factors could increase farmer incomes and Indonesia's cocoa production.
Technical efficiency of rural women farmers in borno state, nigeria.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the technical efficiency of rural women farmers in Borno State, Nigeria. Key findings include:
1) Rural women farmers in the study area had high levels of illiteracy (59.4%), did not belong to cooperatives (89.8%), had little contact with agricultural extension services (72%), and low access to credit (89.4%).
2) The mean technical efficiency of respondents was 0.5754, while the most efficient farmer achieved a technical efficiency of 0.9994.
3) Factors found to reduce technical inefficiency (and thus increase efficiency) included higher education levels, more off-farm income, more time spent farming, older
Article review (Agicultural Production Economics) by Yishak and Kutoya (Hu, M...YishakShitaye1
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of Uganda's Agricultural Productivity Enhancement Program (APEP) on the technical and allocative efficiency of maize farmers. The study found that APEP farmers had higher average technical efficiency (67%) than non-APEP farmers (49%). APEP farmers also had higher yields, profits, and were more efficient in allocating seeds. Membership in APEP, larger household size, and using improved seeds positively influenced technical efficiency. The results indicate APEP improved productivity and efficiency of maize farmers in Masindi District, Uganda.
Poster presentation given by Mauro Vigani at the recent ICAE conference in Milan.
The aim of this paper is to answer the following questions:
are risk management practices (RMP) inefficient or beneficial to wheat farming productivity? And if they are beneficial (as advocated by many authors), how much they contribute to
wheat farming productivity when a natural disaster or a market risk occur?
A meta analysis of the use of genetically modified cotton and its conventiona...Alexander Decker
This document presents a meta-analysis of 46 studies comparing the yield gain of genetically modified (GM) cotton and conventional cotton. The analysis found strong evidence of heterogeneity between studies. Under the fixed effects model and random effects model, the overall results showed a statistically significant yield gain for GM cotton compared to conventional cotton. Similarly, meta-analyses of 25 studies on seed costs and 28 studies on pesticide costs found statistically significant benefits of GM cotton over conventional cotton for those economic factors. However, the analysis of pesticide costs found some heterogeneity between studies, with some individual studies finding benefits for conventional cotton. Overall, the meta-analyses found statistically significant positive impacts of GM cotton adoption.
The efficiency of food crop agriculture is a fairly common and used performance
parameter, efficiency measurement is widely used to answer the challenges of
calculating the size of agricultural crops. This research uses a method called Data
Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure technical efficiency. DEA method from one
company is a non-parametric analysis method which aims to measure the level of
efficiency relative to the productivity unit that has the same goal. The productivity unit
is here in the form of a decision-making unit (DMU) where the DMU in this study is
the food crop agriculture sub-sector 29 districts in East Java. The results of this study
can be studied as many as 93.
This document summarizes a study that examines the production efficiency of smallholder chicken farms in Northwestern Vietnam using data envelopment analysis. The study finds that the average efficiency of chicken farms is relatively low, indicating room for improvement. Scale efficiency is about 90% on average, so farms cannot gain much efficiency through upscaling. Household characteristics like total land owned and vocational training influence efficiency, but other factors do not. The study uses data from Vietnam household surveys on 335 smallholder farms, analyzing efficiency based on inputs like costs and outputs like chicken meat and egg value.
Statistical analysis of Multiple and Logistic RegressionSindhujanDhayalan
1) The document summarizes statistical analyses performed on multiple and logistic regression models. For multiple regression, two predictors explained 35% of the variance in median income. Tertiary education had the highest unique contribution.
2) Logistic regression analyzed predictors of casualty gender. The model correctly classified 64.6% of cases, improving from 59.5% without predictors. Casualty class was the most significant predictor.
3) Positive and negative predictive values were 67% and 59%, respectively, indicating the model's accuracy in predicting gender.
Modelling Food Systems as Neural NetworksIFPRI Africa
This document discusses modeling food systems as neural networks. It begins by providing context around global food security goals. The authors then define food systems and discuss challenges in modeling them due to their complex, nonlinear nature. They propose using artificial neural networks, which can model these complex systems. Examples of neural networks being applied to agriculture are provided. The authors then describe their model using US county-level food trade and security data. Their neural network achieved better accuracy than other models. Interpretation of the results found some variables had significant impacts on food insecurity. The authors conclude neural networks show promise but need improved interpretation and additional data to better inform policy.
Model Increasing Productivity and Sustainability of Lowland Rice Farming in T...AI Publications
This study aims to analyze the structural model of the increase productivity and sustainability of rice farming in West Tanjung Jabung District. The data used are primary data obtained directly from farmers. The sample size used was 90 farmers. Sampling using simple random sampling method. The data analysis used the SEM Partial Least Square structural model. The results of the analysis show that the description of internal factors, external factors of farmers and the adoption of farming technology are in the medium category. The productivity and farming sustainability factors are in a low category. The determinant factor that greatly influences the productivity and sustainability of rice farming is farm income. Farm productivity and sustainability are significantly influenced by farmers 'access to credit, farmers' access to technology, and access to input procurement. The main determinant of productivity is the use of production inputs. The sustainability of farming is mainly determined by economic aspects, especially income. Models for increasing productivity and agricultural sustainability must pay attention to efforts to improve farmers' access to credit, access to technology and access to input procurement. Efforts are needed to handle the input output price for rice so that it can increase farmers' income.
Technical efficiency in agriculture in ghana analyses of determining factorsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that estimates technical efficiency in Ghana's agricultural sector from 1976-2007 and investigates factors that influence the estimated efficiencies. The study finds decreasing returns to scale and that land is negatively related to output while fertilizer and machinery are positively related. The estimated level of inefficiency is 21% with decreasing returns to scale. No hypothesized variables for explaining technical efficiency were found to be statistically significant. The study calls for decreasing land use relative to other inputs to improve efficiency.
Hybrid model in machine learning–robust regression applied for sustainabilit...IJECEIAES
A dataset containing 1924 observations used in this study to evaluate the effect of 435 different independent variables on one dependent variable. Big data has some issues such as irrelevant variables and outliers. Therefore, this study focused on analyzing and comparing the impact of three different variable selection based on machine learning techniques, including random forest (RF), support vector machines (SVM), and boosting. Further, the M robust regression was applied to address the outliers using M–bi square, M–Hampel, and M–Huber. Random forest and M-Hampel results revealed the significant comparing from the other methods such as mean absolute error (MAE) 175.33995, mean square error (MSE) 31.8608, mean average percentage error (MAPE) 9.16091, sum of square error (SSE) 89270.45, R–square 0.829511, and R–square adjusted 0.82670. Also, these techniques indicated that the 8 selection criteria were lower than the other techniques including Akaike information criterion (AIC) 47.25915, generalized cross validation (GCV) 47.27169, Hannan-Quinn (HQ) 47.60351, RICE (47.2845), SCHWARZ 51.7099, sigma square (SGMASQ) 46.50605, SHIBATA 47.23489, and final prediction error (FPE) 47.25929. Therefore, the study recommended that the best random forest and M-Hampel models are helpful to show the minimum issues and efficient validation for analyzing and comparing big data.
Sources of Inefficiency and Growth in Agricultual Output in Subsistence Agric...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI, Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, EEA Conference, June 26, 2010
The document discusses the economic surplus model, which is a tool used for ex-ante impact assessment. It provides an overview of the concept, assumptions, specifications, data requirements, and computation of the economic surplus model. The model is popular because it requires relatively little data and provides reliable results. While it has merits such as estimating distribution of benefits, it also has limitations like ignoring transaction costs. The document examines case studies applying the model to assess potential impacts of Bt brinjal in India and actual impacts of a drought-resistant groundnut variety in Andhra Pradesh.
The document discusses the economic surplus model, which is a tool used for ex-ante impact assessment. It provides an overview of the concept, assumptions, specifications, data requirements, and computation of the economic surplus model. The model is popular because it requires relatively little data and provides reliable results. While it has merits such as estimating distribution of benefits, it also has limitations like ignoring transaction costs. The document examines case studies applying the model to assess potential impacts of Bt brinjal in India and actual impacts of a drought-resistant groundnut variety in Andhra Pradesh.
THE STUDY OF CUCKOO OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM FOR PRODUCTION PLANNING PROBLEMijcax
Constrained Nonlinear programming problems are hard problems, and one of the most widely used and
common problems for production planning problem to optimize. In this study, one of the mathematical
models of production planning is survey and the problem solved by cuckoo algorithm. Cuckoo Algorithm is
efficient method to solve continues non linear problem. Moreover, mentioned models of production
planning solved with Genetic algorithm and Lingo software and the results will compared. The Cuckoo
Algorithm is suitable choice for optimization in convergence of solution
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Measurement of farm level efficiency of beef cattle fattening in west java province, indonesia
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.10, 2013
100
Measurement of Farm Level Efficiency of Beef Cattle Fattening in
West Java Province, Indonesia
Agus Yuniawan Isyanto1
*, M. Iksan Semaoen2
, Nuhfil Hanani2
, Syafrial2
1. Department of Socio Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Galuh, Indonesia
2. Department of Socio Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia
* Email of corresponding author: gus_yun69@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify sources of technical efficiency among beef cattle farmers. This was
investigated using the stochastic frontier production function which incorporates a model for the technical
efficiency effect. Farm level survey data from 100 beef cattle farmers were obtained using well structured
questionnaire. The parameters were estimated simultaneously with those of the model of technical efficiency
effects. Asymptotic parameter estimates were evaluated to describe technical efficiency determinants by using
the maximum likelihood estimation technique. Result reveal a mean efficiency of 0,77 implying that output from
beef cattle fattening could be increased by 23 percent using available technology. Results further reveal that
education, experience, number of cattle ownership and credit have significant impact on technical inefficiency.
Keywords: technical efficiency, technical inefficiency, beef cattle fattening.
1. Introduction
Beef consumption in Indonesia continues to increase, but the increase was not offset by the addition of adequate
production. Population growth of beef cattle is relatively sluggish about 4.23% in 2007 (Direktorat Jenderal
Peternakan, 2007). The condition causes low contribution to the nationwide production of beef cattle and
resulting in widening gap between demand and supply (Setiyono, et al., 2007).
One of the solutions to overcome this gap is increasing domestic beef production. It seems that these efforts will
be constrained given that more than 90% of beef production in Indonesia is produced by small farmers with 2-3
cows per household farmers (Priyanti, et al., 2012). The characteristics of small farmers is relatively small-scale
businesses and use simple technologies (Azis, 1993), and low productivity (Supadi and Sumedi, 2004). Low
productivity leads to lower revenue resulting in weak financial position of farmers to support of economic
activities (Nwaru, et al., 2006).
Livestock productivity is estimated to 30% influenced by genetic factors and 70% by environmental factors
(Prihandini, et al., 2005). Productivity of beef cattle farm are still lower due to various factors including feed,
seed and management (Rohaeni, 2006). Managerial ability of farmers associated with the technical efficiency of
the farm (Iqbal, et al., 2003). This study estimates the factors influence technical efficiency among beef cattle
farmers.
2. Theoretical Framework
Aigner, Lovell and Schmidt (1977) and Meeusen and van den Broeck (1977) in Coelli, et al (1998) proposed the
stochastic frontier production function model of the form:
= ′
+ − (1)
where qi represents the output of the i-th firm; xi is a K x 1 vector containing the logarithms of inputs; β is a
vector of unknown parameters; vi is a symmetric random error to account for statistical noise; and ui is a non-
negative random variable associated with technical inefficiency.
The model defined by (1) is called a stochastic frontier production function because the output values are
bounded from above by the stochastic (i.e., random) variable exp( ′
β + vi). The random error vi can be positive
or negative and so the stochastic frontier outputs vary about the deterministic part of the model, exp( ′
β).
If the technical efficiency of the i-th activity is defined as the TEi = exp(-ui), this technique involves the
influence of inefficiency, ui, which can not be observed. Even if the true value of the parameter vector, β, the
model of equation (1) is known, the only difference, ei ≡ vi - ui, which can be observed. Ui is the best predictor
for the expected conditional of ui, given by the value of the vi-ui. This result was first applied by Jondrow, Lovell,
and Schmidt Materov (1982) in Coelli, et al., (1998) which produces:
E ui|ei =-γei
+σA
ϕ /
1-ϕ /
(2)
where = 1 − ; ei = ln(yi)-xiβ, and φ(.) is the density function of a standard normal random variable.
Battese and Coelli (1988) in Coelli, et al., (1998) states that the best predictor of exp(-ui) is:
! | =
"#$ % /
"#$ /
! + /2 (3)
2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.10, 2013
101
Much of stochastic frontier analysis is directed towards the prediction of the inefficiency effects. The most
common output-oriented measure of technical efficiency is the ratio of observed output to the corresponding
stochastic frontier output:
' =
(
)*+ -′.%/
=
)*+ -′
.%/ #0
)*+ -′ .%/
= exp − (4)
This measure of technical efficiency takes a value between zero and one. It measures the output of the i-th firm
relative to the output that could be produced by a fully-efficient firm using the same input vector.
The model proposed by Battese and Coelli (1995) in Coelli, et al., (1998) on the effect of specific technical
inefficiency in the stochastic frontier models are assumed independent (but not identical) of non-negative
random variable. For the i-th activity in the t period, technical inefficiency effect, uit, is determined by the
distribution of N(uit, σ2
), where:
µit = zitδ (5)
where zit is a vector (1xM) of the explanatory variables are observed, which has a constant value, and δ is a
vector (Mx1) of unknown scalar parameters to be estimated.
3. Research Methodology
The study was carried out in Ciamis District as one of the centers of beef cattle production in West Java Province.
Data used for this study are mainly primary and were obtain from 100 beef cattle farmers were randomly
selected.
The study utilized stochastic production frontier which builds hypothesized efficiency determinants into the
inefficiency error components. The model is defined by:
ln Y = β0 + β1lnX1 + β2lnX2 + β3lnX3 + β4lnX4 + β5lnX5 + vi – ui (6)
where: Y = body weight gain (kg), X1 = family labor (man-day), X2 = feed forage (kg), X3 = additional feed
(cassava) (kg), X4 = feed concentrate (tofu waste) (kg), X5 = vaterinary cost (Rp), β = coefficient of regression,
and vi = random error, ui = technical inefficiency effects in the model.
In addition to the general model, this inefficiency model was defined to estimate the influence of some farmer’s
socio-economic variables on the technical efficiency of the farmers. The model is defined by:
µi = δ0 + δ1Z1 + δ2Z2+ δ3Z3 + δ4Z4 + δ5Z5 + δ6D (7)
where: µi = technical inefficiency, Z1 = age (years), Z2 = education (years), Z3 = experience (years), Z4 = family
size (persons), Z5 = number of cattle ownership (livestock unit), D = credit (dummy, 1 if has an access to credit
and 0, otherwise), δ = regression coefficient.
TE effects model developed by Battese and Coelli (1995) was employed in this study. In this model a Cobb-
Douglas type production function and some exogenous factors influencing technical efficiency are determined
simustaneously.
4. Results and Discussion
The model specified was estimated by the maximum likelihood method using a Frontier 4.1 software. Result on
Table 1 shows ML estimates and inefficiency determinants. The sigma square 0.0051 statistically significant at
the 1% level that indicates a good fit and correctness of the specified distribution assumption of the composite
error term. The estimated value of the parameter (γ) in the model of 0.9999 is statistically different from zero at
the 1% level. These results indicate a systematic effect that can not be explained by the production function in
the form of the dominant sources of stochastic random error. Approximately 99.99% of the variation in the
output level of beef cattle fattening attributed to the presence of technical inefficiency in resource use. The
generalized likelihood ratio test (107.2903) is statistically significant at the 1% level indicating the present of a
one-sided error component. The results of the diagnostic analysis therefore confirm the relevance of stochastic
parametric production function and maximum likelihood estimation.
Table 1 shows that family labor and concentrates feed are statistically significant at 5% and 1% levels and have
positive signs. Feed forage and veterinary cost are not significant and have positive signs. Additional feed was
not significant and has negative sign which indicate over-utilized.
The model employs a log linear equation so the regression coefficient showed the production elasticity of each
input. For example, 1% increase in concentrate feed usage will increase production by 0.42%. The sum of all
coefficients less than unity (0.61) shows the decreasing returns to scale.
The estimated coefficients of the inefficiency function provide some explanations for the relative technical
efficiency levels among the individual farms. Education, experience, number of cattle ownership, and credit had
significant effect on the level of technical inefficiency, while age and family size had no significant effect.
The estimate of the parameter for age variable is negative but not significant. This suggests that older farmers are
more technically efficient than their younger counterparts are. This result is consistent with the findings by
Bamiro, et al., (2006), Alabi and Aruna (2005), and Serin, et al., (2008).
3. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.4, No.10, 2013
102
The estimate of education variable is negative and significant at 5% level. This suggests that higher level of
education increases technical efficiency. This result is consistent with the findings by Mor and Sharma (2012),
Bamiro, et al (2006), Dung, et al (2011), Chang and Villano (2008), Udoh and Etim (2009), Serin, et al (2008),
and Ogunyinka and Ajibefun (2004). More educated farmers are able to perceive, interpret and respond to new
information and adopt improved technologies such as seed and feed much faster than their counterparts.
The coefficient of experience variable is positive and significant at 5% level. This suggests that farmers with
more experience achieved lower levels of technical efficiency. This result is consistent with the findings by
Bamiro, et al., (2006), Chang and Villano (2008), Haider, et al (2011), Adepoju (2008), Ojo (2003), and
Ogunniyi and Ajao (2011).
The coefficient of family size variable is positive but not significant. The results show that farmers with more
size of family achieved lower levels of technical efficiency. This result is consistent with the findings by Haider,
et al., (2011). Larger family size put extra pressure on the family to work hard for an additional income from off-
farm employment thereby reducing technical efficiency.
The estimate of the parameter for number of cattle ownership variable is negative and significant at 1% level.
This results show that farmers who raised a higher number of cattle achieved a higher level of technical
efficiency. This result is consistent with the findings by Alemdar and Yilmaz (2011) and Mariyono (2006). The
higher number of cattle needs more allocation of working time by the farmers thereby reducing technical
inefficiency. In addition, farmers will try to improve their knowledge and skills in rearing livestock so that it will
achieve a high level of technical efficiency.
The coefficient of credit variable is negative and significant at the 10% level. This suggests that increasing credit
use would enhance technical efficiency of sample farms. This result is consistent with the findings by Ayaz and
Hussain (2011), Nyagaka, et al., (2010) and Javed, et al., (2012). Access to credit permit farmers to enhance
efficiency by overcoming liquidity constraints which may effect their ability to purchase and apply inputs and
implement farm management decisions on time hence increasing efficiency.
Frequency distribution of technical efficiency levels achieved by farmers are presented in Table 2. Technical
efficiency ranged from 0.54 to 0.99 with an average of 0.77. The average technical efficiency of 0.77 indicates
inefficiency gap of 0.23. This implies that about 23% higher production could be achieved without additional
resources, or input use could be reduced to achieve the same output level. For average farmer to attain the
technical efficiency level of their most efficient partner, they would realize cost savings about 22.80% [ i.e. 1-
(0.77/0.99)]. On the other hand, the least technical efficient farmers will have cost savings about 45.95% [ i.e. 1-
(0.54/0.99)].
The differentiation of the technical efficiency level achieved by farmers indicates the diffetentiation level of
mastery and application of technologies. The differentation of mastery level are caused by education, age, and
external factors such as lack of extension (Sukiyono, 2004). Efforts to improve efficiency will be more efficient
in terms of cost compared to the introduction of new technologies as a means of increasing agricultural
productivity, if farmers are not using efficient technologies (Belbase and Grabowski, 1985; Shapiro, 1983).
5. Conclusion
Estimated farm-specific technical efficiency indices ranged from 0.54 – 0.99 with a mean of 0.77. The average
level of technical efficiency suggests that, from a technical standpoint, the opportunity exists to expand beef
production using the current level of inputs and the technologis already available in the area. The inefficiency
model showed that education, experience, number of cattle ownership, and credit have significant impact on
technical inefficiency.
6. Recommendation
Education and experience factors impact on technical efficiency, therefore needed to boost the knowledge and
skills of farmers through extension and training activities so farmers can manage the use of production factors
efficiently.
7. Acknowledgement
Data were obtained from beef cattle farmers. Hence writers say thank you very much to them in providing data
and facilitating the implementation of this study.
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Appendixes
Table 1. Maximum likelihood estimates and inefficiency functions
Variable Parameter Coefficient Standard Error t-ratio
Production function
Constant
Family labor
Feed forage
Additional feed
Feed concentrate
Veterinary cost
β0
β1
β2
β3
β4
β5
0.6215
0.1625
0.0520
-0.0234
0.4156
0.0055
0.2941
0.0782
0.1564
0.0362
0.1486
0.0261
2.1133**
2.0774**
0.3324
-0.6453
2.7978***
0.2108
Inefficiency function
Constant
Age
Education
Experience
Family size
Number of cattle ownership
Credit (dummy)
Sigma square
Gamma
δ0
δ1
δ2
δ3
δ4
δ5
δ7
σ2
γ
0.5108
-0.1040
-0.1026
0.0925
0.0102
-0.7737
-0.0353
0.0051
0.9999
0.2017
0.1001
0.0614
0.0482
0.0464
0.0675
0.0218
0.0007
0.0141
2.5332***
-1.0389
-1.6720**
1.9204**
0.2201
-11.4681***
-1.6203*
7.3725***
71.0769***
Log likelihood function
LR Test
= 126,7344***
= 107,2903***
(***) significant at 1%, (**) significant at 5%, (*) significant at 10%
Table 2. Frequency distribution of technical efficiency
Efficiency Frequency Percentase
0.51 – 0.60
0.61 – 0.70
0.71 – 0.80
0.81 – 0.90
0.91 – 1.00
8
16
33
34
9
8.00
16.00
33.00
34.00
9.00
minimum = 0.54; maximum = 0.99, mean = 0.77
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