The document discusses the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It provides background on the establishment of the MDGs in 2000-2015 to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, lack of education, lack of access to water, and environmental degradation. It outlines the 8 MDGs and their specific targets and indicators. It then summarizes the global and Indian progress towards achieving Goal 1 on reducing poverty and hunger and Goal 2 on achieving universal primary education. Challenges in fully achieving the goals are also mentioned.

1. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Dr. Suraj Chawla
Junior Resident, Community Medicine
PGIMS, Rohtak 1

2. Contents
 Milestones
 Introduction
 Discussion of MDGs :
 Targets & Indicators
 World scenario
 Indian scenario
 Barriers towards achieving MDGs
 Current policies of INDIA
2

3. Milestones
 1990
 Watershed in the evolution of ideas about poverty
reduction
 World Bank’s World Development Report
 UNDP’s Human Development Reports
 World Summit for Children in New York, to which
the processes leading to the MDGs can be traced
back
 1993
 World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna,
advanced the recognition of the rights of women
3

4. Milestones
 1994
 International Conference on Population and
Development (ICPD) in Cairo, focused on reductions in
child, infant and maternal mortality and access to
reproductive health services
 1995
 World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen,
crucial for the MDGs as a global consensus was
reached that poverty reduction was the priority goal
for development
4

5. Introduction
 189 heads of state in September 2000 adopted the
Millennium Declaration during the UN Millennium
summit
 The plan was for countries and development partners
to work together to reduce poverty and hunger,
tackle ill-health, gender inequality, lack of
education, lack of access to clean water and
environmental degradation
 They established eight Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), with targets set for 2015, and to be
measured in terms of progress since 1990
5

6. Cont.
 Each year, the Secretary-General presents a
report to the UN General Assembly on progress
achieved towards implementing the Declaration
 The goals, targets and indicators as developed in
2002 were used until 2007 to measure progress
towards the MDGs
 In 2007, the MDGs monitoring framework was
revised to include four new targets as agreed by
member states at the 2005 World Summit and
recommended in 2006
6

7. Cont.
 In 2007, the General Assembly took note of the
Secretary-General's report in which he presented
the new framework, including the indicators to
monitor progress towards the new targets as
recommended by the Inter-Agency and Expert
Group on MDG Indicators (IAEG).
 The 8 MDGs, break down into 21 quantifiable
targets that are measured by 60 indicators,
effective since January 15, 2008
7

8. INTER-RELATED
8

9. ‘ Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an act of justice. ’
- Nelson Mandela.
9

10. GOAL- 1
ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
TARGETS INDICATORS
1.A: Halve ( between 1990 1.1 Proportion of population
and 2015) the proportion of below $1 (PPP) per day
people whose income is less 1.2 Poverty gap ratio
than one dollar a day 1.3 Share of poorest quintile
in national consumption
10

11. GOAL- 1
ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
TARGETS INDICATORS
1.B: Achieve full and 1.4 Growth rate of GDP per
productive employment and person employed
decent work for all, including 1.5 Employment to population
women and young people ratio
1.6 Proportion of employed
people living below $1 (PPP)
per day
1.7 Proportion of own-
account and contributing
family workers in total
employment
11

12. GOAL- 1
ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
TARGETS INDICATORS
1.C: Halve ( between 1990 1.8 Prevalence of
and 2015 ) the proportion of underweight children under-
people who suffer from five years of age
hunger 1.9 Proportion of population
below minimum level of
dietary energy consumption
12

13. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
The global economic crises has slowed down the progress, but world is still on track
to meet the poverty reduction target
13

14. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
Hunger may have spiked in 2009, one of the many dire consequences of the global
food & financial crises
14

15. GOAL-1 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Declining poverty needs to be accelerated…
 Proportion of people below the national poverty line
(poverty headcount ratio or PHR) :
 37.2% (1990)
 27.5% (2004‐05)
 Target is to reduce it by half to 18.6% (2015)
 Rate of decline in poverty ratio per annum :
 0.8% (1990‐2005)
 1.4% (2005‐06) Sign of improvement
 This improved rate, if persists, India will be able to
achieve the 2015 target by 2012‐13.
15
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

16. GOAL-1 PROGRESS
GOAL-1 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Hunger, particularly undernourishment among children,
persists as major food insecurity issue…
 Proportion of underweight children below 3 years of
age :
 53.5% (1990)
 46% (2005-06)
 Target is to reduce it to 26.8% by 2015
Expected to come down to about 40% (2015)
16
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

17. GOAL-1 PROGRESS
GOAL-1 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Addressing the poverty burden in the heartland is
vital…
 The major states namely, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, MP, Maharashtra, Orissa, UP and
Uttarakhand, are among the slow‐moving States &
are not likely to achieve their target of halving the
poverty.
17
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

18. ‘Education is a human right with immense power to transform. On its foundation
rest the cornerstone of freedom, democracy and sustainable human development.’
- Kofi Annan
18

19. GOAL- 2
ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
TARGETS INDICATORS
2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, 2.1 Net enrolment ratio in
children everywhere boys primary education
and girls alike, will be able 2.2 Proportion of pupils
to complete a full course of starting grade 1 who reach
primary schooling last grade of primary
2.3 Literacy rate of 15-24
year-olds, women and men
19

20. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
Hope dims for universal primary education by 2015, even as many poor countries
make tremendous strides
20

21. GOAL-2 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Universal primary education is imminent...
 The country is tending to achieve 2015 target of
universal primary education for all children aged 6‐11
years.
 Primary enrolment of 6‐11 year old children by their
NER :
 83% (2000)
 95% (2007‐08)
 Survival rate in the primary stage up to Grade V :
 62% (1999)
 72% (2007-08)
 Youth literacy :
 82.1% (2007 )
 Expected 100% by the end of 2012.
21
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

22. ‘ Women hold up half the sky ’.
- Ancient Chinese saying
22

23. GOAL- 3
PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
TARGETS INDICATORS
3.A: Eliminate gender 3.1 Ratios of girls to boys in
disparity in primary and primary, secondary and
secondary education, tertiary education
preferably by 2005, and in 3.2 Share of women in wage
all levels of education no employment in the non-
later than 2015 agricultural sector
3.3 Proportion of seats held
by women in national
parliament
23

24. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
For girls in some regions, education remains elusive
24

25. GOAL-3 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Gender disparity in primary and secondary education
is set to disappear…
 Gender Parity Index (GPI) ratios in primary and
secondary education are :
 76 and 60 respectively (1990‐91)
 94 and 82 respectively (2006‐07)
25
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

26. GOAL-3 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Empowerment of women is still far & too slow to
reckon...
 Participation of women in employment and decision
making remains far less than that of men and the
disparity is not likely to be eliminated by 2015.
 Percentage share of women parliamentarians
 9.7% (1991)
 9.1% (2007)
 10.3% after the 15th General Election held in
April‐May 2009
 Though a marginal increase, this can be a turning
point for the better to come by.
26
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

27. ‘ A child like all other human beings has inalienable rights.’
- Lucrezia Molt
27

28. GOAL- 4
REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
TARGETS INDICATORS
4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, 4.1 Under-five mortality
between 1990 and 2015, the rate
under-five mortality rate 4.2 Infant mortality rate
4.3 Proportion of 1 year-old
children immunized against
measles
28

29. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
Child deaths are falling, but not quickly enough to reach the target
29

30. GOAL-4 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Much sharper focus is needed for faster
improvement in child-survival prospect …
 U5MR per thousand live births :
 125 (1990)
 74.6 (2005-06)
 Target is to reduce it to 42 (2015)
Expected near 70 by 2015
30
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

31. GOAL-4 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Much sharper focus is needed for faster
improvement in child-survival prospect
 IMR per thousand live births :
 80 (1990)
 53 (2008)
 Target is to reduce it to 26.7 (2015)
Expected near 46 by 2015
 The proportion of 1 year olds immunised against
measles reached 69.6% in 2007‐08
Expected to reach 97% by
2015
31
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

32. ‘There is simply no good reason why in the 21st century thousands of women and
children should be dying during childbirth.’
- Aileen Carroll
32

33. GOAL- 5
IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
TARGETS INDICATORS
5.A: Reduce by three 5.1 Maternal mortality ratio
quarters, between 1990 and 5.2 Proportion of births
2015, the maternal mortality attended by skilled health
ratio personnel
33

34. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
Giving birth is especially risky in southern Asia & sub- Saharan Africa, where most
women deliver without skilled care
34

35. GOAL-5 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Life risk to motherhood takes a turn for the better…
 MMR per 100,000 live births :
 301 (2001‐2003)
 254 (2004-2006)
 Target is to reduce it to 109 by 2015
Expected to reach 135 by 2015
 Coverage of deliveries by skilled personnel :
 33% (1992-1993)
 52% (2007-2008)
 Target - universal coverage by 2015
Expected to reach 62% by 2015
35
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

36. ‘ Of all the forms of inequality, injustice in health is the most shocking and the
most inhumane.’
- Martin Luther King
36

37. GOAL- 6
COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
TARGETS INDICATORS
6.A: Have halted by 2015 6.1 HIV prevalence among
and begun to reverse the population aged 15-24 years
spread of HIV/AIDS 6.2 Condom use at last high-
risk sex
6.3 Proportion of population
aged 15-24 years with
comprehensive correct
knowledge of HIV/AIDS
6.4 Ratio of school
attendance of orphans to
school attendance of non-
orphans aged 10-14 years 37

38. GOAL- 6
COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
TARGETS INDICATORS
6B: Achieve, by 2010, 6.5 Proportion of population
universal access to with advanced HIV infection
treatment for HIV/AIDS for with access to antiretroviral
all those who need it drugs
38

39. GOAL- 6
COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
TARGETS INDICATORS
6C: Halt and begin to 6.6 Incidence and death
reverse the incidence of rates associated with malaria
malaria and other major 6.7 Proportion of children
diseases under 5 sleeping under
insecticide-treated bed nets
6.8 Proportion of children
under 5 with fever who are
treated with appropriate
anti-malarial drugs
39

40. GOAL- 6
COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
TARGETS INDICATORS
6C: Halt and begin to 6.9 Incidence, prevalence
reverse the incidence of and death rates associated
malaria and other major with tuberculosis
diseases 6.10 Proportion of
tuberculosis cases detected
and cured under directly
observed treatment short
course
40

41. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
The spread of HIV appears to have stabilized in most regions, and more peoples are
surviving longer
41

42. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
About Malaria …
 Global procurement of more effective antimalarial
drugs continues to rise rapidly
 Poverty continues to limit the use of insecticide
treated mosquito nets
 External funding is helping to reduce malaria incidence
and deaths, but additional support is needed
42

43. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
About Tuberculosis…
 Incidence fell to 139 cases per 100,000 peoples in
2008 after peaking in 2004 at 143 cases per 100,000
people
 Though Tuberculosis prevalence is decreasing in most
regions, it remains the second leading killer after
HIV/AIDS
If current trends are sustained, the world as a whole will have already achieved the
target of halting and reversing the incidence of Tuberculosis in 2004
43

44. GOAL-6 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Trend reversal in prevalence of HIV/AIDS looks
lasting…
 Estimated adult prevalence :
 0.45% (2002)
 0.34% (2007)
 Prevalence among pregnant women of 15‐24 years :
 0.86% (2004)
 0.49% (2007)
 Proportion of people aged 15‐49 having correct
awareness about HIV/AIDS :
 17.6% (2001 )
 29.3% (2006)
44
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

45. GOAL-6 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Trend reversal in prevalence of HIV/AIDS looks
lasting…
 Condom use as percentage of all contraceptive
methods is low, particularly in rural areas (3.3% in
2005‐06)
 Condom use is however, quite prevalent (71% in
2005‐06) among non regular sex partners
 Total number of females living with HIV/AIDS :
 1.07 million (2002)
 0.95 million (2007)
45
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

46. GOAL-6 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Prevalence of Malaria and TB moves to a halt…
 Incidence of the Malaria :
 1.74% (2005)
 1.52% (Sept. 2009)
 In the malaria prone states like the North East
States, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tripura and West
Bengal, the number of deaths of malaria patients has
consistently declined .
46
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

47. GOAL-6 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Prevalence of Malaria and TB moves to a halt…
 The prevalence of TB per 100,000 population :
 586 (1990)
 283 (2007)
 The case detection rate under DOTS for new smear
positive cases has improved from near 1% in 1997 to
68% in 2007, which is just short of 70% ‐ the desired
level prescribed under DOTS
 The treatment success rate has remained steady at
86%‐87% level during the last five years
47
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

48. ‘ Take care of earth and it will take care of you .’
48

49. GOAL- 7
ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
TARGETS INDICATORS
7.A: Integrate the principles 7.1 Proportion of land area
of sustainable development covered by forest
into country policies and 7.2 CO2 emissions, total,
programmes and reverse the per capita and per $1 GDP
loss of environmental (PPP)
resources 7.3 Consumption of ozone-
depleting substances
7.4 Proportion of fish stocks
within safe biological limits
7.5 Proportion of total water
resources used
49

50. GOAL- 7
ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
TARGETS INDICATORS
7.B: Reduce biodiversity 7.6 Proportion of terrestrial
loss, achieving, by 2010, a and marine areas protected
significant reduction in the 7.7 Proportion of species
rate of loss threatened with extinction
50

51. GOAL- 7
ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
TARGETS INDICATORS
7.C: Halve, by 2015, the 7.8 Proportion of population
proportion of people without using an improved drinking
sustainable access to safe water source
drinking water and basic 7.9 Proportion of population
sanitation using an improved sanitation
facility
51

52. GOAL- 7
ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
TARGETS INDICATORS
7.D: By 2020, to have 7.10 Proportion of urban
achieved a significant population living in slums
improvement in the lives of
at least 100 million slum
dwellers
52

53. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
The rate of deforestation shows sign of decreasing, but is still alarmingly high
53

54. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
About biodiversity…
 The world has missed the 2010 target for biodiversity
conservation, with potentially grave consequences
 The number of species facing extinction is growing by the
day, especially in developing countries
About safe drinking water &
sanitation …
 The world is on track to meet the drinking water target,
though much remains to be done in some regions
 With half the population of developing regions without
sanitation, the 2015 target appears to be out of reach
The unparalleled success of the Montreal Protocol shows that action on
climate change is within our grasp
54

55. GOAL-7 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Environmental measures covered up much of losses …
 India’s forest cover has increased by 0.03% (728
sq.km) of the country’s geographical area :
 20.99% (2005)
 21.02% (2007)
 There was a significant loss of forest in the Andaman
& Nicobar Islands because of the Tsunami in 2004
 Most of the major forest losing states namely
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Manipur had much
lesser loss of forest during 2005‐07 as compared to
the earlier 3 years
55
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

56. GOAL-7 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Environmental measures covered up much of losses …
 The coverage of national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries (protected areas) in India has increased
from 4.74% in 2006 to 4.83% in 2009 of the country’s
geographical area.
 The per capita emission of carbon dioxide was 1.31
metric tonne in 2006, which is still much lower than
that in some of advanced countries..
56
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

57. GOAL-7 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Access to safe drinking water tends to reach all …
 The overall proportion of households having access to
improved water sources :
 68.2% (1992‐93)
 84.4% (2007‐08)
 The urban coverage has increased to 95% from 87.6%
during the same period.
 The growth in rural coverage is not less significant,
being about 19%
 61% ( 1992‐93)
 79.6% (2007-08)
57
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

58. GOAL-7 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Sanitation facility still eludes half the population …
 The proportion of households without any toilet
facility :
 70% (1992‐93)
 51% (2007‐08)
 The rural‐urban gap in access/use of sanitation
facility continues to be very high
 66% of rural households do not have toilet facilities
against 19% of urban households(2007‐08)
 The target is to reduce the proportion of the
household having no access to improved sanitation to
38% by 2015
58
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

59. ‘The world’s leader won’t act unless they hear enough people telling them. And every
day they fail to act thousand’s of people die because they can’t afford the basics
of survival.’
59

60. GOAL- 8
DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
TARGETS INDICATORS
8.A: Develop further an open, rule- Official development assistance
based, predictable, non- (ODA)
discriminatory trading and financial 8.1 Net ODA, total and to the least
system developed countries, as percentage
Includes a commitment to good of OECD/DAC (Organization for
governance, development and poverty Economic Co-operation and
reduction - both nationally and Development/ Development
internationally Assistance Committee) donors' gross
national income
8.2 Proportion of total bilateral,
sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC
donors to basic social services (basic
education, primary health care,
nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
8.3 Proportion of bilateral official
development assistance of
OECD/DAC donors that is untied60

61. GOAL- 8
DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
TARGETS INDICATORS
8.B: Address the special 8.4 ODA received in
needs of the least developed landlocked developing
countries countries as a proportion of
Includes: tariff and quota their gross national incomes
free access for the least 8.5 ODA received in small
developed countries' exports; island developing States as a
enhanced programme of debt proportion of their gross
relief for heavily indebted national incomes
poor countries (HIPC) and
cancellation of official
bilateral debt; and more
generous ODA for countries
committed to poverty
reduction 61

62. GOAL- 8
DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
TARGETS INDICATORS
8.C: Address the special needs of Market access
landlocked developing countries and 8.6 Proportion of total developed
small island developing States country imports (by value and
(through the Programme of Action excluding arms) from developing
for the Sustainable Development countries and least developed
of Small Island Developing States countries, admitted free of duty
and the outcome of the twenty- 8.7 Average tariffs imposed by
second special session of the developed countries on agricultural
General Assembly) products and textiles and clothing
from developing countries
8.8 Agricultural support estimate
for OECD countries as a
percentage of their gross domestic
product
8.9 Proportion of ODA provided to
help build trade capacity 62

63. GOAL- 8
DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
TARGETS INDICATORS
8.D: Deal comprehensively with Debt sustainability
the debt problems of developing 8.10 Total number of countries
countries through national and that have reached their HIPC
international measures in order (heavily indebted poor
to make debt sustainable in the countries) decision points and
long term number that have reached their
HIPC completion points
(cumulative)
8.11 Debt relief committed
under HIPC and MDRI
Initiatives
8.12 Debt service as a
percentage of exports of goods
and services 63

64. GOAL- 8
DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
TARGETS INDICATORS
8.E: In cooperation with 8.13 Proportion of population
pharmaceutical companies, with access to affordable
provide access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable
essential drugs in developing basis
countries
8.F: In cooperation with the 8.14 Telephone lines per 100
private sector, make available population
the benefits of new 8.15 Cellular subscribers per
technologies, especially 100 population
information and communications 8.16 Internet users per 100
population
64

65. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
 Aid remains well below the
United Nations target of 0.7
per cent of gross national
income for most donors. In
2009, the only countries to
reach or exceed the target
were Denmark, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, Norway and
Sweden.
 The largest donors by volume
in 2009 were the United
States, followed by France,
Germany, the United Kingdom
and Japan.
Growth in mobile telephony remains strongest in the developing world, where, by
end-2009, mobile penetration had passed the 50 per cent mark
( Information & Communication Technology partnership ) 65

66. MDGs REPORT 2010
(world scenario)
 In 2009, net disbursements of official development
assistance (ODA) amounted to $119.6 billion (0.31%) of
the combined national income of developed countries
 US is contributing only 0.22 per cent of GNI
 Least developed countries benefit most from tariff
reductions, especially on their agricultural products
 Access to the World Wide Web is still closed to the
majority of the world’s people
66

67. GOAL-8 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Technology partnership drives connectivity fast …
 The tele-density per hundred population :
 0.67 (1991)
 36.98 (March 2009)
 The tele-density has more than doubled in the last
two years
 The total number of telephones, both fixed and
wireless :
 22.8 million (1999 )
 467.7 million (March 2009)
67
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

68. GOAL-8 PROGRESS
(INDIAN SCENARIO)
Technology partnership drives connectivity fast …
 The number of internet subscribers
 0.21 million (1999)
 13.54 million (2009)
 The Govt. of India is contemplating of raising internet
subscriber base to 100 million by 2014 and is planning
to provide internet connectivity to all villages in the
country by that time
68
Source: MDGs GOI Report 2009

69. Barriers towards Achieving the Millennium Development
Goals
 Many people throughout the developed world are unaware
of the plight of billions in developing countries.
 Television and other media typically do not report on these
issues. It is not “news,” the information is depressing, and
people will not pay attention.
 Diffusion of responsibility: It is someone else’s problem.
 Developed countries have their own issues; why should they
help other countries when plenty of people in their own land
live in poverty?
 Corrupt leaders in many developing countries have
squandered or diverted foreign aid leaving developed
countries feeling angry and fed up.
 Problems beget more problems: Witness Sub-Saharan
Africa. 69

70. How MDGs can be achieved ?
Keeping the promise
Building on successes
 The economic growth momentum in developing
regions remains strong
 learning from the many successes of even the
most challenged countries
Bridging the gaps
 Local government officials should put the issue of
the Millennium Development Goals at the
forefront of their attention and legislative work
 Proper implementation of programs and policies
70

71. CURRENT POLICIES OF INDIA
71

72. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(NREGA)
 Introduction of NREGA guaranteed 100 days of
employment per household every year at the
minimum wage level.
 The human rights approach to policy is a
developmental step to improving the lives of
millions, however problem of implementation have
meant the average employment is still much less
than the 100 day baseline.
72

73. Agricultural debt waiver and debt relief
scheme (2008)
 Announced in the 2008/09 budget and extended
in the 2009/10 budget, this one time bank waiver
of nearly Rs. 71,000 crore to an estimated 40
million farmers aimed to resolve the issue of
agrarian debt.
 The act failed to address the private debts of
farmers as those were difficult to assess.
However, it was announced in the 2009/10 budget
that in Maharashtra, a state badly affected, a
task force has been set up to look into the issue
73

74. Right To Education Act 2009
 The Right of children to Free and Compulsory
Education Act has come into force from 1st April
2010
 Provides for free and compulsory education to all
children of the age of six to fourteen years
 All private schools shall be required to enroll
children from weaker sections in their incoming
class to the extent of 25% of their enrolment, by
simple random selection
74

75. Public spending on education
 In India, public spending in the year 2009/10 stood
just 2% of GDP. This means there is major
deficiency in the amount of money being paid into
primary school education
 This is one of the leading causes as to why public
schools are suffering from high rates of teacher
absenteeism, lack of resources and basic
infrastructure
 12 crore children from government schools ranging
from class 1-5 are covered by the Mid-day Meal
scheme
75

76. Domestic Violence Act 2005
 The act defines domestic violence to incorporate
sexual, physical, economical and social abuse
 As domestic violence typically takes place behind
closed doors, the implementation of the act is
difficult, however it should be recommended for
being an incremental step in ending discrimination
76

77. Integrated Management of Neonatal and
Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI)
 Under the IMNCI, baseline workers are trained in
holistic management of
 measles,
 malaria,
 pneumonia,
 diarrhoea and
 Malnutrition
 From Nov 2009 IMNCI has been shifted to
F-IMNCI : with added component of asphyxia
management & care of sick born at facility level
77

78. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
Universal access to public health services
 Women’s health
 Child health
 Water, Sanitation & Hygiene
 Immunization
 Nutrition
78

79. National AIDS Control Programme (NACP)
 Phase III of the NACP was implemented in 2007-
08 and will run for five years: it aims to halt and
reverse the HIV epidemic during its time frame
 The National and State Action Plans for
Adolescence Education, aims to deliver to Grade IX
and above: information of growing up, HIV/AIDS,
life skills and extracurricular activities
79

80. National Action Plan for Climate Change
(NAPCC)
 Launched in June 2008
 Emphasizes the need for sustainable
development through clean energy technology,
however it does not set targets for reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions
 India’s stance is that developed countries
should support developing countries should
fulfill their commitments under the Kyoto
Protocol
80

81. Accomplishment of the Millennium Development Goals
simply…
“Provides every individual with the capacity
to fulfill, their greatest potential”
-Dr. Manmohan Singh
…an accomplishment that is simply a human right, and
hardly a lofty goal.
81

82. “ We must not fail the billions who look to the
international community to fulfill the promise of
the Millennium Declaration for a better world.
Let us keep the promise.”
-UN Secretary- General Ban Ki-moon
82

83. References
 The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010
UNITED NATIONS NEW YORK, 2010
 United Nations Economic and Social Council. 2008.
Report of the Secretary-General on the indicators
for Monitoring the Millennium Development Goals.
 http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/R
ES/60/1
 New and Revised MDG Targets and Indicators
According to the revised MDG framework,
effective 15 January 2008
 MDG Government of India Report 2009
 Fact Sheets on MDGs in South Asia.
www.mdgasiapacific.org
83

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