MATRIXES USED IN ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION uses of matrix selection of matrix types of matrix

1. Matrixes used in enzyme immobilization
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2. Matrixes
• Oneofthemostimportantandwidelyusedtechniquesisenzymeimmobilization
• Inthisprocesscatalystsareattachedtoasolidsupportthatisinsolubleinthereaction
mixture
• Thissolidsupportiscalledmatrix.
• Theyonlyprovidesupportandallowenzymestostayonthem
• Theydon'ttakepartinprocessongoing
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3. USES OF MATRIXES
• Itsignificantlyimprovesthestabilityofthebiomolecules undervariousreaction
conditions
• Itenhancesthereusabilityofbiomoleculesoversuccessivecatalyticcycles
• Afterbindingtheenzymemolecules,thecatalystschangefromahomogeneoustoa
heterogeneousform,whichfacilitatessimpleseparationofthebiocatalyticsystemfrom
thereactionmixture
• Itresultsinproductsofhigherpurity
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4. SELECTION OF MATRIX
• Dependsstronglyonthetypeandconditionsofthecatalyticprocessaswellasthetypeof
theenzyme
• Thethematrixmustnothaveanegativeeffectonthestructureoftheenzyme
• Shouldnotdisturbtheenzymemorethanisrequiredtocreatestableenzyme–matrix
interactions
• Thereshouldbeaffinitybetweenthefunctionalgroupsofthetwomaterialstoallowthe
formationoftheseenzyme–matrixinteractions
• Thecarriershouldexposetheactivesitesofthecatalystforeasyattachmentofsubstrate
molecules
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6. TYPES OF MATRIXES
Thematrixorsupportimmobilizestheenzymebyholdingitpermanentlyortemporarilyfor
abriefperiod.Thereareawidevarietyofmatrixesorcarriersorsupportsavailablefor
immobilization.Thematrixesorsupportsforimmobilizationofenzymesorwholecellsare
groupedintothreemajorcategories
• Naturalpolymers
• Syntheticpolymers
• Inorganicmaterials
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7. Natural polymers
• Alginate
Anaturalpolymerderivedfromthecellwallofsomealgae.Calciumormagnesiumalginateisthemostused
matrix.Theyareinertandhavegoodwaterholdingcapacity.
• Chitosanandchitin
TheyarestructuralpolysaccharidesoccurringnaturallyinthecellwallOffungiandtheexoskeletonof
Arthropods.Thevariousfunctionalgroupsinenzymescanbindtothe—OHgroupofchitinandcanform
covalentbonds.
• Collagen
Itistheproteinaceoussupportwithgoodporosityandwaterholdingcapacity.Thesidechainsoftheamino
acidsinthecollagenandthatofenzymecanformcovalentbondstopermanentlyholdtheenzymetothe
support.
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8. Natural polymers
• Carrageenan
Itisasulfatedpolysaccharideobtainedfromsomeredalgae.Theirgoodgellingpropertiestogetherwithits
highproteinholdingcapacitymakesitgoodsupportforimmobilizingenzymes.
• Gelatin
GelatinisthepartiallyhydrolyzedcollagenWithgoodwaterholdingcapacity.
• Cellulose
Mostabundantpolymerofnatureanditisthecheapestsupportavailableascarrierofenzymes.The
hydroxylgroupofthemonomerunits(glucose)canformcovalentbondswiththatofthe aminoacidsof
enzyme.
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9. Natural polymers
• Starch
Anaturalpolymerofamyloseandamylo-pectin.Ithasgoodwaterholdingcapacity.
• Pectin
Itisastructuralpolysaccharideofplantsfoundintheirprimarycellwallandtheyalsoactsastheinter-
cellularcementingmaterialinplanttissues.Pectinisagellingagent withgoodwaterholdingcapacity.
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10. Synthetic polymers
Theyareionexchangeresinsorpolymersandareinsolublesupportswithporoussurface.Theirporous
surfacecantrapandholdtheenzymesorwholecells.Somesyntheticpolymersare
• Diethylaminoethylcellulose(DEAEcellulose)
• polyvinylchloride(PVC)
• UVactivatedPolyethyleneglycol(PEG)
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11. Inorganic materials
• Zeolites
Theyaremicroporous,aluminosilicate mineralswithgoodadsorbingpropertiesandextensivelyusedfor
immobilizingenzymesandwholecells.
• Ceramics
Theyarenonmetallic solidsconsistingofmetalandnonmetalatomsheldinionicandcovalentbonds.The
compositionandbondingpatternvarieswithdifferenttypes.
• Diatomaceousearth
Theyaresilicioussedimentaryrocksformedbyfossilizedaccumulationsofthecellwallofdiatoms.Celiteis
thetradenameofdiatomaceousearth.ItisagoodadsorbentandareresistanttohighpHandtemperature.
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12. Other matrices
➢ Silica
➢ Activatedcarbon
➢ Charcoal
➢ Zircona
➢ Tiana
➢ Alumina
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13. References
• https://www.slideshare.net/YESANNA/ketone-bodies-metabolism
• en.wikipedia.org›wiki›Ketogenesishttps://www.nature.com/articles/pr19972518
• www.sciencedirect.com›science›article›pii›pdf›pi...
• www.cell.com›cell-metabolism ›pdfreactome.org›content›detail›R-HSA-77108
• journals.physiology.org›doi›pdf
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