1. Mathematics Statistics Project
A comparison between males and females in the working world
Alisha Niazali Hirani 0314325
Kawthar Rashid Jeewa 0314832
Ameerah Bibi Peerun 0313939
Karen Kong Chai Ni
Mak Mun Choon
Lily Then

2. Table of Contents
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………3
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..4
METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………….5
RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………6
DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………….33
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………35
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………….36
Appendix A: Questionnaire………………………………..………………...………
2

3. Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare which gender is more successful in the business strata.
This study sought to determine how much education the participants had to undergo to earn their
current salary. The hypothesis of this study stated that in the business world, men tend to have
more qualifications, a higher ranking jobs and a higher salary than women. In order to retrieve
this information, a survey was conducted. The survey was conducted on a total of 200
participants, of which there were an equal number of male and females surveyed. From this
survey it was found that women generally have more qualifications then men. Yet men have
higher overall salaries than women despite having the same jobs. These findings suggest that the
gender gap between women and men is larger than anticipated.
3

4. Introduction
Historically speaking it was a man’s job to work and a woman’s job tomake meals and care for
children. After the Second World War, women officially started working to provide for the
country while the men went to war and since that day never looked back. In a male dominated
world, a commonly debated topic is whether females are more intelligent than males and whether
males are more successful in the working world than women. It is believed that women are paid
less than men even if they were to do the same job as a man. It is proven that it is easier for a
man to get promotion than a woman (Herminia Ibarra, 2010). Reasons for this are that women
bare children, it is hard for them to have progress in their careers due to time constraints. (n/a,
2013). It is important to note in some countries women do not have the right to work in particular
job sectors as men
In this survey the researchers aim to compare females and males in the working world. Taking
account the history of women joining the business strata. The hypothesis of this study predicts
that in the business world, men tend to have more qualifications, a higher ranking jobs and a
higher salary than women.
4

5. Methodology
Design
In this research, quantitative data was used to obtain data on the qualifications, job rankings and
salary. The survey aimed to collect quantitative data which could be analyzed with the aid for
numerals and graphs to prove whether the hypothesis is true. The independent variable in this
experiment is the gender of the participants. The controlled variable is the type of participant
taking part in the survey, such that they are sexually active. In order to get a fair idea on what the
working world is like, there are several dependent variables such as education level,
specialization, annual income, mode of transportation and retirement age
Participants
The participants that took place in this research come from a diverse range of ethnic
backgrounds. Economically active participants were targeted as most of the survey was about
their profession. Due to the fact that sensitive data is being obtained, the survey was distributed
through the internet. This method of distribution was used in order to reassure that their personal
information was anonymous. In addition while filling a survey; participants are less likely to give
false information as they have the luxury to fill the survey when they are alone. There are a total
of 200 participants that took part in this research. There were 100 male and 100 female
participants.
Apparatus/ Material
This research was carried out over the internet through the use of online survey applications. In
order to fulfill ethical requirements, the online survey was used. In addition, by doing a survey
through the internet, participants are not obligated in any way to fill the survey if they are not
comfortable to do so. The researchers chose this mode to explore to ensure the data retrieved is
safe and password protected to guarantee all information is kept in confidence and cannot be
misplaced. Social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter were used to distribute the
survey. (Refer to appendix) To analyze the data, Excel spreadsheet was used.
5

6. Analysis
Table 1
No of
Age
No of
females male
18-24
54
61
25-33
29
26
34-44
11
5
45-54
6
6
55-65
0
2
66+
0
0
No of participants
Age
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
No of females
No of male
Age Range
From the graph above, the majority of participants who partook in this survey were between the
ages of 18 to 24 years. It is noticeable though, that above the age of 45 years, there are more
males that work than females.
6

7. Table 2
Marital
No of
No of
status
females
male
Single
60
78
engaged
14
2
married
25
14
divorced
1
6
Marital Status
80
No of participants
70
60
50
40
No of females
30
No of male
20
10
0
Single
engaged
married
divorced
Status
Due to the fact that a large sum of females participating in this survey were between the ages of
18 to 24, not as many females were married to males. This is because in today’s day and age,
women tend to focus on their careers and marry once they have accomplished what they want.
7

8. Table 3
No of
females
Race
No of
male
Malay
13
6
Chinese
45
43
Indian
19
35
African
6
7
17
9
Other
Race
45
No of participants
40
35
30
25
20
No of females
15
No of male
10
5
0
Malay
Chinese
Indian
African
Other
race
The participants in the survey came from different ethnic background. Most of females surveyed
were Chinese. For the males, most of the participants surveyed were chines but it is important to
not there were a large sum of Indians who were also surveyed.
8

9. Table 4
No of
Religion
No of
females
male
Islam
36
31
Christianity
19
30
2
2
Buddhism
26
19
Hinduism
14
13
Judaism
0
0
Other
3
5
Taoism
Religion
40
No of participants
35
30
25
20
15
No of females
10
No of male
5
0
Religion
For females, the most prevalent religion is Islam. The second most was Buddhism. However for
the males Islam was the most prevalent after which was Christianity.
9

10. Table 5
Educational
No of
No of
level
females
male
High school
graduate
16
24
59
45
22
22
3
0
specific field
0
7
other
0
2
Undergraduate
degree
Postgraduate
degree
PhD
Doctorate in
no of peope
Education Level
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
No of females
No of male
Qualifications
From the 200 participants in the survey, females have better qualifications than men. There are
more undergraduate degrees than men. In addition 3 females had PhDs. However the males did
have 7 doctorates.
10

11. Table 6
Specialization
No of females
No of male
Real estate and property
1
8
Law
9
8
Healthcare
11
1
Education
12
11
Arts and related courses
14
17
Humanities and related courses
11
3
Accounting
10
5
Engineering
6
16
Science
7
8
19
23
Other
Specialization
No of participants
25
20
15
10
5
0
No of females
No of male
occuppation
11

12. Table 7
no of
females
Sector
No of
male
Public Sector
41
41
Private Sector
59
59
Sector
No of participants
60
50
40
Public Sector
30
Private Sector
20
10
0
no of females
No of male
In the Business world, it is said there are equal opportunities for males and females. According to
the research, there were equal numbers of males and females working in the public and private
sector. Most participants worked in the private sector.
12

13. Table 8
Role in industry
No of females
No of male
Upper management
7
11
Middle management
7
14
Junior management
16
11
Administrative staff
16
11
Trained professional
11
19
Laborer
5
3
Consultant
4
2
4researcher
16
16
researcher
1
3
10
7
7
3
Temporary employed
self employed
other
13

14. No of participants
Roles in industry
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
No of females
No of male
Roles
Table 9
years
no of
No of
working females male
2 to 5
69
73
6 to 10
18
18
11 to 20
9
3
21 to 30
4
5
31+
0
1
14

15. Years working
No of participants
80
60
40
no of females
20
No of male
0
2 to 5
6 to 10 11 to 20 21 to 30
31+
age range
Table 10
Hours
of
work
per
no of
No of
day
females male
6
9
7
20
19
8
38
38
9
other
23
17
33
2
1
15

16. No of participants
Hours of work a day
40
30
20
10
0
no of females
No of male
6
7
8
9
other
No of hours
Table 11
No
Stress at
no of
of
work
females male
Extremely
often
16
18
very often
23
24
29
33
often
18
19
not at all
14
6
0
0
moderately
often
slightly
other
16

17. No of participants
Stress at work
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
no of females
No of male
amount of stress
Table 12
No of
No of
Lateness females male
Always
8
15
6
9
16
16
49
41
21
19
most of
the time
half of
the time
once in a
while
never
late
17

18. Lateness
No of participants
50
40
30
20
No of females
10
No of male
0
Always most of half of once in
the time the time a while
never
late
How often
Table 13
Average
household
No of
No of
income ($)
females male
5-10k
46
44
15-25k
36
27
30-50k
7
14
55k+
5
11
other
6
4
18

19. Average household income
No of participants
50
40
30
No of females
20
No of male
10
0
5-10k
15-25k
30-50k
55k+
other
amount in $
Table 14
No
no of
well paid
of
females male
Extremely
well
10
12
very well
22
20
34
37
24
19
all
8
12
other
2
0
moderately
well
slightly
well
not
satisfied at
19

20. How well paid
No of participants
40
30
20
10
0
no of females
No of male
how well paid
Table 15
No
No of
of
Transport females male
Taxi
6
3
bus
28
18
private car
50
71
light rail
16
8
No of participants
Transport
80
60
40
20
0
No of females
No of male
Mode of transport
Table 16
20

21. food
No
expenditure no of
of
($)
females male
5 to 10
63
65
11 to 20
26
25
25+
11
10
No of participants
Food expenditure
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
no of females
No of male
5 to 10
11 to 20
25+
amount in $
Table 17
Family
No of
No of
member females male
2 to 5
69
73
6 to 8
26
26
5
1
9+
21

22. Family member
80
70
No of participants
60
50
40
No of females
30
No of male
20
10
0
2 to 5
6 to 8
number of family member
9+
Table 18
employment
no of
No of
of family
females
male
yes
37
39
no
63
61
No of participants
80
Employment of family
60
40
yes
20
no
0
no of females
No of male
Table 19
retirement no of
No
22

23. plan
females of
male
50-55
25
23
56-60
40
36
61-65
26
31
66-70
6
7
71+
3
3
No of participants
Retirememnt plan
40
30
20
10
0
no of females
No of male
50-55 56-60 61-65 66-70
71+
Age range
Table 20
No
Financial
no of
of
circumstance females male
Affluent,
pleant for all
of us
14
14
comfortable
67
71
struggling
22
14
0
1
varied from
many to little
23

24. No of participants
Financial Circumstance
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
no of females
No of male
financial circumstance
Table 21
No
Job
no of
of
satisfaction females male
very
dissatisfied
7
4
dissatisfied
12
8
neutral
44
41
29
34
8
13
somewhat
somewhat
satisfied
totally
satisfied
24

25. No of participants
Job Satisfaction
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
no of females
No of male
amount of satisfaction
Table 22
use of
no of
No of
technology females male
Almost
every task
44
49
40
44
9
5
7
2
some of
the task
very rarely
do not use
computers
at all
25

26. Use of techonology
No of participants
50
40
30
20
no of females
10
No of male
0
Almost every task of the task do not use computers at all
some
very rarely
amount of technology used
Table 23
Chance
to get
No
no of
of
promoted females male
A lot
9
20
amount
25
37
a few
27
24
no idea
33
17
6
2
Moderate
none at all
26

27. No of participants
Chance to get promoted
40
30
20
10
0
no of females
No of male
chance
Table 24
job
no of
No of
searching
females
male
Extremely
likely
12
17
very likely
14
17
36
23
24
25
14
18
moderately
likely
slightly
lightly
bot
interested
27

28. No of participants
searching for jobs
40
30
20
10
0
no of females
No of male
likelihood
Table 25
Ideal
no of
No of
holiday
females
male
Activity
based
19
18
22
32
9
12
16
14
18
11
14
10
0
3
a luxury
hotel
Exploring
the far east
Going on a
cruise
Lying on a
beach in the
sun
A cottage in
the country
other
28

29. No of participants
Ideal holiday
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
no of females
No of male
holiday choices
Male calculation of mean and standard deviation of questions 10,14,18 & 21 (refer to appendix)
29

30. 30

31. 31

32. 32

33. 33

34. Female calculation of mean and standard deviation of questions 10,14,18 & 21 (refer to
appendix)
34

35. 35

36. 36

37. 37

38. Discussion
In 1964 the civil rights act outlawed sexual discrimination(Fogarty, 2014). However, according
to the chartered management institute, on average male managers receive double the amount of
bonus payment than women. ‘Women directors' average bonus is £36,270, while men receive
£63,700’ ‘Women executives already only get three-quarters of the pay of male executives in
similar jobs. (n/a, 2013). It is important to note that according to research a woman is bound to
make less than a man ‘no matter how much education she gets, the industry she enters, the job
she chooses, or where she lives.’The wage gap is nearly impossible to avoid. (Covert, 2013)
Reasons for a gender gap include discrimination, marital status, work patterns, job tenure and
race. More than half working mothers with children under 18, have to take significant time off
compared to 16% of fathers. A woman sacrifices more than a man to keep a balance between
work and family. (Covert, 2013)
According to the results the hypothesis was proven to be true. In the working world, despite
women having higher qualifications, men make more money than females. In addition women
work 9 more hours than males.
Mean of the data is the average of particular amount, value that has been opted by either males or
females. Where their corresponding Standard Deviation is by how much the mean vary with
respect to individual data, in the survey for both males and females.
Limitations
There are several other limitations to this research. While individually going through the survey,
on several occasions’ participants had and age younger to the amount of year they have been
working for.
Another limitation is that people can be misleading about the truth. could also mean there was a
misunderstanding of the question.
38

39. The survey is conducted online. Therefore there is no filter to the people who are filling the
form, or to the amount of times a person can fill the form.
In order to improve this research assignment, when conducting a research, use programs that
restrict a person from filling in the survey twice
Conclusion
In conclusion, based on the research of this assignment, men study stated that in the business
world, men tend to have a higher ranking jobs and a higher salary than women. However women
work longer hours than man and have more qualifications. Reasons for this include
discrimination, marital status, work patterns, job tenure and race.
39

40. References
Covert, B. (2013, December 11). Despite More College Degrees, Young Women Still Make Less Than Men.
Retrieved January 2014, from Think Progress :
http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2013/12/11/3048811/pew-gender-wage-gap/
Fogarty, K. (2014). Why Men Have Stronger Professional Networks Than Women. Retrieved January
2014, from The Ladders: http://www.theladders.com/career-advice/why-men-strongerprofessional-networks-than-women
Herminia Ibarra, N. M. (2010, September ). Why Men Still Get More Promotions Than Women. Retrieved
January 2014, from Havard Business Review: http://hbr.org/2010/09/why-men-still-get-morepromotions-than-women/ar/1
n/a. (2013, August 10). Male bonuses double those of women, says study. Retrieved January 2014, from
BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23761607
n/a. (2013). On Pay Gap, Millennial Women Near Parity – For Now. Retrieved January 23, 2014, from
PewResearch Social and Demographic Trends:
http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/12/11/on-pay-gap-millennial-women-near-parity-fornow/
n/a. (n/a). The Image and Reality of Women who Worked During World War II. Retrieved January 1,
2014, from Rosie the Riveter: Women Working During World War II:
http://www.nps.gov/pwro/collection/website/rosie.htm
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41. Appendix
41