Energy demand keeps on increasing every year because of the gap between demand and production. Currently biodiesel is introduced to reduce this gap and though the production of biodiesel is limited for commercialized. At present many research work are being carried out for investigating emission of biodiesel in internal combustion engine experimentally. The experimental test run requires more time, money and man power. In this work mathematical model for investigating on emission of biodiesel in internal combustion engine is proposed. It is also compared with the experimental data and the minitab software data. On comparing it is found that this proposed mathematical model gives better result than the software generated mathematical model with accuracy of 85%
OPTIMIZATION OF COMBINED ECONOMIC EMISSION DISPATCH PROBLEM USING ARTIFICIAL ...IJCI JOURNAL
Optimal system operation, in general, involves the consideration of economy of operation, system security,
emissions at fossil-fuel plants, optimal release of water at hydro power plants etc. and aim at improving the efficiency of the power system. In this research work, consideration will be given to two aspects of the optimal system operation, emissions and economy of operation, also known as economic dispatch. Generally the heuristic methods like Genetic algorithm, Simulated annealing, Particle Swarm Optimization, Ant Colony techniques and their various modifications have shown marked improvement in the addressing of the economic dispatch problem as well as the combined economic and emission dispatch problem. However there is scope of improvement of the solution to the combined economic and emission dispatch problems, in terms of better convergence, lower losses, faster computation times, reduced fuel costs and reduced emissions. It is worthy of notice that Artificial Bee Colony Method applied in the present work, yielded superior solutions than the heuristic and traditional optimization techniques.
Model formulation and Analysis of Total Weight of Briquettes after mixing for...IJERA Editor
This paper presents model formulation with analysis of Total Weight of Briquettes after mixing for Briquette making
operation. A briquette is a block of flammable material used as fuel to start and maintain a fire. Agro Waste or Biomass
briquetting is the densification of loose material to produce compact solid composites of different sizes with the application
of pressure. Briquetting of residues takes place with the application of pressure, heat and binding agent on the loose
materials to produce the briquettes. The model is formulated for total weight of briquettes after mixing for briquette making
operation along with optimization, sensitivity, reliability and ANN simulation.
OPTIMIZATION OF COMBINED ECONOMIC EMISSION DISPATCH PROBLEM USING ARTIFICIAL ...IJCI JOURNAL
Optimal system operation, in general, involves the consideration of economy of operation, system security,
emissions at fossil-fuel plants, optimal release of water at hydro power plants etc. and aim at improving the efficiency of the power system. In this research work, consideration will be given to two aspects of the optimal system operation, emissions and economy of operation, also known as economic dispatch. Generally the heuristic methods like Genetic algorithm, Simulated annealing, Particle Swarm Optimization, Ant Colony techniques and their various modifications have shown marked improvement in the addressing of the economic dispatch problem as well as the combined economic and emission dispatch problem. However there is scope of improvement of the solution to the combined economic and emission dispatch problems, in terms of better convergence, lower losses, faster computation times, reduced fuel costs and reduced emissions. It is worthy of notice that Artificial Bee Colony Method applied in the present work, yielded superior solutions than the heuristic and traditional optimization techniques.
Model formulation and Analysis of Total Weight of Briquettes after mixing for...IJERA Editor
This paper presents model formulation with analysis of Total Weight of Briquettes after mixing for Briquette making
operation. A briquette is a block of flammable material used as fuel to start and maintain a fire. Agro Waste or Biomass
briquetting is the densification of loose material to produce compact solid composites of different sizes with the application
of pressure. Briquetting of residues takes place with the application of pressure, heat and binding agent on the loose
materials to produce the briquettes. The model is formulated for total weight of briquettes after mixing for briquette making
operation along with optimization, sensitivity, reliability and ANN simulation.
An energy-efficient flow shop scheduling using hybrid Harris hawks optimizationjournalBEEI
The energy crisis has become an environmental problem, and this has received much attention from researchers. The manufacturing sector is the most significant contributor to energy consumption in the world. One of the significant efforts made in the manufacturing industry to reduce energy consumption is through proper scheduling. Energy-efficient scheduling (EES) is a problem in scheduling to reduce energy consumption. One of the EES problems is in a flow shop scheduling problem (FSSP). This article intends to develop a new approach to solving an EES in the FSSP problem. Hybrid Harris hawks optimization (hybrid HHO) algorithm is offered to resolve the EES issue on FSSP by considering the sequence-dependent setup. Swap and flip procedures are suggested to improve HHO performance. Furthermore, several procedures were used as a comparison to assess hybrid HHO performance. Ten tests were exercised to exhibit the hybrid HHO accomplishment. Based on numerical experimental results, hybrid HHO can solve EES problems. Furthermore, HHO was proven more competitive than other algorithms.
AN EVENT-LOG ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION-BASED APPROACH FOR QUANTIFYING SUSTAINAB...Sudhendu Rai
This paper describes a discrete-event simulation and event-log analysis based approach for computing sustainability metrics in production environments to perform various types of comparative analysis and assessments. Event logs collected from the production environment are analyzed to compute current state sustainability metrics such as energy usage, carbon footprint and heating/cooling requirements. Bootstrapping based forecasting leveraging expert input is utilized to estimate future demand. The forecasted demand is then simulated to predict sustainability metrics. The discrete-event simulation results from the forecasted data and computation of heat produced is combined with thermodynamic
models of heat transfer through the thermal envelope of the facility to provide more accurate estimates of true carbon footprint associated with the production operations while also enabling cross-comparative studies of setting operations in different geographical locations. The framework and software tool enables the integration of productivity metrics and sustainability metrics in decision-making process for designing
and operating production environments.
Applying fuzzy ahp to evaluate the carbon foot print on the workplace in educ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Financial assessment considered weighting factor scenarios for the optimal co...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper presents an application of the novel evolutionary algorithm for assessing financially an economic power system operation throughout a combined economic and emission dispatch problem required by various technical limitations. In detail, this problem considers two dispatches for fuel and environmental aspects as a constrained objective function associated with weighting factor scenarios. Running out simulations show that minimum costs are depended on weighting factors, which implemented on the combination of the problem. Reducing the total fuel cost focused on the dispatching priority and the pollutant target based on the emission production have difference implications as its contribution to the economic operation, the increasing load demand leads to generated powers, costs and emission discharges associated with its parameters and power schedules.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance is a process of assessment of the algorithm. Speed and security is the performance to be achieved in determining which algorithm is better to use. In determining the optimum route, there are two algorithms that can be used for comparison. The Genetic and Primary algorithms are two very popular algorithms for determining the optimum route on the graph. Prim can minimize circuit to avoid connected loop. Prim will determine the best route based on active vertex. This algorithm is especially useful when applied in a minimum spanning tree case. Genetics works with probability properties. Genetics cannot determine which route has the maximum value. However, genetics can determine the overall optimum route based on appropriate parameters. Each algorithm can be used for the case of the shortest path, minimum spanning tree or traveling salesman problem. The Prim algorithm is superior to the speed of Genetics. The strength of the Genetic algorithm lies in the number of generations and population generated as well as the selection, crossover and mutation processes as the resultant support. The disadvantage of the Genetic algorithm is spending to much time to get the desired result. Overall, the Prim algorithm has better performance than Genetic especially for a large number of vertices.
Dynamic economic emission dispatch using ant lion optimizationjournalBEEI
This paper aims to propose a new meta-heuristic search algorithm, called Ant Lion Optimization (ALO). The ALO is a newly developed population-based search algorithm inspired hunting mechanism of ant lions. The proposed algorithm is presented to solve the dynamic economic emission dispatch (DEED) problem with considering the generator constraints such as ramp rate limits, valve-point effetcs, prohibited operating zones and transmission loss. The 5-unit generation system for a 24 h time interval has been taken to validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results clearly show that the proposed method outperforms in terms of solution quality when compared with the other optimization algorithms reported in the literature.
Economic Load Dispatch Using Grey Wolf OptimizationIJERA Editor
This paper presents grey wolf optimization (GWO) to solve convex economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. Grey
Wolf Optimization (GWO) is a new meta-heuristic inspired by grey wolves. The leadership hierarchy and hunting
mechanism of the grey wolves is mimicked in GWO. The objective of ELD problem is to minimize the total
generation cost while fulfilling the different constraints, when the required load of power system is being
supplied. The proposed technique is implemented on two different test systems for solving the ELD with various
load demands. To show the effectiveness of GWO to solve ELD problem results were compared with other
existing techniques.
A Survey Report on High Utility Itemset Mining for Frequent Pattern MiningIJSRD
Data Mining is the Process to extract knowledge from the data or data stream, Mining high utility itemsets focus on the itemset with high profit only, as data or itemset may be static or in a stream mine this type if data has become a significant research topic. In this research paper we have presented different methods available for mining high utility dataset , to develop algorithm for this requires logic to mine the high utility itemsets from data streams, We have compared following algorithms, One pass Algorithm, Two Phase Algorithm, Mining top k-Utility Frequent itemset, and Sliding window based algorithms like MHUI-BIT(Mining High Utility Itemset Based on BITVector), MHUI-TID(Mining HighUtility Itemset based on TID-List) for lexicographical tree based summary data structure. And the FHM algorithm which we will used for our proposed work “Fast High Utility Miner) Using estimated utility Co-occurrence Pruning.
An energy-efficient flow shop scheduling using hybrid Harris hawks optimizationjournalBEEI
The energy crisis has become an environmental problem, and this has received much attention from researchers. The manufacturing sector is the most significant contributor to energy consumption in the world. One of the significant efforts made in the manufacturing industry to reduce energy consumption is through proper scheduling. Energy-efficient scheduling (EES) is a problem in scheduling to reduce energy consumption. One of the EES problems is in a flow shop scheduling problem (FSSP). This article intends to develop a new approach to solving an EES in the FSSP problem. Hybrid Harris hawks optimization (hybrid HHO) algorithm is offered to resolve the EES issue on FSSP by considering the sequence-dependent setup. Swap and flip procedures are suggested to improve HHO performance. Furthermore, several procedures were used as a comparison to assess hybrid HHO performance. Ten tests were exercised to exhibit the hybrid HHO accomplishment. Based on numerical experimental results, hybrid HHO can solve EES problems. Furthermore, HHO was proven more competitive than other algorithms.
AN EVENT-LOG ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION-BASED APPROACH FOR QUANTIFYING SUSTAINAB...Sudhendu Rai
This paper describes a discrete-event simulation and event-log analysis based approach for computing sustainability metrics in production environments to perform various types of comparative analysis and assessments. Event logs collected from the production environment are analyzed to compute current state sustainability metrics such as energy usage, carbon footprint and heating/cooling requirements. Bootstrapping based forecasting leveraging expert input is utilized to estimate future demand. The forecasted demand is then simulated to predict sustainability metrics. The discrete-event simulation results from the forecasted data and computation of heat produced is combined with thermodynamic
models of heat transfer through the thermal envelope of the facility to provide more accurate estimates of true carbon footprint associated with the production operations while also enabling cross-comparative studies of setting operations in different geographical locations. The framework and software tool enables the integration of productivity metrics and sustainability metrics in decision-making process for designing
and operating production environments.
Applying fuzzy ahp to evaluate the carbon foot print on the workplace in educ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Financial assessment considered weighting factor scenarios for the optimal co...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper presents an application of the novel evolutionary algorithm for assessing financially an economic power system operation throughout a combined economic and emission dispatch problem required by various technical limitations. In detail, this problem considers two dispatches for fuel and environmental aspects as a constrained objective function associated with weighting factor scenarios. Running out simulations show that minimum costs are depended on weighting factors, which implemented on the combination of the problem. Reducing the total fuel cost focused on the dispatching priority and the pollutant target based on the emission production have difference implications as its contribution to the economic operation, the increasing load demand leads to generated powers, costs and emission discharges associated with its parameters and power schedules.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance is a process of assessment of the algorithm. Speed and security is the performance to be achieved in determining which algorithm is better to use. In determining the optimum route, there are two algorithms that can be used for comparison. The Genetic and Primary algorithms are two very popular algorithms for determining the optimum route on the graph. Prim can minimize circuit to avoid connected loop. Prim will determine the best route based on active vertex. This algorithm is especially useful when applied in a minimum spanning tree case. Genetics works with probability properties. Genetics cannot determine which route has the maximum value. However, genetics can determine the overall optimum route based on appropriate parameters. Each algorithm can be used for the case of the shortest path, minimum spanning tree or traveling salesman problem. The Prim algorithm is superior to the speed of Genetics. The strength of the Genetic algorithm lies in the number of generations and population generated as well as the selection, crossover and mutation processes as the resultant support. The disadvantage of the Genetic algorithm is spending to much time to get the desired result. Overall, the Prim algorithm has better performance than Genetic especially for a large number of vertices.
Dynamic economic emission dispatch using ant lion optimizationjournalBEEI
This paper aims to propose a new meta-heuristic search algorithm, called Ant Lion Optimization (ALO). The ALO is a newly developed population-based search algorithm inspired hunting mechanism of ant lions. The proposed algorithm is presented to solve the dynamic economic emission dispatch (DEED) problem with considering the generator constraints such as ramp rate limits, valve-point effetcs, prohibited operating zones and transmission loss. The 5-unit generation system for a 24 h time interval has been taken to validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results clearly show that the proposed method outperforms in terms of solution quality when compared with the other optimization algorithms reported in the literature.
Economic Load Dispatch Using Grey Wolf OptimizationIJERA Editor
This paper presents grey wolf optimization (GWO) to solve convex economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. Grey
Wolf Optimization (GWO) is a new meta-heuristic inspired by grey wolves. The leadership hierarchy and hunting
mechanism of the grey wolves is mimicked in GWO. The objective of ELD problem is to minimize the total
generation cost while fulfilling the different constraints, when the required load of power system is being
supplied. The proposed technique is implemented on two different test systems for solving the ELD with various
load demands. To show the effectiveness of GWO to solve ELD problem results were compared with other
existing techniques.
A Survey Report on High Utility Itemset Mining for Frequent Pattern MiningIJSRD
Data Mining is the Process to extract knowledge from the data or data stream, Mining high utility itemsets focus on the itemset with high profit only, as data or itemset may be static or in a stream mine this type if data has become a significant research topic. In this research paper we have presented different methods available for mining high utility dataset , to develop algorithm for this requires logic to mine the high utility itemsets from data streams, We have compared following algorithms, One pass Algorithm, Two Phase Algorithm, Mining top k-Utility Frequent itemset, and Sliding window based algorithms like MHUI-BIT(Mining High Utility Itemset Based on BITVector), MHUI-TID(Mining HighUtility Itemset based on TID-List) for lexicographical tree based summary data structure. And the FHM algorithm which we will used for our proposed work “Fast High Utility Miner) Using estimated utility Co-occurrence Pruning.
Computer simulation of ci engine for diesel and biodisel blendsLaukik Raut
Among the alternative fuels, biodiesel and its blends
are considered suitable and the most promising fuel for diesel
engine. The properties of biodiesel are found similar to that of
diesel. Many researchers have experimentally evaluated the
performance characteristics of conventional diesel engines
fuelled by biodiesel and its blends. However, experiments require
enormous effort, money and time. Hence, a cycle simulation
model incorporating a thermodynamic based single zone
combustion model is developed to predict the performance of
diesel engine. A comprehensive computer code using “C”
language was developed for compression ignition (C.I) engine.
Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat
release, heat transfer and performance characteristics such as
work done, brake power and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were
analyzed. On the basis of first law of thermodynamics the
properties at each degree crank angle was calculated. The
simulated combustion and performance characteristics are found
satisfactory with the experimental results
Performance Optimization of Diesel Engine with Chicken Waste Bio-diesel Blend...IJERD Editor
This paper presents an experimental study that include an application of the grey relational analysis
to determine the optimum factor level to obtain optimum multiple-performance characteristics of a diesel engine
run with different low-percentage chicken waste biodiesel-diesel blends. Grey relational analysis is used for data
analysis and four factors, namely, low-percentage chicken waste biodiesel-diesel blend, compression ratio,
injection timing and injection pressure were each considered at four levels. An L16 orthogonal array was used to
collect data for various engine performance related responses under constant engine loads. Results of
confirmation tests showed good agreement with predicted quantities. The results of the study revealed that the
combination of a blend consisting of 10% chicken waste biodiesel (B10), a compression ratio of 18, an injection
pressure of 220 bar and an injection timing of 19° bTDC produces maximum multiple performance of the diesel
engine.
Implementation of a new Size Estimation Modelijsrd.com
In this paper, we present a comparison between the COCOMO size estimation and a proposed size estimation model. Our experimental results show that the proposed model is providing more accurate size. It will help in accurate effort and cost estimation. Ultimately it will result in increase in overall productivity. Size estimation is a very popular task. We also explain the fundamentals of size estimation.
Design of Experimentation, Artificial Neural Network Simulation and Optimizat...IJERA Editor
In this research work experimentation on integrated bamboo processing machine for splitting and slicing of
bamboo has been carried out. This paper presents the experimental investigation of some parameters of
integrated bamboo processing machine. In this research paper simulation of experimental data using artificial
neural network is carried out. An attempt of minimum-maximum principle has been made to optimize by range
bound process for maximizing production rate of integrated bamboo processing machine.
Multi-objective Optimization Scheme for PID-Controlled DC MotorIAES-IJPEDS
DC Motor is the most basic electro-mechanical equipment and well-known for its merit and simplicity. The performance of DC motor is assessed based on several qualities that are most-likely contradictory each other, i.e. settling time and overshoot percentage. Most of controller’s optimization problems are multi-objective in nature since they normally have several conflicting objectives that must be met simultaneously. In this study, the grey relational analysis (GRA) was combined with Taguchi method to search the optimum PID parameter for multi-objective problem. First, a L9 (33) orthogonal array was used to plan out the processing parameters that would affect the DC motor’s speed. Then GRA was applied to overcome the drawback of single quality characteristics in the Taguchi method, and then the optimized PID parameter combination was obtained for multiple quality characteristics from the response table and the response graph from GRA. Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio) calculation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) would be performed to find out the significant factors. Lastly, the reliability and reproducibility of the experiment was verified by confirming a confidence interval (CI) of 95%.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ROBA MULTIPLIER FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
In this paper, propose an approximate multiplier that is high speed yet energy efficient. The approach is to
around the operands to the closest exponent of 2. This way the machine intensive a part of the
multiplication is omitted up speed and energy consumption. The potency of the planned multiplier factor is
evaluated by comparing its performance with those of some approximate and correct multipliers using
different design parameters. In this proposed approach combined the conventional RoBA multiplier with
Kogge-stone parallel prefix adder. The results revealed that, in most (all) cases, the newly designed RoBA
multiplier architectures outperformed the corresponding approximate (exact) multipliers. Thus improved
the parameters of RoBA multiplier which can be used in the voice or image smoothing applications in the
DSP.
A METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ROBA MULTIPLIER FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
In this paper, propose an approximate multiplier that is high speed yet energy efficient. The approach is to around the operands to the closest exponent of 2. This way the machine intensive a part of the multiplication is omitted up speed and energy consumption. The potency of the planned multiplier factor is evaluated by comparing its performance with those of some approximate and correct multipliers using different design parameters. In this proposed approach combined the conventional RoBA multiplier with Kogge-stone parallel prefix adder. The results revealed that, in most (all) cases, the newly designed RoBA multiplier architectures outperformed the corresponding approximate (exact) multipliers. Thus improved the parameters of RoBA multiplier which can be used in the voice or image smoothing applications in the DSP.
Similar to Mathematical Investigation on Emission of Bio Diesel in Internal Combustion Engine (20)
Maintaining Data Confidentiality in Association Rule Mining in Distributed En...IJSRD
The data in real world applications is distributed at multiple locations, and the owner of the databases may be different people. Thus to perform mining task, the data needs to be kept at central location which causes threat to the privacy of corporate data. Hence the key challenge is to applying mining on distributed source data with preserving privacy of corporate data. The system addresses the problem of incrementally mining frequent itemsets in dynamic environment. The assumption made here is that, after initial mining the source undergoes into small changes in each time. The privacy of data should not be threatened by an adversary i.e. the miner and target database owner should not be able to recover original data from transformed data.
Performance and Emission characteristics of a Single Cylinder Four Stroke Die...IJSRD
The current trends in CI engine are to use Water-diesel emulsion as alternative fuel. It can be employed directly to the existing CI Engine system with no additional modifications. This system helps in reduction of NOx as well as PM, which in turn improve the combustion efficiency of the engine. However there are still investigations have to be done. The current work mainly concentrated on diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions and its effect on engine performance and emissions were studied. The various loads were applied on a constant speed diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions of varying ratios of 0.2:1, 0.3:1. 0.4:1 and 0.5:1. Emission and performance characteristics were measured and were compared with base diesel operation. The emissions like NOx and smoke density were found to decrease greatly and brake thermal efficiency was found to increase at high loads. Smoke level was 4.2 BSU and 3 BSU for base diesel and water diesel emulsion of 0.4. The ignition delay was found to increase with water diesel emulsions. This also increased the maximum rate of pressure rise and peak pressure. The engine was found to run rough with water-diesel emulsions. The optimal water-diesel ratio was found to be 0.4:1 by weight. HC and CO emissions were found to increase with water diesel emulsions.
Preclusion of High and Low Pressure In Boiler by Using LABVIEWIJSRD
Pressure is an important physical parameter to be controlled in process boiler, heat exchanger, nuclear reactor and steam carrying pipeline. In the article the issue has been face in boiler operation due to pressure is handled. In boiler, the problem is due to maximum and minimum range of pressure. Due to the issues there is a chance to causes the hazop. To avoid such the problem the high and low pressure in boiler has to control. In the paper such the problem has sorted out by implementing ON-OFF control. Here the proposed control action for pressure control is implemented with the help of LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) software and NI ELVIS hardware. In the idea the boiler’s low range and high is monitored and controlled valve desirably. And also the high range and low range of pressure in the boiler is signified to plant operator by alarm signal.
Prevention and Detection of Man in the Middle Attack on AODV ProtocolIJSRD
In this paper it is discuss about AODV protocol and security attacks and man in the middle attack in detail. AODV Protocol is use to find route and very important protocol for communication in wireless network. So AODV protocol should be Secured and it is a big challenge. There are various attacks that occur on it. Here in this paper it discussed about the detection and preventions of man-in-the-middle attack in detail.
Comparative Analysis of PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM Using Precoding Tec...IJSRD
In this modern era, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been proved to be an explicit promising technique for wired and wireless systems because of its several advantages like high spectral efficiency, robustness against frequency selective fading, relatively simple receiver implementation etc. Besides having a number of advantages OFDM suffers from few disadvantages like high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Intercarrier Interference (ICI), Intersymbol Interference (ISI) etc. These detrimental effects, if not compensated properly and timely, can result in system performance degradation. This paper mainly concentrates on reduction of PAPR.A comparisons have been made between various precoding techniques against conventional OFDM.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Filter unwanted messages from walls and blocking nonlegitimate user in osnIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Keystroke Dynamics Authentication with Project Management SystemIJSRD
Generally user authentication is done using username and password that is called as login process. This login process is not more secure because, however a login session is still unprotected to impersonator when the user leaves his computer without logging off. Keystroke dynamics methods can be made useful to verify a user by extracting some typing features then, after the authentication process has successfully ended. From the last decade several studies proposed the use of keystroke dynamics as a behavioral biometric tool to verify users. We propose a new method, for representing the keystroke patterns by joining similar pairs of consecutive keystrokes. The above proposed method is used to consider clustering the di-graphs which are based on their temporal features. In this project, authentication system is provide to project management system that make more Secure management system without acknowledging unauthorized user. The Project Management System addresses the management of software projects. It provides the framework for organizing and managing resources in such a way that these resources deliver all the work required to complete a software project within defined scope, time and cost constraints. The system applies only to the management of software projects and is a tool that facilitates decision making.
Diagnosing lungs cancer Using Neural NetworksIJSRD
Artificial Neural Networks is the new technology. It is the branch of Artificial Intelligence and also it is an accepted new technology. Now a days Neural Networks Plays a Vital role in Medicine, Particularly in some fields such as cardiology, oncology etc. And also it has many applications in many areas like Science and Technology, Education, Business, Business and Manufacturing, etc. Neural Networks is most useful for making the decision more Effective. In this Paper, by the use of Neural Networks how the severe disease Lungs Cancer has been diagnosed more effectively. This Paper discussed about how the Lungs cancer can be identified effectively in earlier stages and diagnosed using Neural Networks and some devices. The Neural Networks has been successfully applied in Carcinogenesis. The main aim of this research is by the use of Neural Networks the Carcinogenesis can be diagnosed more cost-effective, easy to use techniques and methods. This Paper discussed about how the Lungs cancer can be identified effectively in earlier stages and diagnosed using Neural Networks and some devices. Sputum Cytology is used to detect the Lungs Cancer in Early stages.
A Survey on Sentiment Analysis and Opinion MiningIJSRD
In Today’s world, the social media has given web users a place for expressing and sharing their thoughts and opinions on different topics or events. For this purpose, the opinion mining has gained the importance. Sentiment classification and Opinion Mining is the study of people’s opinion, emotions, attitude towards the product, services, etc. Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining are the two interchangeable terms. There are various approaches and techniques exist for Sentiment Analysis like Naïve Bayes, Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, Maximum Entropy, etc. Opinion mining is a useful and beneficial way to scientific surveys, political polls, market research and business intelligence, etc. This paper presents a literature review of various techniques used for opinion mining and sentiment analysis.
A Defect Prediction Model for Software Product based on ANFISIJSRD
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Mathematical Investigation on Emission of Bio Diesel in Internal Combustion Engine
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 10, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 274
Mathematical Investigation on Emission of Bio-Diesel in Internal
Combustion Engine
P.C.Mukesh Kumar1
M.Vijayakumar2
N.Prasanna3
1,2,3
Assistant Professor
1,2,3
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1
University College of Engg,Dindugul, Tamilnadu, India
2,3
Centre for thermal and energy research,M.Kumarasamy college of Engineering Karur, Tamilnadu,
India-639113
Abstract— Energy demand keeps on increasing every year
because of the gap between demand and production.
Currently biodiesel is introduced to reduce this gap and
though the production of biodiesel is limited for
commercialized. At present many research work are being
carried out for investigating emission of biodiesel in internal
combustion engine experimentally. The experimental test
run requires more time, money and man power. In this work
mathematical model for investigating on emission of
biodiesel in internal combustion engine is proposed. It is
also compared with the experimental data and the minitab
software data. On comparing it is found that this proposed
mathematical model gives better result than the software
generated mathematical model with accuracy of 85%.
Key words: Bio-diesel, Minitab, regression, method of least
squares, emission
I. INTRODUCTION
World transport growth fuel consumption rate is increasing
every year. At the same time fuel availability decreases due
to continuous extraction of oil from well. Biofuel is a one of
the solutions for the future fuel demands. Most of the
researchers concentrate to extract the bio fuel from
vegetables. The major drawback of biofuel research is the
volume of oil collection. Whereas in Indian biodiesel
research from nonedible oil source like Jatropha and
Karanja for internal combustion engine powered by diesel
fuel. The non-edible biodiesel production in india is more
than 20 million tons in an year. [1-3]. Vivek and AK Gupta,
Fangrui Maa and Milford detail mentioned about Karanja oil
extraction of oil from seeds and transesterification oil
(biodiesel production) is a major process and lengthy
process in bidiesel research [4-5]. Chen Zheng analyzed the
data by using mathematical model and artificial neural
networks. Minitab software analysis mainly analyzed diesel
engine parameters [6]. Win et al. analyzed diesel engine
diesel engine working parameters like noise, emission and
fuel consumption by using mintab software [7]. Ganapathy
et al analyzed various engine design datas like operation and
combustion parameters [8]. Anand and Karthikeyan
analyzed the engine parameters such as efficiency and
combustion [9]. R.Ganapathy and P.Gakkhar reported the
optimized injection parameters and exhaust gas recirculation
method in the diesel engine [10]. In this paper mathematical
model for investigating on emission of biodiesel in internal
combustion engine is proposed. It is also compared with the
experimental data and the minitab software data.
II. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
A. Experimental Setup
The engine used in this work is Kirloskar made, four-stroke,
single cylinder, direct-injection, water-cooled, constant
speed (1500 rpm), and naturally aspirated VCR engine.
Engine cylinder a bore of 87 mm and stroke of 110 mm; the
compression ratio of 15:1 to 18:1 and the manufacturer’s
recommended injection timing and injection pressure of
23ocrank angle before TDC and 210 bar, respectively. The
combustion chamber is direct injection type with a bowl-in
piston design. This work has been done with single
compression ratio of 17:1. Figure 1 shows the engine setup
B. Data Acquisition System
The cylinder pressure at each crank angle is measured and
stored by a digital data acquisition system. It consists of a
Kistler water-cooled flush mounted piezoelectric pressure
transducer in conjunction with Kistler charge amplifier for
converting the electric charge into voltage. It could measure
and store up to 200 cycles engine pressure histories. The
measured data can be analyzed online or stored for post –
processing. The test shown in fig1.
Fig. 1: Experimental setup
III. MATHEMATICAL INVESTIGATION
The simulation or optimization of a thermal system is the
first step of modeling the characteristics of the equipment or
processes. The simulation and optimization operations
always use the data in an equation form. The conversion of
experimental data into equation form is called mathematical
modeling. Engineers may have a variety of reasons for
wanting to develop equations, but the crucial one in the
design of thermal systems are,
To facilitate the process of system simulation
2. Mathematical Investigation on Emission of Bio-Diesel in Internal Combustion Engine
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/066)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 275
To develop a mathematical statement for
optimization
A. Criteria for Fidelity Of Representation
In order to measure the effectiveness of this proposed
mathematical model, the mathematical fitting needs the
constant, co-efficient and criteria for the closeness of the
mathematical model. In this work criteria are,
Sum of deviations squared (SDS).
Average Percent Absolute Deviation (APD).
Goodness of Fit (GOF). [11]
SDS criteria is estimated by the following equation
∑
APD criteria is estimated by the following equation
The third criterion GOF is estimated by the following
equation
Where G= sum of the squares of the deviations of Yi from
the mean value of Y
Various Mathematical Models:
There are various types of equations available;
Polynomials
Polynomials with negative exponents
Exponential Equations
Gompretz Equation
Combination Forms
Two methods of solving the equations;
Method Of Least Squares
Lagrange Interpolation
In this work, the ―method of least squares‖ is used.
B. Minitab Software
Minitab is a statistical software used by industrial experts
for statistical data analysis. Minitab can also be used as a
optimization tool in four designs (Factorial, Response
surface method, mixture and Taguchi designs). It is one of
the effective tools to analyze the trend of data, pattern of
data and manipulate the data by creating the mathematical
model.
Some of the statistical data analyses have been
done by the Minitab software are ANOVA table, Regression
analysis like ordinary least square, weighted least square,
two stage least square, Non-linear least square, Logistic
Regression and many other. In this work mathematical
model developed by ordinary least square regression
analysis. Minitab 14 is used to develop a mathematical
model.
IV. MATHEMATICAL MODEL USING METHOD OF LEAST
SQUARES
A. Mathematical Model for Diesel Engine Emission
The mathematical model equation for hydrocarbon is given
below. Mathematical model has been developed by using
cubical polynomial equation with two independent variables
like load (L) and different concentration of biodiesel (D).
Mathematical Model for hydrocarbon:
Mathematical Model for hydrocarbon:
HC = (41.45833 - 0.8 * L + 0.006354 * L2) + (- 0.055
+ 0.0125 * L - 0.00014 * L2) * D + (0.002267 - 0.0001 * L
+ 1.33E-06 * L2) D2 (1.5)
Mathematical Model for carbon monoxide:
CO = (0.104583 - 0.00233 * L + 0.0000219 * L2) + (-
0.00133 + 0.00006 * L -0.00000069 * L2) *D + (0.0000157
-0.000067 * L + 0.0000000075 * L2) * D2 (1.6)
Mathematical Model for Oxides of nitrogen:
NOx = (- 100.333 + 11.25833 * L - 0.04708 * L2) +
(0.5475 + 0.028 * L + 0.000231 * L2) * D + (- 0.00137 -
0.00065*L + 0.0000000833 * L2) * D2. (1.7)
Mathematical Model for smoke intensity:
HSU = (38.9125 + 0.459167 * L -0.00191 * L2) + (-
1.3065 + 0.0354 * L -0.00024 * L2) * D + (0.01072 -
0.00039 * L + 0.000003 * L2) * D2. (1.8)
Mathematical Model for Carbon dioxide:
CO2 = (1.89583 + 0.05583 * L -3E-05 * L2) + (-.003 +
0.0006 * L -7E-06 * L2) * D + (6.7E-05 - 9E-06 * L + 1E-
07 * L2) * D2 (1.9)
Mathematical Model for Oxygen:
O2 = (18.15542 - 0.08908 * L + 0.000191 * L2) + (-
.01108 - 4E-05 * L + 3.19E -06 * L2) * D + (1.63E-05 +
6.93E-06 * L -8.7E-08 * L2) * D2. (1.10)
V. MATHEMATICAL MODEL USING MINITAB SOFTWARE
The following are the equations are to analyze the engine
emission parameters. All the pollutant equations are
generated by Minitab software.
NOX = 69.48 + 6.54 L - 1.1776 D (1.11)
SMOKE = 28.476 + 0.4912 L - 0.1752 D (1.12)
O2 = 17.1616 - 0.05994 L + 0.004896 D (1.13)
CO2 = 2.536 + 0.0444 L - 0.00552 D (1.14)
HC = 20.34 - 0.011 L + 0.2832 D (1.15)
CO = 0.0518 - 9e-005 L + 0.000104 D (1.16)
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Numerical study on emission is carried out by the above
mentioned mathematical models (using method of least
squares and regression analysis using Minitab software).
The same is compared with the experimental data. The
comparison is reduced to five bio diesel blends (B0, B25,
B50, B75 AND B100) and five loading conditions (20%,
40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). In this work, fidelity for
criteria is considered for comparison of experimental with
two mathematical models by Average Percent Absolute
Deviation (APD). The data have been plotted in figure 2-7.
3. Mathematical Investigation on Emission of Bio-Diesel in Internal Combustion Engine
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/066)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 276
It is clear from fig.2 that the mathematical results
are very closer then the software results in most of the load.
It is also seen that APD is nearly constant in the range of 60,
80,100 % of load. It is found that deviation between
mathematical results and software results is ± 0.00813%.
Fig. 2: APD for NOx
Fig. 3: APD for O2
Fig 3 clear indicated from fig.3 that the
mathematical results are very closer then the software
results in most of the load. It is found that deviation between
mathematical results and software results is ± 0.00124%
Fig. 4: APD for CO2
It is clear from fig.4 that the mathematical results
are very closer then the software results in most of the load.
It is found that deviation between mathematical results and
software results is ± 0.0024%.
Fig. 5: APD for Smoke
It is clear from fig.5 that the mathematical results
are very closer then the software results in most of the load.
It is found that deviation between mathematical results and
software results is ± 0.00524%.
Fig. 6: APD for CO
It is clear from fig.6 that the mathematical results
are very closer then the software results in most of the load.
It is found that deviation between mathematical results and
software results is ± 0.01914%.
Fig. 7: APD for HC
It is clear from fig.7 that the mathematical results are very
closer then the software results in most of the load. It is
found that deviation between mathematical results and
software results is ± 0.00186%.
It is found that the average percentage deviation for
manual mathematical model is lesser than the Minitab
software generated model. It is because of, the Minitab
software consider the equation for mathematical model is of
polynomials of Single order equation, but the manual
mathematical model considered in this work is polynomials
of third order equation. Therefore the error has been squared
in manual mathematical model than the software model
VII. CONCLUSION
In this work mathematical model for investigating on
emission of biodiesel in internal combustion engine is
4. Mathematical Investigation on Emission of Bio-Diesel in Internal Combustion Engine
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/066)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 277
proposed. The following are the conclusion of the proposed
work.
1) For part load conditions say 20%, 40% and 60%
loads, manual mathematical model seems to be
accurate than the software generated mathematical
model.
2) For MCR (Maximum Continues Rating) i.e., for
80% load software generated mathematical model
seems to be accurate.
3) For full load conditions manual mathematical
model is efficient than the software generated.
4) Minitab software suggests only for MCR for other
loads manual model is preferred, these
mathematical models lead to generate a alternate
tool for optimization of bio diesel emissions.
NOMENCLATURE
D Percentage of diesel
L Percentage of load
HC Hydrocarbon
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
O2 Oxygen
NOx Oxides of nitrogen
SDS Sum of deviations squared
APD Average Percent Absolute Deviation
GOF Goodness of Fit
yi value of the dependent variable computed
from the equation.
Yi value of the dependent variable computed
from simulated.
n Total number of data points.
MR Mathematical Result
ER Experimental Result
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