![2.0 Discussion
.2.2 Composite application
The stringent properties of composite material
contributes to its various application in
transportation field especially in railway.
Composite materials are originally utilised in
aerospace sector. It has effective load bearing
characteristics where it offers some significant
advantages to metals in many structural application.
[1]
Figure illustration of composite material
(adapted from polymer science learning centre )
2.2.1 Fiberglass-reinforced plastics
The most common type of composite material used
in railway coach is fibre reinforced plastics also
known as (FRP). The strength of fiberglass-
reinforced glass content of the material and the
arrangement of the glass fibers. Practically the
higher the weight percent of glass in the composite,
the stronger the reinforced plastic is. Selection of
composite material is dependent on the property
requirements of the finished part. [2]
Figure Fiber-reinforced plastic composite
(adapted from engineering seminar topics and
projects)
2.2.2 Properties of composite
Some of the desirable properties that preferred to
be used in railway construction are :
1) Lighter material – by using lightweight
material, the energy consumption can be
greatly reduced. The heavier the body of
the coach, more energy will be consumed
during locomotion.
2) High temperature resistant – it is a
material type which able to withstand
from extreme weather condition with
inconsistant hot and rainy climate.
3) High pressure resistant – utilized for the
transport of water and wastewater in
pressure and non-pressure systems. Glass-
reinforced plastic (GRP) is a fiber wound,
structural plastic composite made with
glass fiber and polyesterresins.
4) Corrosive resistant – FRP composites
does not rust or corrode. There are various
resin systems available to the fabricator
which provide long-term rsistance to
almost every chemical substance and
temperature environment along with long
service life as well as minimum
maintenance.[3]
5) High stress – Reinforcing fibers can be
weak and not all fibers might be equipped
for opposing the stress connected. The
framework redistributes the load and can
retain energy by deforming under stress.
Figure Tensile stress-strain [4]
6) Greater versatility – a particularly
adaptable group of composites utilized as
a part of everything fromsynthetic plant to
luxury power boats.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/materialscience-170627113108/85/Material-science-1-320.jpg)
![7) High stiffness – Accompanied by
combination of structured materials
reduces supporting frameworks where
passenger room is increased and carries
fittings readily.[2]
8) Modular construction – Interchangable
panels of composites facilitate hassle free
installation and promotes rapid fitting.[1]
9) Fire retardent nature –
Halogen-free fire retardant are a "greener"
sort of resin that produces less toxicity and
less smoke. [4]
2.2.3 Sandwich construction
Sandwich construction is a technique that
can be applied to structures which will
need to satisfy criteria such as low weight,
high strength and excellent dynamic
properties.
The construction type consist of two outer
facing layers and another inner core.
Each and every component by itself can be
delicate respectively but when it is merged
in with sandwich construction technique,
they are able to form stiff, strong and
lightweight structure.
Outer layer of the construction holds the
normal stresses in the structure, whereas
the core keeps the outer layer at constant
distance apart.
They are also capable of bearing shear
forces caused by loading and bending.[1]
Figure Sandwich construction composition
(adapted from 3LMNT Distribution [9])
Figure Sandwich construction force component
(adapted from FRAM building & sailing pages)
2.2.3.1 Sandwich construction advantage
1) Highly rigid structure is obtained
combined with higher strength to
weight ratio - FRP composites
particular have a higher strength than a
significant number of the materials
utilized as a part of consumption
applications. They can convey more
strength per unit of weight than metals
generally.[3]
2) Smoother exterior where less finishing
work will be required -
Geometrical shape and surface can
likewise be controlled as FRP is a typical
product delivered by the pultrusion
procedure. An optional procedure jumps
out at include surface disfigurements if
required for sufficient bond properties.
3) Better stability is achieved - FRP
composites keep up their shape and
usefulness, even under extreme
mechanical and natural stresses. FRP
composites ordinarily does not exhibit
viscoelastic or "cold-creep" attributes of
thermoplastics. The yield point of FRP
composites is for the most part its break
point.[3]
4) Higher load carrying capacity -
concurrent load and freeze-thaw cycling
tests would illustrate a more definitive
relationship between conditioning and
load deterioration.
5) Increased fatigue life -
Composite materials containing E-glass
fiber support have a tendency to be
substantially more delicate to ductile or
cyclic weakness stacking in the course
than fiber composites strengthened with
different fibers.
6) Acts as thermal and acoustical
insulation - creating a one of a kind
composite board which is effortlessly](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Material science
- 1. 2.0 Discussion .2.2 Composite application The stringent properties of composite material contributes to its various application in transportation field especially in railway. Composite materials are originally utilised in aerospace sector. It has effective load bearing characteristics where it offers some significant advantages to metals in many structural application. [1] Figure illustration of composite material (adapted from polymer science learning centre ) 2.2.1 Fiberglass-reinforced plastics The most common type of composite material used in railway coach is fibre reinforced plastics also known as (FRP). The strength of fiberglass- reinforced glass content of the material and the arrangement of the glass fibers. Practically the higher the weight percent of glass in the composite, the stronger the reinforced plastic is. Selection of composite material is dependent on the property requirements of the finished part. [2] Figure Fiber-reinforced plastic composite (adapted from engineering seminar topics and projects) 2.2.2 Properties of composite Some of the desirable properties that preferred to be used in railway construction are : 1) Lighter material – by using lightweight material, the energy consumption can be greatly reduced. The heavier the body of the coach, more energy will be consumed during locomotion. 2) High temperature resistant – it is a material type which able to withstand from extreme weather condition with inconsistant hot and rainy climate. 3) High pressure resistant – utilized for the transport of water and wastewater in pressure and non-pressure systems. Glass- reinforced plastic (GRP) is a fiber wound, structural plastic composite made with glass fiber and polyesterresins. 4) Corrosive resistant – FRP composites does not rust or corrode. There are various resin systems available to the fabricator which provide long-term rsistance to almost every chemical substance and temperature environment along with long service life as well as minimum maintenance.[3] 5) High stress – Reinforcing fibers can be weak and not all fibers might be equipped for opposing the stress connected. The framework redistributes the load and can retain energy by deforming under stress. Figure Tensile stress-strain [4] 6) Greater versatility – a particularly adaptable group of composites utilized as a part of everything fromsynthetic plant to luxury power boats.
- 2. 7) High stiffness – Accompanied by combination of structured materials reduces supporting frameworks where passenger room is increased and carries fittings readily.[2] 8) Modular construction – Interchangable panels of composites facilitate hassle free installation and promotes rapid fitting.[1] 9) Fire retardent nature – Halogen-free fire retardant are a "greener" sort of resin that produces less toxicity and less smoke. [4] 2.2.3 Sandwich construction Sandwich construction is a technique that can be applied to structures which will need to satisfy criteria such as low weight, high strength and excellent dynamic properties. The construction type consist of two outer facing layers and another inner core. Each and every component by itself can be delicate respectively but when it is merged in with sandwich construction technique, they are able to form stiff, strong and lightweight structure. Outer layer of the construction holds the normal stresses in the structure, whereas the core keeps the outer layer at constant distance apart. They are also capable of bearing shear forces caused by loading and bending.[1] Figure Sandwich construction composition (adapted from 3LMNT Distribution [9]) Figure Sandwich construction force component (adapted from FRAM building & sailing pages) 2.2.3.1 Sandwich construction advantage 1) Highly rigid structure is obtained combined with higher strength to weight ratio - FRP composites particular have a higher strength than a significant number of the materials utilized as a part of consumption applications. They can convey more strength per unit of weight than metals generally.[3] 2) Smoother exterior where less finishing work will be required - Geometrical shape and surface can likewise be controlled as FRP is a typical product delivered by the pultrusion procedure. An optional procedure jumps out at include surface disfigurements if required for sufficient bond properties. 3) Better stability is achieved - FRP composites keep up their shape and usefulness, even under extreme mechanical and natural stresses. FRP composites ordinarily does not exhibit viscoelastic or "cold-creep" attributes of thermoplastics. The yield point of FRP composites is for the most part its break point.[3] 4) Higher load carrying capacity - concurrent load and freeze-thaw cycling tests would illustrate a more definitive relationship between conditioning and load deterioration. 5) Increased fatigue life - Composite materials containing E-glass fiber support have a tendency to be substantially more delicate to ductile or cyclic weakness stacking in the course than fiber composites strengthened with different fibers. 6) Acts as thermal and acoustical insulation - creating a one of a kind composite board which is effortlessly
- 3. assembled, that adds to better acoustic conditions and that reduces energy loss as well as composite parts created using resins and inert filler innovation perform exceptionally well in higher temperature application. [3][4] 2.2.4 Usage in railway transportation Gear case for locomotive Modular toilet units Doors Interior walls Seating and furnishing Connecting archway Berth and chair backing panels in the coaches Undercarriage water tanks for passenger coaches Folding tables Figure Composite application in train coach (adapted from Azo material) Reference [1] TIFAC. (2009). Composites in railways - innovative applications. Retrieved December 5, 2016, from http://www.tifac.org.in/index.php?option= com_content&view=article&id=537%3Ac omposites-in-railways-innovative- applications&catid=85%3Apublications&I temid=952 [2] Salar Bagherpour (2012). Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites. . doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/48697 [3] American Composites Manufacturers Association. (2016). FRP composites
- 4. corrosion applications. Retrieved December 5, 2016, from FRP Composite Corrosion Application, http://www.corrosionresistant.org/why- specify/ [4] Grupo Preceram, & Gyptec Ibérica. (2014, December 16). SUSTAINABLE INSULATION COMPOSITE PLASTERBOARD SOLUTION – ACOUSTIC LABORATORIAL CHARACTERIZATION. Retrieved December 5, 2016, from http://www.gyptec.eu/en/documents/Gypc ork_SUSTAINABLE_INSULATION_40t h_IAHS.pdf