This document provides an overview of marketing research. It discusses the research process, including formulating the research problem, reviewing literature, developing objectives and hypotheses, preparing a research design, collecting and analyzing data. It covers various data collection methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, schedules. It also discusses probability and non-probability sampling techniques. The goal of marketing research is to systematically study marketing problems and opportunities to inform decision making.
The document discusses marketing research, defining it as the systematic process of designing, collecting, analyzing, and reporting data to address a specific marketing problem or opportunity. It outlines the marketing research process, methods used including qualitative and quantitative approaches, and common areas of focus like segmentation, product, pricing, promotion, and distribution research. The benefits of market research are highlighted as tapping into opportunities, encouraging communication, minimizing risks, and finding potential problems. Mistakes to avoid are only doing one type of research, limited research sources, not identifying the target audience, and not incentivizing consumer participation.
Here are some potential research questions and hypotheses:
Research Questions:
1. What factors contribute to job satisfaction/dissatisfaction among employees?
2. How satisfied are employees with their jobs overall?
3. Which job aspects (pay, supervision, workload etc.) are employees most/least satisfied with?
Hypotheses:
H1: Employees with higher pay will report higher job satisfaction.
H2: Employees who feel their workload is reasonable will report higher job satisfaction.
H3: Employees who rate their supervisor highly will report higher job satisfaction.
H4: Employees in departments with higher productivity will report higher job satisfaction.
H5: Longer tenure employees will report higher job satisfaction
This document discusses the 10 types of entities that marketers are involved with. It describes physical goods as tangible items like books, pens, and cars. Services are described as intangible acts like those provided by hospitals, barbers, and schools. Experiences are created by combining several services and goods, like those at Walt Disney World or haunted houses. Events are time-based occasions promoted by marketers, such as sports, music, and craft festivals. Marketers also promote persons like celebrities, places like cities and countries, properties like real estate and financial assets, ideas, and organizations. Information is also marketed in the form of schools, magazines, and internet resources.
The document discusses industrial buying behavior and the purchasing process. It describes the objectives, phases, and situations involved in organizational purchasing. The phases include recognizing needs, determining specifications, searching for suppliers, evaluating proposals, selecting suppliers, and providing feedback. Key roles in the buying center/decision-making unit are initiators, buyers, users, influencers, deciders, and gatekeepers. The purchasing objectives center around delivery, quality, price, services, relationships, and personal career goals.
Perceptual mapping is a graphic display that shows customers' perceptions of product characteristics and brands. It helps understand how customers view a company's brand compared to competitors. There are two main methods for perceptual mapping - attribute-based which uses factor analysis of product attributes, and similarity-based which uses multi-dimensional scaling of perceived brand similarities. Both have advantages and disadvantages for understanding brand perceptions.
Chapter 2 adapting marketing in the new economyGrace Asi
The document discusses how marketing and business practices have changed due to the rise of the digital economy and new technologies like the internet. It identifies key drivers of the new economy as digitalization/connectivity, disintermediation/reintermediation, customization/customerization, and industry convergence. It also explains how businesses have shifted from a product focus to a customer focus, from transactions to lifetime value, and from shareholders to stakeholders. Marketers now use e-business, websites, online ads, customer relationship management to build brands and retain customers in this new environment.
The document outlines the key steps and considerations in defining a marketing research problem and developing an approach to address it. It discusses defining the management decision problem, conducting discussions with decision-makers and experts, analyzing secondary data and qualitative research. It emphasizes properly defining the specific marketing research problem and its components before developing the research approach, which includes establishing objectives, analytical models, research questions, hypotheses and specifying the necessary information.
The document provides an overview of the consumer decision-making process, which consists of 5 stages: 1) problem recognition and need identification, 2) information search, 3) evaluation of alternatives, 4) purchase decision, and 5) post-purchase behavior. It then discusses several types of consumer buying behavior like routine, limited decision-making, extensive decision-making, impulse buying, and variety seeking. The document also outlines factors that influence each stage of the consumer decision process as well as considerations for marketers at each stage.
The document discusses marketing research, defining it as the systematic process of designing, collecting, analyzing, and reporting data to address a specific marketing problem or opportunity. It outlines the marketing research process, methods used including qualitative and quantitative approaches, and common areas of focus like segmentation, product, pricing, promotion, and distribution research. The benefits of market research are highlighted as tapping into opportunities, encouraging communication, minimizing risks, and finding potential problems. Mistakes to avoid are only doing one type of research, limited research sources, not identifying the target audience, and not incentivizing consumer participation.
Here are some potential research questions and hypotheses:
Research Questions:
1. What factors contribute to job satisfaction/dissatisfaction among employees?
2. How satisfied are employees with their jobs overall?
3. Which job aspects (pay, supervision, workload etc.) are employees most/least satisfied with?
Hypotheses:
H1: Employees with higher pay will report higher job satisfaction.
H2: Employees who feel their workload is reasonable will report higher job satisfaction.
H3: Employees who rate their supervisor highly will report higher job satisfaction.
H4: Employees in departments with higher productivity will report higher job satisfaction.
H5: Longer tenure employees will report higher job satisfaction
This document discusses the 10 types of entities that marketers are involved with. It describes physical goods as tangible items like books, pens, and cars. Services are described as intangible acts like those provided by hospitals, barbers, and schools. Experiences are created by combining several services and goods, like those at Walt Disney World or haunted houses. Events are time-based occasions promoted by marketers, such as sports, music, and craft festivals. Marketers also promote persons like celebrities, places like cities and countries, properties like real estate and financial assets, ideas, and organizations. Information is also marketed in the form of schools, magazines, and internet resources.
The document discusses industrial buying behavior and the purchasing process. It describes the objectives, phases, and situations involved in organizational purchasing. The phases include recognizing needs, determining specifications, searching for suppliers, evaluating proposals, selecting suppliers, and providing feedback. Key roles in the buying center/decision-making unit are initiators, buyers, users, influencers, deciders, and gatekeepers. The purchasing objectives center around delivery, quality, price, services, relationships, and personal career goals.
Perceptual mapping is a graphic display that shows customers' perceptions of product characteristics and brands. It helps understand how customers view a company's brand compared to competitors. There are two main methods for perceptual mapping - attribute-based which uses factor analysis of product attributes, and similarity-based which uses multi-dimensional scaling of perceived brand similarities. Both have advantages and disadvantages for understanding brand perceptions.
Chapter 2 adapting marketing in the new economyGrace Asi
The document discusses how marketing and business practices have changed due to the rise of the digital economy and new technologies like the internet. It identifies key drivers of the new economy as digitalization/connectivity, disintermediation/reintermediation, customization/customerization, and industry convergence. It also explains how businesses have shifted from a product focus to a customer focus, from transactions to lifetime value, and from shareholders to stakeholders. Marketers now use e-business, websites, online ads, customer relationship management to build brands and retain customers in this new environment.
The document outlines the key steps and considerations in defining a marketing research problem and developing an approach to address it. It discusses defining the management decision problem, conducting discussions with decision-makers and experts, analyzing secondary data and qualitative research. It emphasizes properly defining the specific marketing research problem and its components before developing the research approach, which includes establishing objectives, analytical models, research questions, hypotheses and specifying the necessary information.
The document provides an overview of the consumer decision-making process, which consists of 5 stages: 1) problem recognition and need identification, 2) information search, 3) evaluation of alternatives, 4) purchase decision, and 5) post-purchase behavior. It then discusses several types of consumer buying behavior like routine, limited decision-making, extensive decision-making, impulse buying, and variety seeking. The document also outlines factors that influence each stage of the consumer decision process as well as considerations for marketers at each stage.
This document discusses product hierarchy and product mix. It defines the 6 levels of product hierarchy from basic needs to specific items. It then discusses the concepts of product systems, product mix, product line, and the width, length, depth and consistency of a product mix. It provides examples of line stretching, line filling, and line pruning as strategies to manage a product line. Finally, it outlines 5 product mix strategies including expansion, contraction, alteration, new uses, and trading up/down.
Introduction to Consumer Behaviour; Consumer Behaviour
and Marketing Strategy; Consumer Involvement – Levels
of involvement, and Decision Making
Consumer Decision Process – Stages in Decision Process,
Information Search Process; Evaluative Criteria and
Decision Rules, Consumer Motivation – Types of Consumer
Needs, Ways of Motivating Consumers. Information
Processing and Consumer Perception.
Consumer Attitudes and Attitude Change; Influence of
Personality and Self Concept on Buying Behaviour,
Psychographics and Lifestyles, Impuse Buying.
Diffusion of Innovation and Opinion Leadership, Family
Decision Making, Influence of Reference Group
Industrial Buying Behaviour– Process and factors, Models
of Consumer Behaviour – Harward Seth, Nicosia, E& D,
Economic Model; Introduction to Consumer Behaviour
Audit; Consumer Behaviour Studies in India
The document outlines the 8 stages of new product development: 1) Idea generation, 2) Idea screening, 3) Concept development and testing, 4) Marketing strategy development, 5) Business analysis, 6) Product development, 7) Test marketing, and 8) Commercialization. It describes each stage in the process and notes that new product development requires significant investment but is necessary for a firm's survival as new products are their means of growth. The overall process transforms product ideas into commercially viable products through evaluation, testing, and market launch.
This document discusses product decisions, including the three levels of product classification. It defines products and services, and describes how consumer and industrial products are classified. Consumer products are further broken down into convenience products, shopping products, specialty products, and unsought products. The document also discusses quality dimensions for goods and services, branding decisions, packaging decisions, managing product lines, new product development strategies and processes, and the product life cycle model.
In this part, we define and classify marketing research and set out a six-step marketing research process. We discuss the nature and scope of marketing research and explain its role in decision support system.
Marketing research, Role of Marketing Research and Marketing Research ProcessShashiPrabhat2
Hello, friends
This PPT includes the explanation of Marketing Research, Role of Marketing Research and Marketing Research Process or Steps of Marketing Research.
Here you will get the definition of Marketing Research according to American Marketing Association.
If you are getting any doubt, you email me at: shashiprabhat566@gmail.com
This document discusses key concepts related to product decisions in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by defining the concept of a product and characteristics of products. It then discusses levels of a product, classification of pharmaceutical products, and the product life cycle. It also covers product mix, branding, packaging, and labeling. Specifically, it notes that pharmaceutical products go through introduction, growth, maturity, and decline phases in their life cycle. It also outlines roles and responsibilities of product managers in the pharmaceutical industry in making product-related decisions and strategies.
Industrial buying decisions are influenced by environmental, organizational, interpersonal, and individual factors. Environmental factors include economic conditions, technological changes, politics/regulations, and competition. Organizational factors comprise a company's objectives, policies, procedures, structure, and systems. Interpersonal factors stem from relationships between buying center participants and their ability to influence one another. Individual factors relate to personal characteristics like age, income, education, job role, personality, and risk attitudes.
This document discusses various concepts related to products, including:
1) It defines what a product is and discusses 5 levels of products with examples.
2) It covers classification of consumer and industrial products and ways to differentiate products and services.
3) Other concepts covered include the product hierarchy, product systems and mixes, product line decisions involving line stretching and modernization, and approaches to product mix pricing.
4) Examples discussed include product mixes and lines for companies like AMUL and Suzuki.
The document discusses industrial buying behavior and processes. It begins by explaining how industrial buying differs from consumer buying in that it involves the purchase of machinery, materials, and services for organizational use rather than direct consumption. Industrial buying is a complex process that typically involves multiple participants in the buying center, including initiators, users, influencers, and gatekeepers. There are three main types of industrial buying situations: straight rebuy, modified rebuy, and new tasks. The buying process generally involves recognizing needs, specifying requirements, searching for suppliers, analyzing proposals, selecting suppliers, and post-purchase evaluation. Decision making power is shared among a decision-making unit (DMU) comprising various roles within the organization. Key factors that influence
Personality and self concept- Studying Consumer Behaviour Nupur Agarwal
Personality and Self Concept are important parameters while studying consumer behaviour. It helps us understand the market behavioural pattern and trends.
This document discusses consumer research methods. It explains that consumer research aims to understand consumer purchase decisions and predict behavior. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are used. Quantitative research uses experiments, surveys and observations to collect large, generalizable data, while qualitative research uses depth interviews, focus groups and projective techniques to gain insights into consumer motivations from smaller samples. The consumer research process involves defining objectives, collecting secondary data, designing primary studies, collecting and analyzing primary data, and reporting findings.
Industrial marketing (or business-to-business marketing) is the marketing of goods and services by one business to another. Industrial goods are those an industry uses to produce an end product from one or more raw materials.
The document discusses several models of consumer decision making and buying behavior, including the Howard-Sheth model, Engel-Blackwell-Miniard model, and Nicosia model. It also covers the diffusion of innovations process and the adoption curve, as well as factors that influence e-buying behavior compared to traditional retail shopping.
Ms. Cheritha, the advertising manager for Chemical Topics magazine, is responsible for selling advertising space. The magazine is distributed solely by subscription to engineers and technical professionals in the chemical processing industry. Major advertisers are companies that produce chemical processing equipment.
Ms. Cheritha wants to collect more detailed data on the readership to provide more value to potential advertisers. She has circulation figures but believes they understate the exposure of ads since issues are likely shared with others in a subscriber's firm. She wants to determine the size of this "secondary audience" and gather more reader details like education, job role, and hierarchy level.
The document outlines the consumer research process, which includes 6 major steps: 1) defining research objectives, 2) collecting secondary data, 3) designing primary research studies, 4) collecting primary data, 5) analyzing the data, and 6) preparing a report of findings. It discusses collecting both secondary data from internal and external sources, as well as designing primary research through quantitative methods like surveys and experiments or qualitative methods like in-depth interviews and focus groups. The process concludes with sampling and collecting data, analyzing the results, and reporting key findings.
The document discusses the concept of products. It defines a product as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. It then discusses the meaning, features, levels, and classification of products. Products can be classified based on tangibility, durability, user type as consumer or industrial goods, and social benefit. The document also discusses product mix decisions, product line appraisal, and product hierarchy.
The document discusses different types of sales organizations including line, line and staff, functional, and horizontal organizations. It provides the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each type. Additionally, it covers specialization within sales organizations which can be done based on geography, product type, market, or a combination. Different examples of geographic, product, market, and combination specialized sales organizations are described.
Marketing Research and Competitive IntelligenceAugust Jackson
Social networks, big data and the semantic web are changing the practices of competitive intelligence and marketing research. These two professional practices can learn from one another to adapt and thrive in the face of these changes.
Marketing research involves collecting, organizing, analyzing, and communicating information to make informed marketing decisions. It helps complement marketing strategies by enabling educated decisions on target markets, branding, and products/services. Key steps include defining problems, collecting primary and secondary data, analyzing and interpreting data, reaching conclusions, and implementing findings. Online research assists with various phases using computer networks and the Internet. Market research agencies in India provide specialized services across industries.
This document discusses product hierarchy and product mix. It defines the 6 levels of product hierarchy from basic needs to specific items. It then discusses the concepts of product systems, product mix, product line, and the width, length, depth and consistency of a product mix. It provides examples of line stretching, line filling, and line pruning as strategies to manage a product line. Finally, it outlines 5 product mix strategies including expansion, contraction, alteration, new uses, and trading up/down.
Introduction to Consumer Behaviour; Consumer Behaviour
and Marketing Strategy; Consumer Involvement – Levels
of involvement, and Decision Making
Consumer Decision Process – Stages in Decision Process,
Information Search Process; Evaluative Criteria and
Decision Rules, Consumer Motivation – Types of Consumer
Needs, Ways of Motivating Consumers. Information
Processing and Consumer Perception.
Consumer Attitudes and Attitude Change; Influence of
Personality and Self Concept on Buying Behaviour,
Psychographics and Lifestyles, Impuse Buying.
Diffusion of Innovation and Opinion Leadership, Family
Decision Making, Influence of Reference Group
Industrial Buying Behaviour– Process and factors, Models
of Consumer Behaviour – Harward Seth, Nicosia, E& D,
Economic Model; Introduction to Consumer Behaviour
Audit; Consumer Behaviour Studies in India
The document outlines the 8 stages of new product development: 1) Idea generation, 2) Idea screening, 3) Concept development and testing, 4) Marketing strategy development, 5) Business analysis, 6) Product development, 7) Test marketing, and 8) Commercialization. It describes each stage in the process and notes that new product development requires significant investment but is necessary for a firm's survival as new products are their means of growth. The overall process transforms product ideas into commercially viable products through evaluation, testing, and market launch.
This document discusses product decisions, including the three levels of product classification. It defines products and services, and describes how consumer and industrial products are classified. Consumer products are further broken down into convenience products, shopping products, specialty products, and unsought products. The document also discusses quality dimensions for goods and services, branding decisions, packaging decisions, managing product lines, new product development strategies and processes, and the product life cycle model.
In this part, we define and classify marketing research and set out a six-step marketing research process. We discuss the nature and scope of marketing research and explain its role in decision support system.
Marketing research, Role of Marketing Research and Marketing Research ProcessShashiPrabhat2
Hello, friends
This PPT includes the explanation of Marketing Research, Role of Marketing Research and Marketing Research Process or Steps of Marketing Research.
Here you will get the definition of Marketing Research according to American Marketing Association.
If you are getting any doubt, you email me at: shashiprabhat566@gmail.com
This document discusses key concepts related to product decisions in the pharmaceutical industry. It begins by defining the concept of a product and characteristics of products. It then discusses levels of a product, classification of pharmaceutical products, and the product life cycle. It also covers product mix, branding, packaging, and labeling. Specifically, it notes that pharmaceutical products go through introduction, growth, maturity, and decline phases in their life cycle. It also outlines roles and responsibilities of product managers in the pharmaceutical industry in making product-related decisions and strategies.
Industrial buying decisions are influenced by environmental, organizational, interpersonal, and individual factors. Environmental factors include economic conditions, technological changes, politics/regulations, and competition. Organizational factors comprise a company's objectives, policies, procedures, structure, and systems. Interpersonal factors stem from relationships between buying center participants and their ability to influence one another. Individual factors relate to personal characteristics like age, income, education, job role, personality, and risk attitudes.
This document discusses various concepts related to products, including:
1) It defines what a product is and discusses 5 levels of products with examples.
2) It covers classification of consumer and industrial products and ways to differentiate products and services.
3) Other concepts covered include the product hierarchy, product systems and mixes, product line decisions involving line stretching and modernization, and approaches to product mix pricing.
4) Examples discussed include product mixes and lines for companies like AMUL and Suzuki.
The document discusses industrial buying behavior and processes. It begins by explaining how industrial buying differs from consumer buying in that it involves the purchase of machinery, materials, and services for organizational use rather than direct consumption. Industrial buying is a complex process that typically involves multiple participants in the buying center, including initiators, users, influencers, and gatekeepers. There are three main types of industrial buying situations: straight rebuy, modified rebuy, and new tasks. The buying process generally involves recognizing needs, specifying requirements, searching for suppliers, analyzing proposals, selecting suppliers, and post-purchase evaluation. Decision making power is shared among a decision-making unit (DMU) comprising various roles within the organization. Key factors that influence
Personality and self concept- Studying Consumer Behaviour Nupur Agarwal
Personality and Self Concept are important parameters while studying consumer behaviour. It helps us understand the market behavioural pattern and trends.
This document discusses consumer research methods. It explains that consumer research aims to understand consumer purchase decisions and predict behavior. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are used. Quantitative research uses experiments, surveys and observations to collect large, generalizable data, while qualitative research uses depth interviews, focus groups and projective techniques to gain insights into consumer motivations from smaller samples. The consumer research process involves defining objectives, collecting secondary data, designing primary studies, collecting and analyzing primary data, and reporting findings.
Industrial marketing (or business-to-business marketing) is the marketing of goods and services by one business to another. Industrial goods are those an industry uses to produce an end product from one or more raw materials.
The document discusses several models of consumer decision making and buying behavior, including the Howard-Sheth model, Engel-Blackwell-Miniard model, and Nicosia model. It also covers the diffusion of innovations process and the adoption curve, as well as factors that influence e-buying behavior compared to traditional retail shopping.
Ms. Cheritha, the advertising manager for Chemical Topics magazine, is responsible for selling advertising space. The magazine is distributed solely by subscription to engineers and technical professionals in the chemical processing industry. Major advertisers are companies that produce chemical processing equipment.
Ms. Cheritha wants to collect more detailed data on the readership to provide more value to potential advertisers. She has circulation figures but believes they understate the exposure of ads since issues are likely shared with others in a subscriber's firm. She wants to determine the size of this "secondary audience" and gather more reader details like education, job role, and hierarchy level.
The document outlines the consumer research process, which includes 6 major steps: 1) defining research objectives, 2) collecting secondary data, 3) designing primary research studies, 4) collecting primary data, 5) analyzing the data, and 6) preparing a report of findings. It discusses collecting both secondary data from internal and external sources, as well as designing primary research through quantitative methods like surveys and experiments or qualitative methods like in-depth interviews and focus groups. The process concludes with sampling and collecting data, analyzing the results, and reporting key findings.
The document discusses the concept of products. It defines a product as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. It then discusses the meaning, features, levels, and classification of products. Products can be classified based on tangibility, durability, user type as consumer or industrial goods, and social benefit. The document also discusses product mix decisions, product line appraisal, and product hierarchy.
The document discusses different types of sales organizations including line, line and staff, functional, and horizontal organizations. It provides the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each type. Additionally, it covers specialization within sales organizations which can be done based on geography, product type, market, or a combination. Different examples of geographic, product, market, and combination specialized sales organizations are described.
Marketing Research and Competitive IntelligenceAugust Jackson
Social networks, big data and the semantic web are changing the practices of competitive intelligence and marketing research. These two professional practices can learn from one another to adapt and thrive in the face of these changes.
Marketing research involves collecting, organizing, analyzing, and communicating information to make informed marketing decisions. It helps complement marketing strategies by enabling educated decisions on target markets, branding, and products/services. Key steps include defining problems, collecting primary and secondary data, analyzing and interpreting data, reaching conclusions, and implementing findings. Online research assists with various phases using computer networks and the Internet. Market research agencies in India provide specialized services across industries.
This document provides an overview of decision support systems and marketing research. It discusses key concepts such as marketing intelligence, decision support systems, marketing databases, and the roles and steps of marketing research. The three main roles of marketing research are described as descriptive, diagnostic, and predictive. Various research methods like surveys, experiments, observation, and secondary data are also summarized.
Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa) Fruit Extract as a perfumeJulienne Mae Potonia
The study aims to develop a natural perfume using calamansi fruit extract as a substitute for chemicals. Calamansi is abundant in the Philippines and contains citric acid, shown to have aromatic properties. The study will test perfumes with 25, 30, and 45 mg/ml of calamansi extract on subjects, comparing fragrance and price to commercial perfumes. It is hypothesized that calamansi extract can effectively substitute for chemicals in perfumes. The study seeks to benefit the environment, health, and Filipino economy by providing a natural alternative to traditional perfumes.
Marketing research involves the systematic design, collection, analysis and reporting of data to help solve specific marketing problems. It uses both primary and secondary data collected through various methods like questionnaires, interviews and observations. The data is then analyzed using statistical tools to help marketing managers make better decisions regarding segmentation, targeting, and developing effective marketing strategies and programs.
The document discusses marketing research, including its definition as the systematic identification, collection, analysis, and dissemination of information to improve marketing decision-making. It outlines the marketing research process and different types of marketing research problems. Problem identification research helps identify unknown issues, while problem-solving research addresses specific problems. The role of marketing research in the process of marketing decision making is also described.
The document provides an overview of marketing research, including definitions, classifications, processes, roles, careers, and ethics. It defines marketing research as the systematic identification, collection, analysis, and use of information to improve marketing decision-making. It then classifies marketing research into problem identification research and problem-solving research, providing examples of each. Finally, it discusses the marketing research process, industry, careers, and ethics considerations.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It begins by defining measurement and scaling, and describes four levels of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It then explains different scaling techniques, including comparative techniques like paired comparison scales and rank order scales, as well as non-comparative techniques like Likert scales. The document provides examples to illustrate each scaling technique and discusses how to select the appropriate technique for a given research problem.
Market Research - Course Slides
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
-Marketing Research
-Types of Market Research
-Research Methods
2.Qualitative Research Methods
- Focus Groups
- Depth Interview
- Projective Techniques
- Comparison of Qualitative Techniques
3. Observation Methods
4. Survey: Measurement and Scaling
- Intorduction
- Comparative Scales
- Non-comparative Scales
- Multi-item Scales
- Reliability and Validity
5.Questionnaire
- Asking Questions
- Overcoming Inability to Answer
- Overcoming Unwillingness to Answer
- Increasing Willingness of Respondents
- Determining the Order of Questions
- What’s Next?
6.Sampling
- Non-probability Sampling
- Probability Sampling
- Choosing Non-Probability vs. Probability Sampling
- Sample Size
7. Data Analysis: A Concise Overview of Statistical Techniques
- Descriptive Statistics: Some Popular Displays of Data
- Organizing Qualitative Data
- Organizing Quantitative Data
- Summarizing Data Numerically
- Cross-Tabulations
- Inferential Statistics: Can the results be generalized to population?
- Hypothesis Testing
- Strength of a Relationship in Cross-Tabulation
- Describing the Relationship Between Two (Ratio Scaled) Variables
8. Advanced Techniques of Market Analysis: A Brief Overview of Some Useful Concepts
- Conjoint Analysis
- Market Simulations
- Market Segmentation
- Perceptual Positioning Maps
9. Reporting Results
In 3 sentences:
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts like research objectives, types of research, research approaches, and the scientific steps of research including developing research questions, conducting a literature review, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The document also covers formulating hypotheses and research design to systematically study research problems.
This document outlines the steps involved in conducting research. It defines research as a quest for knowledge through diligent investigation aimed at discovering new information. The key steps discussed are: 1) formulating a research problem and objectives, 2) conducting a literature review, 3) developing a research design, 4) collecting and analyzing data, 5) generalizing and interpreting results, and 6) reporting findings. Ethical considerations are also discussed, such as avoiding bias, using appropriate methods, and correctly reporting results. The overall purpose of research is to systematically investigate a problem to expand understanding and knowledge.
This document discusses the steps involved in conducting research. It begins by defining research and outlining its purposes such as building knowledge and increasing public awareness. It then describes the basic structure of a research paper as introduction, methods, results and discussion. The next sections explain each step of conducting research in detail, including identifying the research problem, literature review, specifying the research purpose and questions, developing hypotheses, choosing an appropriate methodology, collecting and verifying data, analyzing and interpreting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are discussed. The importance of verification strategies in ensuring the reliability and validity of research findings is also highlighted.
The document provides information on business research methods. It defines business research as research conducted in areas related to business such as general management, finance, marketing, etc. The purpose of business research is to acquire detailed information on all areas of business to help maximize sales and profits. The document then outlines the 10 step research process, which includes formulating the research problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and preparing a report. It also discusses research objectives, sources of research problems, characteristics of research problems vs hypotheses, and how to formulate a hypothesis.
writing research proposal (education).pptxDrAmanSaxena
The document outlines the key steps in formulating a research proposal, including:
1) Formulating the research problem by defining the purpose, scope, and variables of interest.
2) Conducting a literature review to understand previous work and identify gaps.
3) Developing research questions and objectives to guide the study.
4) Designing a methodology including selecting a research design, developing hypotheses, sampling approach, and data collection methods.
5) Analyzing data and writing a research report to communicate findings.
The document outlines the key steps in the research process:
1) Establish the need for research and define the problem.
2) Conduct an extensive literature review to understand previous work.
3) Formulate clear research objectives and questions.
4) Determine an appropriate research design including data collection methods.
5) Collect, analyze, and interpret the data to draw conclusions and answer the research questions.
Research/thesis for post graduate students in dentistry.Shivangi Shreya
This document provides an overview of key aspects of research, including:
- Definitions of research as finding answers to unanswered questions or a scientific search for information on a topic.
- Types of research such as descriptive, analytical, applied, basic, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical.
- Research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research.
- Key parts of the research process including developing a research methodology, designing the study, formulating research questions and hypotheses, developing a research protocol, and interpreting results.
- Principles of research design for different types of studies.
The document outlines considerations for all stages of the research process from selecting a topic to analyzing
This document discusses research methodology and provides guidelines for conducting research. It defines key terms like methodology, method, and research. It outlines the typical steps in the scientific research process, including formulating objectives and hypotheses, preparing a research design, and designing experiments. It also describes different types of research like exploratory, descriptive, analytical and predictive research. The document emphasizes the importance of reviewing existing literature and provides tips for doing so. Overall, it provides an overview of developing and planning a research study using proper scientific methodology.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR UNDERGRADUATES.pptxROBIN VAVACHAN
Embarking on the journey of research as undergraduates is both exciting and challenging. This presentation introduces the fundamental principles of research methodology, offering a roadmap for undergraduates to navigate the complexities of academic inquiry.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses definitions of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It covers research design principles like defining variables and controlling for extraneous factors. It also outlines different research designs for exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies. Sample design concepts involving probability and non-probability sampling are presented. Methods of primary data collection like observation, interviews and questionnaires are explained. Finally, it provides guidance on constructing questionnaires and successful interviewing techniques.
The document provides an overview of business research methodology. It discusses key concepts like research methodology, objectives of research, scope of business research, and the research process. The research process involves 8 steps - identifying the problem, evaluating literature, creating hypotheses, designing the research, describing the population, collecting data, analyzing data, and report writing. It also outlines different types of research based on objectives, outcomes, logic, process, inquiry mode, and concepts. The document serves as a useful introduction to research methodology for business students.
The document provides an overview of the key aspects of research methodology, including defining the research problem, reviewing relevant literature, formulating the research design, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. It discusses the importance of clearly specifying the research purpose and objectives and developing a conceptual framework based on an understanding of relevant theories and concepts. The stages of the research process from defining the problem to reporting outcomes are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of research design and methods of data collection in research. It discusses key aspects of research design including defining variables, developing hypotheses, and different types of designs for exploratory, descriptive, and experimental studies. It also covers sampling design, important concepts in sample design, and different sampling techniques. Finally, it discusses primary and secondary data, and different methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides guidelines for developing good questionnaires and conducting successful interviews.
The document discusses key aspects of research methodology including defining research, the research process, types of research, and approaches to research. It provides details on topics like the objectives and significance of research, as well as the various steps involved in the research process such as developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Additionally, it differentiates between qualitative and quantitative research, and explores conceptual versus empirical research.
This document outlines the 7 key steps in the research process: 1) identifying a problem, 2) reviewing literature, 3) setting objectives and hypotheses, 4) choosing a study design, 5) collecting data, 6) processing and analyzing data, and 7) writing a report. It provides details on each step, including how to identify a research problem versus a non-research problem, review existing literature, develop objectives and hypotheses, choose an appropriate design, collect and analyze data, and structure a research report. The overall process is meant to guide researchers in conducting thorough scientific studies.
This document provides an overview of different research designs. It begins with defining key terms like research, research design, and research process. It then outlines both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. For qualitative approaches, it describes narrative research, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs. For quantitative approaches, it explains experimental, correlational, survey, and action research designs. It provides details on the purpose, processes, and conclusions that can be drawn from these different research methodologies.
Part A- Research – Meaning, Scope and Significance, Type of Research, Research process, Characteristics of good research, Scientific method,
Part B- Research Design- Concept and importance of research design, Qualitative and quantitative research.
Part C- Exploratory research-Concept, Types, and uses. Descriptive research- Concept, Types, and uses.
Part D- Experimental research design. Concepts of independent and dependent variables.
The research process involves several key steps:
1) Formulating a research problem and questions to address;
2) Conducting an extensive literature review to understand previous work and focus the research;
3) Developing objectives, a research design, and data collection plan;
4) Collecting and analyzing data; and
5) Reporting results and conclusions.
research process in nursing nursing process.ppsxlovedhaliwal1
The document outlines the key objectives and steps of the research process. The objectives of research include discovering new facts, verifying important facts, analyzing phenomena, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, developing new tools and theories, and solving problems. The research process involves exploration, literature review, research design, execution, and following up. It describes each step, including formulating research questions, reviewing literature, designing studies, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The overall goal is to systematically investigate research problems and add to scientific knowledge.
This document outlines the course description and topics to be covered in a research methodology course at University of Taibah Department of Biology. The 15-week course covers various stages of scientific research including identifying problems, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and scientific writing and publication. It also includes training sessions on formulating hypotheses, presenting data, and identifying correct and incorrect examples of scientific writing. The course aims to equip students with the necessary skills to conduct scientific research properly and ethically.
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3. Research is a structured enquiry that utilizes acceptable
scientific methodology to solve problems and create new
knowledge that is generally applicable.
When you say that you are undertaking a research study to
find answers to a question, you are implying that the
process;
1. is being undertaken within a framework of a set of
philosophies ( approaches);
2. uses procedures, methods and techniques that have
been tested for their validity and reliability;
3. is designed to be unbiased and objective .
• The word research is composed of two syllables, re and
search. re is a prefix meaning again, anew or over again
• search is a verb meaning to examine closely and carefully,
to test and try, or to probe.
4. Objectives of research
• To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights
into it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or
formulative research studies);
• 2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group
• (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research
studies);
• 3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or
with which it is associated with something else (studies with this
object in view are known as diagnostic research studies);
• 4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables
(such studies are known as
• hypothesis-testing research studies).
5. Marketing research
• Market research:
Researching the immediate
competitive environment
of the market place, incl.
customers, suppliers
competitors distributors
and retailers.
Marketing research:
Includes the above plus,
companies and strategies
for products and markets,
the wider environment in
which the firm operates.
6. • Definition: it is the systematic design, collection,
analysis and reporting of data and findings
relevant to a specific marketing situation facing
the company.
• Purpose:
It reduces uncertainty or error in decision making.
the information collected by conducting
marketing research is used for problem solving
and decision making in various areas of
marketing.
7. Marketing research helps the marketing
manager to
1. Identify and define marketing problems and
opportunities
2. Understand markets and customers and
reliable prediction about them
3. Develop marketing strategies
4. Facilitate efficient expenditure of funds
5. Monitor marketing performance.
8. Applications of MR
• Marketing research activities can be divided into
four main strategic categories:
Market analysis
- identifying and evaluating opportunities
- competitive analysis
Market segmentation
- analysing market segments and selecting target
markets
Marketing strategy design
- planning and implementing a marketing mix
Analysing marketing performance
10. Steps in Research Process:
1. Formulating the Research Problem
2. Extensive Literature Review
3. Developing the objectives
4. Preparing the Research Design including Sample Design
5. Collecting the Data
6. Analysis of Data
7. Generalisation and Interpretation
8. Preparation of the Report or Presentation of
Results-Formal write ups of conclusions reached.
12. Formulating a research problem:
It is the first and most crucial step in the research process
- Main function is to decide what you want to find out about.
- The way you formulate a problem determines almost every step that
follows.
There are two types of research problems, viz., those which relate to states of
nature and those which relate to relationships between variables. At the
very outset the researcher must single out the problem he wants to study
Sources of research problems
Research in social sciences revolves around four Ps:
• People- a group of individuals
• Problems- examine the existence of certain issues or problems
relating to their lives; to ascertain attitude of a group of people
towards an issue
• Programs- to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention
• Phenomena- to establish the existence of a regularity.
13. The researcher must at the same time examine all available literature
to get himself acquainted with the selected problem. He may
review two types of literature—the conceptual literature
concerning the concepts and theories, and the empirical literature
consisting of studies made earlier
• Steps in formulation of a research problem :
• Working through these steps presupposes a reasonable level of
knowledge in the broad subject area within which the study is to be
undertaken. Without such knowledge it is difficult to clearly and
ade uatel disse t a su je t a ea.
• Step 1 Identify a broad field or subject area of interest to you.
• Step 2 Dissect the broad area into sub areas.
• Step 3 Select what is of most interest to you.
• Step 4 Raise research questions.
• Step 5 Formulate objectives.
• Step 6 Assess your objectives.
• Step 7 Double check.
14. • So far we have focused on the basis of your
study, the research problem. But every study
in social sciences has a second element, the
study population from whom the required
information to find answers to your research
questions is obtained.
• As you narrow the research problem, similarly
you need to decide very specifically who
constitutes your study population, in order to
select the appropriate respondents.
15. Review of literature:
Once the problem is formulated, a brief summary of it should be
written down. At this juncture the researcher should undertake
extensive literature survey connected with the problem. The earlier
studies, if any, which are similar to the study in hand should be
carefully studied. A good library will be a great help to the
researcher at this stage.
• -Reviewing literature can be time-consuming, daunting and
frustrating, but is also
• rewarding. Its functions are:
• a. Bring clarity and focus to your research problem;
• b. Improve your methodology;
• c. Broaden your knowledge;
• d. Contextualise your findings.
16. • Procedure for reviewing the literature:
i) search for existing literature in your area of study;
ii) review the literature selected;
iii) develop a theoretical framework;
iv) develop a conceptual framework.
Next compile a bibliography for this broad area.
Sources are:
1. books
2.journals
17. • The formulation of objectives:
Objectives are the goals you set out to attain in
your study.
-They inform a reader what you want to attain
through the study.
-It is extremely important to word them clearly
and specifically.
Objectives should be listed under two headings:
a) main objectives ( aims);
b) sub-objectives
18. . Development of working hypotheses: After extensive
literature survey, researcher should state in clear terms
the working hypothesis or hypotheses. Working
hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to
draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences
• a) Discussions with colleagues and experts about the
problem, its origin and the objectives in seeking a
solution;
• (b) Examination of data and records, if available,
concerning the problem for possible trends,
peculiarities and other clues;
• (c) Review of similar studies in the area or of the
studies on similar problems; and
• (d) Exploratory personal investigation
19. Preparing the research design: The research
problem having been formulated in clear cut
terms, the researcher will be required to prepare
a research design, i.e., he will have to state the
conceptual structure within which research
would be conducted.
• A plan or strategy for conducting the research
• Spells out the basic strategies that researchers
adopt to develop evidence that is accurate and
interpretable.
• Deals with matters such as selecting participants
for the research and preparing for data collection.
20. The preparation of the research design, appropriate
for a particular research problem, involves usually
the consideration of the following:
(i) the means of obtaining the information;
(ii) the availability and skills of the researcher and
his staff (if any);
(iii) explanation of the way in which selected
means of obtaining information will be organised
and the reasoning leading to the selection;
(iv) the time available for research; and
(v) the cost factor relating to research, i.e., the
finance available for the purpose.
21. Purposes of Research Design
1. To provide answers to research questions
2. To control variance
Research purposes may be grouped into four
categories, viz., (i) Exploration, (ii) Description,
(iii) Diagnosis, and (iv) Experimentation
There are several research designs, such as,
experimental and non-experimental hypothesis
testing. Experimental designs can be either
informal designs (such as before-and-after
without control, after-only with control, before-
and-after with control) or formal designs (such as
completely randomized design, randomized block
design
22. TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. Experimental research – involves manipulating
condition and studying effects – (IPO-Input-
Process-Output)
2. Correlational research – involves studying
relationship s among variables within a single
group, and frequently suggests the possibility of
cause and effect.
3. Survey research – involves describing the
characteristics of a group by means of such
instruments as interview schedules,
questionnaires, and tests.
23. This threefold classification is especially useful for
describing the design with respect to internal
validity.
A randomized experiment generally is the
strongest of the three designs when your interest
is in establishing a cause-effect relationship.
A non-experiment is generally the weakest in this
respect only to internal validity or causal
assessment.
In fact, the simplest form of non-experiment is a
one-shot survey design that consists of nothing
but a single observation O.
The most common forms of research descriptive
ones
24. Research Types under Quantitative &
Qualitative
• Quantitative
• Experimental Research
• Single-Subject Research
• Correlational Research
• Causal-Comparative
Research
• Survey Research
• Qualitative
• Ethnographic Research
• Historical Research
26. Data collection methods
Data is the collected information for the research
purposes. Data can be qualified and quantified data.
The data can be collected in two types.
It can be classified into primary data and secondary data.
Primary data can be collected either through experiment
or through survey. If the researcher conducts an
experiment, he observes some quantitative
measurements, or the data, with the help of which he
examines the truth contained in his hypothesis.
29. • OBSERVATION METHOD:
This method is the most commonly used
methods. This method implies the collection
of i fo atio a of i estigato s o
observation. The information obtained relates
to what is currently happening and is not
complicated by either the past behavior or
future intentions or attitudes of respondents.
It may be of two types:
Structured observation
Unstructured observation
31. • If the units to be observed and methods are
defined then its structured observation.
• If the above points are not fulfilled then they
are termed as unstructured observation or
random observation.
• If the observer observes by making himself
the member of the group he is observing then
it is termed as participant observation
• If the observer observes with out any attempt
to participate in the group then it is termed as
non participant observation.
32. • If the researcher observes in a manner that his
presence is unknown to the people he is
observing it is termed as disguised
observation.
• If the observation takes place in a natural
setting then it is termed as uncontrolled
observation.
• If the observation takes place according to pre
arranged plans then it is termed as controlled
observation. Generally controlled
observations take place in controlled
conditions in laboratories.
34. INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE:
This method of collecting data involves oral verbal
responses.
This method can be of personal interview or telephone
interview.
Personal interview:
The interview method of collecting data requires oral
verbal responses. This requires a person known as
the interviewer asking questions in a face to face
manner. This is mostly carried out in a structured way
hence called as structured interview.
Unstructured interviews do not require a pre
determined questions and techniques of recording
information.
35. Focussed interview is meant to focus attention
on the given experience of the respondent
and its effects.
Clinical interview is concerned with broad
feelings and motivations in the real life
experiences of the respondent.
In case of non directive interview the
i te ie e s fu tio is to liste
encouraging the respondent to talk about a
given topic with out or less questions.
36. Questionnaires:
This method is quite popular in case of big
enquiries. It is adopted by private individuals,
research workers, organisations including
government organisations. The questionnaire
is sent to the persons with a request to
answer it and return them.
It involves less cost and gives times for
respondents to answer.
This method may be time consuming and less
rate of return of the questionnaires.
37. Main aspects of a questionnaire:
General form
Question sequence
Question formulation and wording
The size of the questionnaire should be small
Personal questions should be avoided
Questions should be easy
Questions may be multiple choice or open
ended.
38. Schedules:
• Under this method the enumerators are
appointed and given training.
• They are provided with schedules containing
relevant questions.
• These enumerators go to respondents with
these schedules.
• Data are collected by filling up the schedules
by enumerators on the basis of replies given
by respondents
39. COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data means data that are already available.
Some one else has already collected and analysed
them. When researcher uses secondary data he has
to look for various sources. Secondary data may be
published or unpublished.(تنشر لم أو )نشر
Published data are available in,
Publications of governments
Technical and trade journals
Reports of various associations
Reports of research scholars
Publications of industry bank and other companies
Public records and statistics
40. Secondary data should have following
characteristics
Reliability of data
Suitability of data
Adequacy of data
42. When conducting research, it is almost always
impossible to study the entire population that you
are interested in. when field studies are undertaken
in practical life then it makes us choose a few
respondents.()المستجيبين
The respondents selected should be a representative of
the total population.
The selected respondents are called a sample and the
process is called sampling technique.
43. What is a sample( ?)عين
A sample is a subset of the population being
studied. It represents the larger population
and is used to draw inferences about that
population. It is a research technique widely
used in the social sciences as a way to gather
information about a population without
having to measure the entire population.
44. Characteristics of a good sample design:
Sample design should make a truly representative
sample
Errors should be less
Should be systematic and controlled in a better way.
Steps in sample design:
• Type of universe
• Sampling unit
• Source list
• Size of the sample
• Budget
• Sampling procedure
46. Probability Sampling Techniques
Probability sampling is a sampling technique
where the samples are gathered in a process
that gives all the individuals in the population
equal chances of being selected.
Also known as random sampling or chance
sampling
It is like a lottery method( نصي الي )طريق in which
individuals are picked up from the whole
group.
47. Random sampling may be
Simple random sampling or complex random
sampling.
The simple random sample
• The basic sampling method assumed in statistical
methods and computations.
• The main benefit of the simple random sample is
that each member of the population has an equal
chance of being chosen.
• This means that it guarantees that the sample
chosen is representative of the population.
48. Complex random sampling techniques
Systematic sample
The elements of the population are put into a
list and then every kth element in the list is
chosen (systematically) for inclusion in the
sample.
For example, if the population of study
contained 2,000 students in a college and the
researcher wanted a sample of 100 students,
the students would be put into list form and
then every 20th student would be selected for
inclusion in the sample.
49. Stratified Sample.()تراصف
A stratified sample is a sampling technique in which the
researcher divided the entire target population into different
subgroups, or strata.
Then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the
different strata.
This type of sampling is used when the researcher wants to
highlight specific subgroups within the population.
For example, to obtain a stratified sample of university students,
the researcher would first organize the population by college
class and then select appropriate numbers of freshers,
juniors, and seniors. This ensures that the researcher has
adequate amounts of subjects from each class in the final
sample.
50. Cluster Sample.()جماعة
Cluster sampling may be used when it is either impossible or
impractical to compile an exhaustive list of the elements that
make up the target population.
the population elements are already grouped into
subpopulations and lists of those subpopulations already exist
or can be created.
Fo e a ple, let s sa the ta get populatio i a stud as
working people in the United States. There is no list of all in
the country.
The researcher could, however, create a list of churches in the
United States, choose a sample of churches, and then obtain
lists of members from those churches.
51. Non-probability Sampling Techniques
Non-probability sampling is a sampling
technique where the samples are gathered in
a process that does not give all the individuals
in the population equal chances of being
selected.
1. Judgement sampling or purposive sampling
2. Quota sampling
52. Purposive or Judgmental Sample. ( حكمي أو دف )ه
A purposive, or judgmental, sample is one that is selected based
on the knowledge of a population and the purpose of the
study.
Quota sampling(الحصص العين :)أخذ
In this the interviewers are given quotas to be filled from various
strata . The selection is left to the interviewers discretion