Ranking presidents is often a popularity or name recognition contest. Let us instead rank presidents by how many lived or died because of them. This makes the worst presidents Nixon, Reagan, and Jackson, and the best presidents Lincoln, Van Buren, Carter, and Grant. Some both saved many lives and caused many deaths, like Franklin Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, and Obama.
Ranking presidents is often a popularity or name recognition contest. Let us instead rank presidents by how many lived or died because of them. This makes the worst presidents Nixon, Reagan, and Jackson, and the best presidents Lincoln, Van Buren, Carter, and Grant. Some both saved many lives and caused many deaths, like Franklin Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, and Obama.
Ic2s2 Tutorial on Modeling Human Values via Social Media DataISI Foundation
Understanding human values with an empirical approach, both from a qualitative and quantitative point of view, allows us to better model behaviours, actions, and attitudes towards social phenomena. It is invaluable in the design of, for instance, effective health interventions - such as encouraging vaccination- or even appropriate communication campaigns for policy making - such as sensibilization towards pro-environmental attitudes. This is important since public debate on human values often focuses on perceived threats to different values while rarely understanding or articulating how values are inferred from people’s behaviors and judgements. In this tutorial, we give an overview of how the basic human and moral values are interpreted according to the psychological literature, as a combination of individual, societal, and cultural forces. We discuss the latest research in assessing these through both traditional methods, as well as through quantitative methods applied to digital data. In the first part, we provide an overview of traditional survey methods, and discuss their applicability to the new forms of discourse, the validity of recruitment using the Internet and new opportunities this medium holds. In the second part, we consider several case studies of applying computational methods to large amounts of social media data for understanding values associated with specific domains, including politics, health, charitable giving, and privacy, and discuss how social media can capture the behavioral differences in large populations of different values. Here, we introduce methodologies for large scale data analysis including topic discovery, topic refinement, grounded theory labeling, network science, and regression modeling. We conclude with the discussion of ethical use of such modeling, including data and model bias, informed consent, intervention design, and the use of persuasive technology.
Tasers, Abortion and Parenting: Behind the Curtain of Policing AmericaJon Hansen
This book takes you behind the curtain of law enforcement in America providing you with a never before look at how police interact with the day-to-day issues of the ordinary citizen.
Tackling some of the most controversial headlines of today, from bullying in our schools to legalizing marijuana as well as the link between abortion and crime and the use of non-lethal force by way of taser, you may either love or hate this book, but you will definitely be entertained.
What a fascinating read. It’s going to rile folks up as well as having many people yell “Amen!”
Larry Winget, Television personality and five times New York Times/Wall Street Journal bestselling author of “Your Kids Are Your Own Fault” and “The Idiot Factor”
Buy Now for $9.95 @ http://www.lulu.com/product/ebook/tasers-abortions-and-parenting-behind-the-curtain-of-policing-america/15899242
Contents
Preface to Tasers, Abortion and Parenting: Behind the Curtain of Policing America 3
Chapter 1 – The Butterfly Effect 4
Chapter 2 - Societal Mores and the Emergence of the Modern Day Police Force 10
Chapter 3 - An Ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure 22
Chapter 4 - Drugs is a Dirty Business 33
Chapter 5 - Anesthetised Parenting 45
Chapter 6 - This Is Going To Hurt Me More Than You . . . 53
Chapter 7 – Cyberspace and the Borderless Crime (A Case Diary) 64
Chapter 8 – Policing Terrorism 111
Chapter 9 – Lord of the Flies: A Metaphor for Schoolyard Justice? 121
Chapter 10 – Policing in a Democratic Society 128
Epilogue 140
Being a child born from rape during the genocide against Tutsi: A duality wit...AJHSSR Journal
Rape of women is one of the common human rights violations that occur during war and
genocide. Some of these women become pregnant and subsequently give birth to the children. The children born
from rape constitute a challenge to post-war/genocide recovery processes. They belong at the same time to a
victim of rape, the mother ; and to the perpetrator, the father. The present article focuses on children born from
rape during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. We explore the needs and identity threats these
children face, using the Needs Based Model, and the way these needs are translated into different behaviours.
This article is based upon a study that included indirect interviews conducted with women who had been raped
during the genocide. The findings are not totally consistent with the Need Based Model of the intergroup
reconciliation approach in dual context. The morality-related needs are over the superiority of agency-related
needs. Regarding duals‟ behavior, the heightened needs for positive moral image are translated into prosocial
behavior, compassion, fleeing the environment which knows them; and desidentification. The heightened
needs for agency are translated into anti-social behaviours such us aggressivity, drug abuse and competitive
victimhood.
December 26, 2017 "Information Clearing House" - Gallup headlined on December 18th, “Americans View Government as Nation’s Top Problem in 2017”. Their report made clear that though this finding was unprecedented, it’s part of a longer-term trend, toward Americans naming America’s own “government as the most important problem facing the nation.” In a democracy, the public do not view the nation’s government to be (as in America) their enemy (which is the case if they view the “government as the most important problem facing the nation”). Americans increasingly view the Government as their enemy.
Ic2s2 Tutorial on Modeling Human Values via Social Media DataISI Foundation
Understanding human values with an empirical approach, both from a qualitative and quantitative point of view, allows us to better model behaviours, actions, and attitudes towards social phenomena. It is invaluable in the design of, for instance, effective health interventions - such as encouraging vaccination- or even appropriate communication campaigns for policy making - such as sensibilization towards pro-environmental attitudes. This is important since public debate on human values often focuses on perceived threats to different values while rarely understanding or articulating how values are inferred from people’s behaviors and judgements. In this tutorial, we give an overview of how the basic human and moral values are interpreted according to the psychological literature, as a combination of individual, societal, and cultural forces. We discuss the latest research in assessing these through both traditional methods, as well as through quantitative methods applied to digital data. In the first part, we provide an overview of traditional survey methods, and discuss their applicability to the new forms of discourse, the validity of recruitment using the Internet and new opportunities this medium holds. In the second part, we consider several case studies of applying computational methods to large amounts of social media data for understanding values associated with specific domains, including politics, health, charitable giving, and privacy, and discuss how social media can capture the behavioral differences in large populations of different values. Here, we introduce methodologies for large scale data analysis including topic discovery, topic refinement, grounded theory labeling, network science, and regression modeling. We conclude with the discussion of ethical use of such modeling, including data and model bias, informed consent, intervention design, and the use of persuasive technology.
Tasers, Abortion and Parenting: Behind the Curtain of Policing AmericaJon Hansen
This book takes you behind the curtain of law enforcement in America providing you with a never before look at how police interact with the day-to-day issues of the ordinary citizen.
Tackling some of the most controversial headlines of today, from bullying in our schools to legalizing marijuana as well as the link between abortion and crime and the use of non-lethal force by way of taser, you may either love or hate this book, but you will definitely be entertained.
What a fascinating read. It’s going to rile folks up as well as having many people yell “Amen!”
Larry Winget, Television personality and five times New York Times/Wall Street Journal bestselling author of “Your Kids Are Your Own Fault” and “The Idiot Factor”
Buy Now for $9.95 @ http://www.lulu.com/product/ebook/tasers-abortions-and-parenting-behind-the-curtain-of-policing-america/15899242
Contents
Preface to Tasers, Abortion and Parenting: Behind the Curtain of Policing America 3
Chapter 1 – The Butterfly Effect 4
Chapter 2 - Societal Mores and the Emergence of the Modern Day Police Force 10
Chapter 3 - An Ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure 22
Chapter 4 - Drugs is a Dirty Business 33
Chapter 5 - Anesthetised Parenting 45
Chapter 6 - This Is Going To Hurt Me More Than You . . . 53
Chapter 7 – Cyberspace and the Borderless Crime (A Case Diary) 64
Chapter 8 – Policing Terrorism 111
Chapter 9 – Lord of the Flies: A Metaphor for Schoolyard Justice? 121
Chapter 10 – Policing in a Democratic Society 128
Epilogue 140
Being a child born from rape during the genocide against Tutsi: A duality wit...AJHSSR Journal
Rape of women is one of the common human rights violations that occur during war and
genocide. Some of these women become pregnant and subsequently give birth to the children. The children born
from rape constitute a challenge to post-war/genocide recovery processes. They belong at the same time to a
victim of rape, the mother ; and to the perpetrator, the father. The present article focuses on children born from
rape during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. We explore the needs and identity threats these
children face, using the Needs Based Model, and the way these needs are translated into different behaviours.
This article is based upon a study that included indirect interviews conducted with women who had been raped
during the genocide. The findings are not totally consistent with the Need Based Model of the intergroup
reconciliation approach in dual context. The morality-related needs are over the superiority of agency-related
needs. Regarding duals‟ behavior, the heightened needs for positive moral image are translated into prosocial
behavior, compassion, fleeing the environment which knows them; and desidentification. The heightened
needs for agency are translated into anti-social behaviours such us aggressivity, drug abuse and competitive
victimhood.
December 26, 2017 "Information Clearing House" - Gallup headlined on December 18th, “Americans View Government as Nation’s Top Problem in 2017”. Their report made clear that though this finding was unprecedented, it’s part of a longer-term trend, toward Americans naming America’s own “government as the most important problem facing the nation.” In a democracy, the public do not view the nation’s government to be (as in America) their enemy (which is the case if they view the “government as the most important problem facing the nation”). Americans increasingly view the Government as their enemy.
Il punto di forza del dispositivo Zephir Purazpu9000v, è rappresentato dall’uso della tecnologia Inverter, il quale permette di regolare la potenza erogata dal condizionatore, rendendola quindi proporzionale alla effettiva richiesta ed eliminando in tal modo i continui stop and go tipici del condizionatore tradizionale.
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Dal punto di vista prestazionale, Il Samsung Maldives permette di ottenere risultati positivi sia sulla bolletta energetica (addirittura -70% di consumi) che sull’ambiente, grazie alla notevole riduzione di emissioni nocive di cui si rende protagonista.
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SAP SuccessFactors Employee Central goes beyond basic automation to deliver a suite of applications for your most demanding business priorities. The next-generation core HR system (HRIS) is designed for the global enterprise workforce and delivered securely via the SAP SuccessFactors cloud, serving more than 27 million users.
I meterologi per quest’anno prevedono un’estate anticipata e con temperature torride. E ogni anno si ripete sempre la stessa storia quando si decide di acquistare un condizionatore ad estate iniziata: installatori introvabili, prodotti esauriti e prezzi alle stelle.
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Mes premiers PERSONAS - Culture ProduitOeil de Coach
Qu'est-ce que les personas ? A quoi servent-ils ? Comment les identifie-t-on ? Sur quels critères les crée-t-on ?
Retrouvez tous ces réponses dans cette présentation PPT sur les personas
ADDRESSING MINORITY HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNS WITH INSIGHTTerence Morris
Representation of minority groups in mainstream media is essential to ensure diversity in content and in the make-up and structures of media bodies themselves. However, the constant struggles of media organizations to survive in competitive marketplaces where priorities are to reach maximum audiences and advertisers can be hampered.
Fahrenheit 451, A SAMPLE ESSAY BY MR SIM JOO JIN. ️ Main theme of fahrenheit 451. Fahrenheit 451 Symbolism & Themes: A .... fahrenheit 451 essay. Fahrenheit 451 Essay | Essay on Fahrenheit 451 for Students and .... ⇉Fahrenheit 451 thesis statements Essay Example | GraduateWay. Persuasive essay on fahrenheit 451: SparkNotes: Fahrenheit 451: Study .... Fahrenheit 451 Essay | PDF | Knowledge | Human. Fahrenheit 451 Final Essay: Analyzing Theme by The Daring English Teacher. Fahrenheit 451 Literary Analysis Essay by Book Cart Novelties | TpT. Fahrenheit 451 Censorship - Free Essay Example by StudyDriver. Fahrenheit 451 essay prompts. Fahrenheit 451 Theme of Literature and Writing. Remarkable Fahrenheit 451 Essay Introduction ~ Thatsnotus. Fahrenheit 451 Essay | English - Year 12 SACE | Thinkswap. Fahrenheit 451 Theme Essay. What is The Theme of Fahrenheit 451? - Free Essay Example. Essay fahrenheit 451 - Can You Write My Research Paper Plagiarism Free. Fahrenheit 451 (300 Words) - PHDessay.com. FAHRENHEIT 451 THEMES. Analysis on Fahrenheit 451 One of the major themes in the novel ....
Fake NewsThe dynamics of Fake News Critical analysis of its c.docxlmelaine
Fake News
The dynamics of Fake News: Critical analysis of its causes, accelerators and impacts; A case of Ukraine and the US
Name
School
Senior Seminar
12/16/2019
Introduction
Fake news has been circulating for a long time in news outlets and recently, it has been pumped into the public eye like never before. Major news channels have broadcasted false stories about almost anything from war crimes and corruption to celebrity scandals to shape the public view, spread fear, and cause mayhem. I want to research fake news because their spread has made us more ignorant, sew divide between us, and have spread hate among us. As recently warned in the world economic forum (2013) about the so-called "digital wildfires," i.e. fake news going viral through digital media could be taken as the most significant threats that societies and governments face. The discourses revolving around fake news have been in existent for quite some time now- even though known by different names and definitions, only in recent years has the term drawn so much interests and public discourses.
As argued by Allcott & Gentzkow, (2017), the topic of fake news has been extensively covered in psychology, economics, computer science, and political science. For the past decade, scholars have analyzed the ways in which entertainment can affect politics. In particular, the satirical nature of talk shows. This has drawn interests on how news coated with entertainment may affect the political space. Holbert (2005) asserts that the daily shows are programs that propagate fake news. He argues that such programs revolve around political satire, therefore, passing across a message that most falsified information is majorly political. Across countries, whether with authoritative or democratic regimes, fake news has diminished the credibility of legit media sites. This has led to the polarization of the public. However, the advent of the internet has been attributed to the rise of fake news. Finneman &Thomas (2018) attributes this growth of falsified information to the fact that anyone is capable of posting anything online. The rising popularity of social media has significantly contributed to the rise of fake news. In 2016, Facebook users reached 1.8 billion with Twitter registering about 400 million users. The shift has also been attributed to the declining trust in mainstream media. The biggest factor behind the growth of misleading information is their social engagement. For example, Silverman (2016) argues that during the 2016 presidential elections in the USA, the public engaged with misleading information more on Facebook than in mainstream media. Allcot & Gentzknow (2017) assert that in the month before the 2016 elections, people spent about one hour or more engaging with social media news.
Research Question
Given the fact that the Russian government has spread lies and propaganda across news outlets and social media, how does fake news affect public perception in Ukraine and ...
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Marital Infidelity: Beliefs and Practices Changing America’s Most Famous Institution
1. MARITAL INFIDELITY: BELIEFS AND PRACTICES CHANGING THE FAMOUS INSTITUTION 1
Marital Infidelity:
Beliefs and Practices Changing America’s Most Famous Institution
Rachel B. Woodward
Virginia Commonwealth University
2. MARITAL INFIDELITY: BELIEFS AND PRACTICES CHANGING THE FAMOUS INSTITUTION 2
Marriage is like the sphinx - a conspicuous and recognizable monument on the landscape,
full of secrets. In assessing matrimony’s wonders or terrors, most people view it as a matter of
private decision-making and domestic arrangements. The monumental public character of
marriage is generally its least noticed aspect,” (Cott, 2002, pg. 1). Such vital relationships in
one’s life, including kinship networks, community status, and even one’s self-identity, have
become affiliated with the institution of marriage in the United States. In 1944, The U.S.
Supreme Court declared the U.S. Constitution as a protector of a “private realm of family life
which the state cannot enter,” (pg. 1), legally binding the institution of marriage into a contract
fundamentally enforced by public affirmation, recognition and knowledge. Based upon Christian
principles practiced by the British colonists, the marital contract was formed out of common
sense, in order to link the Christian doctrine of monogamy with Anglo-American law. Once the
union was formed, husband and wife each assumed a new legal status as well as a new status in
their community. That meant that neither could break the terms set without offending the larger
community, the law, and the state, as much as offending the partner (Cott, 2002, pg. 11). In
today’s society, media coverage of scandals regarding marital infidelity and adultery seem to
engulf every television station, news site and media source available. Although marital infidelity
and adultery has been a longstanding historical trend, Americans continue to practice castigatory
scrutiny of public figures who challenge the virtues deeply embedded in the committal of a
marriage based on monogamy.
One of the most powerful influences the media has, when casting information or news
segments, is the ability to propagate or modify the beliefs, understandings and opinions held by
its viewers. A significant way the media has affected American society, historically, is through
the depiction of public figures exposed or reputed for participating in extramarital affairs. In the
3. MARITAL INFIDELITY: BELIEFS AND PRACTICES CHANGING THE FAMOUS INSTITUTION 3
article, “Why the Strauss-Kahn and Schwarzenegger Scandals Don’t Go Together,” Juliet A.
Williams challenges the way American media and, subsequently, the American public,
responded to the sex scandals surrounding Arnold Schwarzenegger, who fathered a child with his
mistress, and Dominique Strauss-Kahn, who was indicted for seven counts of criminal sexual
assault. Williams’ writes, “When a term such as ‘sex scandal’ is used to describe behaviors
running the gamut from politically irrelevant to legally actionable, I’d say we’ve got a problem,”
(2011). In regards to both scandals, news outlets such as CNN and MSNBC responded with
articles that attributed the actions of both men to “manly urges” and “men behaving badly”
(2011). Williams’ main point of the article, however, is to delineate to the reader that it is not as
important what these men did, but rather, who did it. In a summary of why these particular cases
were newsworthy, she states:
We may hem and haw about the immorality of the act in question, but often the real
affront is the deception – the fact that someone presented himself one way in public but
acted a different way in private. There’s humiliation, hurt, perhaps hypocrisy and
reputational damage. Any criminal charges usually relate to the lies about the act, not the
act, (2011).
In a few sentences, Williams’ summarizes what American society really finds repugnant
about marital infidelity. As she declared, “…the fact that someone presented himself one way in
public but acted a different way in private…” is the basis that persuades viewers to form
opinions on a public figure’s reputation and trustworthiness. Regardless of how a media source
decides to present a news story surrounding marital infidelity or adultery with the public, it is
important to note that one of the most common patterns taken by all media outlets is the
proposition, whether implicit or explicit, that asks us: “Did this person challenge our cultural
4. MARITAL INFIDELITY: BELIEFS AND PRACTICES CHANGING THE FAMOUS INSTITUTION 4
values, and if so, how do we react to that?” This underlying theme plays a thematic role in every
article, video clip and news segment, whether it is mentioned in a sentence or two or is published
within the headline.
In Gallup’s annual Values and Beliefs Survey (2013), 1,535 American adults assessed the
moral acceptability of twenty behaviors, and having an affair was found to be the very worst,
with 91% of respondents deeming it morally wrong. However, more and more studies have been
conducted to suggest that infidelity is becoming more common in the U.S. than ever before. In
the article, “Cheating Wives On the Rise,” a study suggesting the infidelity gap is closing is
presented through a poll done for The Normal Bar. It surveyed romantic relationships of more
than 100,000 people and found that 33% of men and 19% of women admitted to being unfaithful
(2013). One of the most interesting themes throughout media representation of marital infidelity
is its proclivity to suggest why infidelity is happening, how we should feel about it, and what it
suggests about the changing moral fiber of America’s most sacred institution. Media
representation of public figures participating in extramarital affairs or adultery have been
exposed countless times through different types of media. For instance, media coverage of Bill
Clinton’s affair with Monica Lewinsky dominated the news for nearly a year, from first reports
of the scandal to Clinton’s denial of the “relationship” to his impeachment trial. And while news
coverage of these types of political affairs can severely damage the public’s approval of a public
figure, Clinton’s affair and its subsequent coverage remains “one of the great political ironies of
modern time” (Lawrence & Bennett, 2001, p. 425). Despite the “negative press” Clinton
received, he maintained some of the most impressive public approval ratings of any modern
president (Lawrence & Bennett, 2001). As some scholars have found, the media’s framing of the
Clinton/Lewinsky scandal may have actually bolstered his approval ratings rather than damaged
5. MARITAL INFIDELITY: BELIEFS AND PRACTICES CHANGING THE FAMOUS INSTITUTION 5
them (Kiousis, 2003; Lawrence & Bennett, 2001; Shah, Watt, Domke, & Fan, 2002; Williams &
Carpini, 2004; Yioutas & Segvic, 2003).
However, on November 14, 2012, CNN published a news article focusing on the
resignation of CIA Director David Petraeus, who was exposed for having an affair with his
biographer, Paula Broadwell. Although both Clinton and Petraeus admitted to their indiscretions,
the media framing of the scandals were completely various in scope. In “5 Things We’ve
Learned from the Petraeus Scandal,” Frida Ghitis states, “Powerful men, no matter how brilliant
and accomplished, can suffer a form of temporary insanity caused by the interaction of arrogance
and libido” as the most important take away from the Petraeus scandal. Another aspect Ghitis
found significant was the America’s reaction toward the scandal. She argued, “Americans are
deeply torn about the question of private morality and the public sphere. There is the none-of-our
business crowd pitted against those who would like to keep aiming for strict ideals of morality,
on the argument that personal dishonesty reflects a moral failing that will ultimately take a toll
on the work of a public servant; that if a man will lie to his wife, he will lie to his country,”
(2012). Through this article and Williams’ “Why the Strauss-Kahn and Schwarzenegger
Scandals Don’t Go Together,” there is a noticeable pattern of journalists’ questioning the moral
integrity and character of public figures’ who participated in acts of marital infidelity.
The differences in how the American media has treated different scandals surrounding
marital infidelity is a topic that has been studied by many scholars. In attempting to understand
the irony of the Clinton/Lewinsky scandal, Yioutas and Segvic state, “Polls prior to the 2000
campaign season highlighted the prominence of candidates’ character and morality” (2003).
Why, then, was there so little interest in the public’s approval ratings of the Clinton scandal?
According to Yioutas and Segvic, part of the explanation can be found in the interplay between
6. MARITAL INFIDELITY: BELIEFS AND PRACTICES CHANGING THE FAMOUS INSTITUTION 6
the media’s framing of issues and the public’s perception of news coverage, which has been the
focus of agenda-setting and framing research (2003). As Cappella and Jamieson (1997)
explained, strategized news framing focuses in political campaign news on politicians’
performance and motives. Iyengar (1991, 1996) distinguished episodic and thematic news
frames. His studies found there to be a strong preference for the episodic news frame in
American news coverage of social issues, prompting the conclusions that Americans are given
anecdotal and piecemeal information about important issues (p.136). Moreover, in Erving
Goffman’s book Frame Analysis, the author declares, “Not only do frames from competing
actors shape what others think of an issue, but also how they understand and discuss the world
around them. More fundamentally, frames become attached to particular issues or events,
reflecting the power of certain actors and the very basis of the culture in which we live” (p. 7).
Perhaps part of the reason America still has such conflicting views and beliefs on marital
infidelity stems from the historical precedent that symbolizes marriage in the United States.
According to Cott (2002), from the founding of the United States to the present day, assumptions
about the importance of marriage and its appropriate form have been deeply implanted in public
policy, sprouting repeatedly as the nation took over the continent and established terms for the
inclusions and exclusions of new citizens. Political and legal authorities endorsed and aimed to
perpetuate nationally a particular marriage model: lifelong, faithful monogamy, formed by the
mutual consent of a man and a woman, bearing the impress of the Christian religion and the
English common law (p. 2-3). Public preservation of marriage has had tremendous consequences
for men’s and women’s citizenship as well as their private lives. It has affected how we see
gender roles, individuals’ self-understanding, opportunities, and constraints. Marriage uniquely
and powerfully influences the way differences between the sexes are conveyed and symbolized.
7. MARITAL INFIDELITY: BELIEFS AND PRACTICES CHANGING THE FAMOUS INSTITUTION 7
This form of public interaction with the institution of marriage is a significant indicator of
the moral lens the American media and the American public processes instances of marital
infidelity. Although history has shown that in significant times of change, marriage ideologies
can shift through practices like divorce and re-marriage, America, overall, still associates the
sanctity of marriage with monogamous principles. Through media interaction with public
figures’ exposed for acts of marital infidelity, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dominique
Strauss-Kahn, David Petraeus, and Bill Clinton, it is apparent that American culture still regards
monogamy as the ideal standard for the institution of marriage.
8. MARITAL INFIDELITY: BELIEFS AND PRACTICES CHANGING THE FAMOUS INSTITUTION 8
Works Cited
Campbell, K. and D. W. Wright. 2010. “Marriage Today: Exploring The Incongruence Between
Americans' Beliefs and Practices.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 41(3):329–
45. Retrieved 2015 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/41604361).
Cott, Nancy. 2000. “An Archaeology Of American Monogamy.” Pp. 1–11 in Public Vows: A
History of Marriage and the Nation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
Press. Retrieved 2015.
D’Angelo, P. 2002. “News Framing as A Multiparadigmatic Research Program: A Response to
Entman.” Journal of Communication, 52, 870888. Retrieved 2015.
Ghitis, Frida. 2012. “5 Things We've Learned from the Petraeus Scandal.” CNN. Retrieved 2015
(http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/14/opinion/ghitis-petraeus-5-things/index.html).
Kiousis, S. 2003. “Job Approval and Favorability: The Impact of Media Attention to the Monica
Lewinsky Scandal on Public Opinion of President Bill Clinton.” Mass Communication &
Society, 6, 435451. Retrieved 2015.
Lawrence, R. G., & Bennett, W. L. 2001. “Rethinking Media Politics and Public Opinion:
Reactions to the Clinton/Lewinsky Scandal.” Political Science Quarterly, 116, 425447.
Retrieved 2015
(http://ehis.ebscohost.com.libproxy.lib.ilstu.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9ae6ccc4-
80c44dec99534f268e8 a66af%40sessionmgr115&vid=12&hid=15).
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Shah. D. V., Watts, M. D., Domke, D., & Fan, D. P. 2002. “News Framing and Cueing of Issues
Regimes: Explaining Clinton’s Public Approval in Spite of Scandal.” Public Opinion
Quarterly, 66, 339370. doi: 0033362X/2002/66030002. Retrieved 2015.
Williams, B. A., & Carpini, M. X. D. 2004. “Monica and Bill All the Time and Everywhere: The
Collapse of Gatekeeping and Agenda Setting in the New Media Environment.” American
Behavioral Scientist, 47, 12081230. doi: 10.1177/0002764203262344. Retrieved 2015.
Williams, Juliet A. 2011. “Why the Strauss-Kahn and Schwarzenegger Scandals Don’t Go
Together.” The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015
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