This document discusses the persistence of rape culture in the 21st century. It argues that rape culture stems from societal views of masculinity that teach men to assert dominance over women, as well as from the normalization of sexual violence in schools, media, and on college campuses. The document provides statistics on sexual assault and examines how historical views of rape laws, portrayals of gender roles, sexual harassment in schools, and the exploitation of women in media and entertainment have collectively reinforced a culture where rape is tolerated and victims are not believed or supported.
The document discusses how societal gender norms have perpetuated intimate partner violence and abuse. It analyzes how norms position men as overly sexual beings entitled to women's bodies and women as subservient to men's needs. This confusion norms create around sexuality and consent has enabled intimate partner violence. The document also examines how a website combats myths that justify abuse. Finally, it discusses how norms requiring men to prove masculinity through aggression and viewing women as property have fostered environments that tolerate intimate partner violence.
Rape culture is a problem because it normalizes male violence against women and victim blaming. Statistics show that 1 in 6 women and 1 in 10 men in the US are victims of rape, yet 98% of rapists never go to jail and only 32% of rapes are reported. Rape culture has led to the objectification of women becoming normal in society, which is evidenced by common victim-blaming statements. The document calls on people to reflect on how they may contribute to rape culture through sexist jokes or comments and to speak out against the normalization of sexual assault.
This document provides a brief definition of violence as the use of force to kill, injure or abuse others. It then discusses types of interpersonal and intergroup violence. The document notes that globally, much violence is perpetrated against women. It discusses the positive impacts of the Violence Against Women Act in the US in reducing domestic violence rates. The document also notes declines in violent crime rates in the US between 2010-2011 based on FBI data. It discusses examples of politically and religiously motivated violence. The document suggests high rates of violence in the US may be influenced by media, gun access, and structural strains like poverty and inequality. It questions whether current violence levels are inevitable and discusses concepts like relative deprivation that can contribute to
The document discusses violence against women as a global issue. It provides statistics showing high numbers of cases of violence against women in the United States and Philippines. Different types of violence are outlined, including physical, psychological, sexual, economic, and spiritual violence. The document also discusses laws and programs that have been implemented to address violence against women, but notes that many cases still occur annually.
Lgbt socialissues-100323125525-phpapp01Shruti Banda
The document discusses the history and progression of the feminist movement and LGBT rights movements. It describes the three waves of feminism, from the first wave in the late 19th century dealing with legal inequalities, to the second wave in the 1960s-1980s addressing social and cultural issues, to the current third wave beginning in the 1990s encompassing a variety of gender issues. Key events and figures in both movements are outlined, such as the Stonewall riots, which sparked the modern gay rights movement in 1969, and the Matthew Shepard Act protecting LGBT individuals in 1998.
A short presentation on the phenomenon Rape Culture, Myth or Reality. Victims prefer to remain silent for a number of reasons. The silent chorus (society) helps to perpetuate the myths in many instances. How does one begin to address the challenges encountered?
Men's right activist/movement.MRAs are activists , male and female, who try and bring about issues that tend to be predominate male orientated and ignored by the majority of society in similar way that issues within feminism are.
The document discusses how societal gender norms have perpetuated intimate partner violence and abuse. It analyzes how norms position men as overly sexual beings entitled to women's bodies and women as subservient to men's needs. This confusion norms create around sexuality and consent has enabled intimate partner violence. The document also examines how a website combats myths that justify abuse. Finally, it discusses how norms requiring men to prove masculinity through aggression and viewing women as property have fostered environments that tolerate intimate partner violence.
Rape culture is a problem because it normalizes male violence against women and victim blaming. Statistics show that 1 in 6 women and 1 in 10 men in the US are victims of rape, yet 98% of rapists never go to jail and only 32% of rapes are reported. Rape culture has led to the objectification of women becoming normal in society, which is evidenced by common victim-blaming statements. The document calls on people to reflect on how they may contribute to rape culture through sexist jokes or comments and to speak out against the normalization of sexual assault.
This document provides a brief definition of violence as the use of force to kill, injure or abuse others. It then discusses types of interpersonal and intergroup violence. The document notes that globally, much violence is perpetrated against women. It discusses the positive impacts of the Violence Against Women Act in the US in reducing domestic violence rates. The document also notes declines in violent crime rates in the US between 2010-2011 based on FBI data. It discusses examples of politically and religiously motivated violence. The document suggests high rates of violence in the US may be influenced by media, gun access, and structural strains like poverty and inequality. It questions whether current violence levels are inevitable and discusses concepts like relative deprivation that can contribute to
The document discusses violence against women as a global issue. It provides statistics showing high numbers of cases of violence against women in the United States and Philippines. Different types of violence are outlined, including physical, psychological, sexual, economic, and spiritual violence. The document also discusses laws and programs that have been implemented to address violence against women, but notes that many cases still occur annually.
Lgbt socialissues-100323125525-phpapp01Shruti Banda
The document discusses the history and progression of the feminist movement and LGBT rights movements. It describes the three waves of feminism, from the first wave in the late 19th century dealing with legal inequalities, to the second wave in the 1960s-1980s addressing social and cultural issues, to the current third wave beginning in the 1990s encompassing a variety of gender issues. Key events and figures in both movements are outlined, such as the Stonewall riots, which sparked the modern gay rights movement in 1969, and the Matthew Shepard Act protecting LGBT individuals in 1998.
A short presentation on the phenomenon Rape Culture, Myth or Reality. Victims prefer to remain silent for a number of reasons. The silent chorus (society) helps to perpetuate the myths in many instances. How does one begin to address the challenges encountered?
Men's right activist/movement.MRAs are activists , male and female, who try and bring about issues that tend to be predominate male orientated and ignored by the majority of society in similar way that issues within feminism are.
Understanding Gender Based Violence and Trends in the Caribbean Taitu Heron
Overview of what is gender based violence and a look at the trends in the Caribbean. For Sociology Course students, Department of Sociology, Univ. of the West Indies, Mona Campus.
Rape culture is defined as an environment where rape is prevalent and normalized through media and popular culture. It is perpetuated by misogynistic language and objectification of women, as well as by trivializing sexual assault. Victim blaming is a key aspect of rape culture, where victims are held partially or fully responsible for crimes committed against them. The lenient six-month sentence given to Brock Turner for sexually assaulting an unconscious woman sparked national outrage and showed why many victims choose not to report assaults. Rape culture also affects men, though this has been overlooked. Ending rape culture requires addressing its root causes such as toxic definitions of masculinity and not tolerating rape jokes.
This document discusses gender based violence in Nepal. It defines gender based violence as acts that harm women physically, sexually, or psychologically. In Nepal, women face domestic violence, sexual abuse, human trafficking, and harmful traditional practices. Surveys show that around 23% of Nepalis feel domestic violence is acceptable. The types of gender based violence discussed include domestic violence, custodial violence, public violence and trafficking, and violence during conflicts. The document presents statistics on violence against women in Nepal from national surveys and human rights reports. It concludes by recommending preventive measures like awareness programs, empowerment training, strong laws and policies, and fast courts to combat gender based violence in the country.
The document discusses several theories related to victimization:
1) Precipitation theory suggests some victims provoke attacks through their actions, while others unintentionally motivate attackers due to characteristics like gender or age.
2) Lifestyle theory argues those with riskier lifestyles like drug/alcohol use and criminal involvement face higher victimization rates.
3) Deviant place theory claims living in high-crime, disorganized areas increases victimization risk regardless of individual behaviors.
4) Routine activities theory links victimization to interactions between suitable targets, lack of guardianship, and motivated offenders that routine activities can expose people to.
The document discusses rape culture and efforts to educate about sexual assault. It notes that rape culture includes jokes, media, and language that normalize violence against women. It describes the origins of SlutWalk protests in response to victim blaming. It provides statistics on sexual assault of college women and discusses campus organizations that aim to educate students about rape statistics and social attitudes through critiquing rape myths.
The document summarizes a presentation on the services provided by the 2012 Jean Nidetch Women's Center at UNLV, which include workshops, campus events, advocacy, and academic involvement related to violence prevention and support for student parents. The presentation covers statistics on sexual assault and domestic violence, defines key terms, and discusses the role of media and popular culture in contributing to rape culture through the normalization and trivialization of sexual violence.
This document summarizes testimony from six witnesses about how rape culture and victim blaming affect survivors of sexual assault. The witnesses describe how even from a young age, victims are often told they "deserved it" or were "asking for it" based on behaviors or clothing. They discuss high-profile cases where reporters, jurors, and communities blamed victims rather than supporting them. The document aims to illustrate how widespread and socially ingrained tendencies to excuse perpetrators' actions and blame victims continue to be.
The document discusses the documentary Bowling for Columbine and its examination of the causes of gun violence in America. It explores how the media drives fear and discrimination in American culture. The film questions who is responsible for gun violence and concludes it is not due to gun ownership but the exploitation of violence through the media and government. Fear is intensified by the media and controlled by the government to manipulate society. While gun ownership is a constitutional right, gun control policy remains controversial as it debates this right versus preventing crime.
Sex vs. Gender
Gender-Based Violence
Kinds of Power
Ecological Model
GBV Forms, Causes and Consequences
Coping Mechanism
Affected Populations
Role of Social Worker
Framing rape culture: Media coverage of sexual assault in the United States a...Shelley Blundell
Media framing of sexual assault influences public perception of the crime. To date, most media coverage of sexual assault places the victim at the center of his or her victimization, and often implies that the victim was complicit in his/her own victimization. Facts-based, unbiased media coverage has the ability to both change public perception and influence public policy. Media coverage examples from both the United States and South Africa are compared and contrasted to support the latter statement.
This document discusses violence as a public health issue and provides an overview of key topics from the WHO's 2002 "World Report on Violence". It defines violence, presents a typology that divides violence into self-directed, interpersonal, and collective categories. Risk factors are examined using an ecological model looking at individual, relationship, community, and societal levels. Prevention approaches can target universal, selected, or indicated groups. A public health approach incorporating multi-level interventions is recommended to address the complex and multifaceted nature of violence.
This document discusses intimate partner violence (IPV) as a global issue that disproportionately affects women. It argues that patriarchal ideology and societal gender roles contribute to the normalization and lack of attention given to IPV. The author examines how patriarchy influences legal systems and proceedings related to IPV, often resulting in the blaming of female victims. The document concludes that addressing the root causes of male entitlement and control, rather than focusing blame on female victims, is needed to properly address the issue of IPV.
Gender Based Violence and the LGBT Community in JamaicaTaitu Heron
Overview of GBV and how it also occurs in the LGBT community; looks at the invisibility and incompleteness of how the LGBT community in how GBV is considered as a public policy issue and as a mater of public health.
By Taitu Heron. Written in capacity as a member of Caribbean DAWN.
This document discusses violence and its effects. It defines violence as acts intended to hurt people, and lists different forms like physical, verbal, emotional, sexual, and economic abuse. It notes that violence can be perpetrated by individuals, groups, states, or the environment. The effects of violence are psychological/emotional like depression or fear, physical like injury, and social like distorted values. The document also discusses how violence is often intergenerationally transmitted as children who witness abuse learn that it is a normal way to resolve conflicts. It concludes that breaking this cycle requires practicing non-violent child discipline.
Domestic violence against men is more prevalent than reported, but often goes unreported due to societal biases that view men as perpetrators rather than victims. Research shows that men face threats of violence, emotional distress, and lack of support services when abused. While women make up a minority of domestic violence arrests, studies show that women commit violence against men for reasons like anger and control, not just self-defense. The lack of resources and tendency not to believe male victims means domestic violence against men remains under-recognized and addressed.
The document discusses gender-based violence in Zambia. It describes Zambia's Anti-Gender Based Violence Act of 2011 which aims to eradicate GBV. It reviews reported GBV cases in Zambia and risk factors for GBV using an ecological framework. It finds that reported GBV cases are increasing, with women and girls most affected. It recommends strategies to prevent GBV including education programs, victim support services, and fully implementing and enforcing anti-GBV laws.
Violence against women has occurred throughout history and in all societies. In India, women have faced both domestic and public violence physically, emotionally, and mentally, despite India giving rise to leaders of non-violence. Violence against women is linked to their status in society, which has declined over time as women lost rights and faced increasing control, objectification, and punishment. Today, violence against women in India has reached alarming proportions and occurs in over 30 forms from female feticide to bride burnings. Addressing the root causes and attitudes that enable this violence will require coordinated efforts from women's groups, lawmakers, and society as a whole.
Gender based violence affects aid workers and those they serve, and presents many complicated issues. It is a human rights violation that communicates some are more valuable than others. Gender based violence is also a public health challenge, as it spreads diseases, and creates barriers to economic and social participation by oppressing and silencing victims. While present across cultures, an estimated one in three women experience forced sex or physical abuse. It is the job of organizations like USAID to recognize victims of gender based violence and take a stand against it, in order to promote rights and stop its negative impacts on development. USAID works to increase awareness, improve victim services, and strengthen prevention.
This document discusses various forms of violence against women including sexual violence, intimate partner violence, rape, domestic violence, stalking, sexual abuse of children, and sexual harassment. It notes that the majority of violence against both men and women is committed by men and is about power and control. It outlines risk factors, common reactions, recovery processes, and actions that can be taken to address these issues including building support networks, safety planning, and changing cultural attitudes around gender roles and male dominance.
The document summarizes key findings from a study by the International Rescue Committee (IRC) examining the nature and drivers of intimate partner violence (IPV) in three refugee camps across three continents. The study found that IPV in humanitarian settings is driven by a complex set of factors including pre-existing gender inequalities that are exacerbated by displacement and changing gender roles. Drivers identified include rapidly changing gender norms, separation from family/community structures, forced marriages, poverty, and substance abuse. Women reported experiencing ongoing severe physical, psychological, sexual, and economic abuse. They navigated safety by first reporting to family/community, and only seeking formal support when other options failed or violence became life-threatening. Women suggested improving prevention and
Understanding Gender Based Violence and Trends in the Caribbean Taitu Heron
Overview of what is gender based violence and a look at the trends in the Caribbean. For Sociology Course students, Department of Sociology, Univ. of the West Indies, Mona Campus.
Rape culture is defined as an environment where rape is prevalent and normalized through media and popular culture. It is perpetuated by misogynistic language and objectification of women, as well as by trivializing sexual assault. Victim blaming is a key aspect of rape culture, where victims are held partially or fully responsible for crimes committed against them. The lenient six-month sentence given to Brock Turner for sexually assaulting an unconscious woman sparked national outrage and showed why many victims choose not to report assaults. Rape culture also affects men, though this has been overlooked. Ending rape culture requires addressing its root causes such as toxic definitions of masculinity and not tolerating rape jokes.
This document discusses gender based violence in Nepal. It defines gender based violence as acts that harm women physically, sexually, or psychologically. In Nepal, women face domestic violence, sexual abuse, human trafficking, and harmful traditional practices. Surveys show that around 23% of Nepalis feel domestic violence is acceptable. The types of gender based violence discussed include domestic violence, custodial violence, public violence and trafficking, and violence during conflicts. The document presents statistics on violence against women in Nepal from national surveys and human rights reports. It concludes by recommending preventive measures like awareness programs, empowerment training, strong laws and policies, and fast courts to combat gender based violence in the country.
The document discusses several theories related to victimization:
1) Precipitation theory suggests some victims provoke attacks through their actions, while others unintentionally motivate attackers due to characteristics like gender or age.
2) Lifestyle theory argues those with riskier lifestyles like drug/alcohol use and criminal involvement face higher victimization rates.
3) Deviant place theory claims living in high-crime, disorganized areas increases victimization risk regardless of individual behaviors.
4) Routine activities theory links victimization to interactions between suitable targets, lack of guardianship, and motivated offenders that routine activities can expose people to.
The document discusses rape culture and efforts to educate about sexual assault. It notes that rape culture includes jokes, media, and language that normalize violence against women. It describes the origins of SlutWalk protests in response to victim blaming. It provides statistics on sexual assault of college women and discusses campus organizations that aim to educate students about rape statistics and social attitudes through critiquing rape myths.
The document summarizes a presentation on the services provided by the 2012 Jean Nidetch Women's Center at UNLV, which include workshops, campus events, advocacy, and academic involvement related to violence prevention and support for student parents. The presentation covers statistics on sexual assault and domestic violence, defines key terms, and discusses the role of media and popular culture in contributing to rape culture through the normalization and trivialization of sexual violence.
This document summarizes testimony from six witnesses about how rape culture and victim blaming affect survivors of sexual assault. The witnesses describe how even from a young age, victims are often told they "deserved it" or were "asking for it" based on behaviors or clothing. They discuss high-profile cases where reporters, jurors, and communities blamed victims rather than supporting them. The document aims to illustrate how widespread and socially ingrained tendencies to excuse perpetrators' actions and blame victims continue to be.
The document discusses the documentary Bowling for Columbine and its examination of the causes of gun violence in America. It explores how the media drives fear and discrimination in American culture. The film questions who is responsible for gun violence and concludes it is not due to gun ownership but the exploitation of violence through the media and government. Fear is intensified by the media and controlled by the government to manipulate society. While gun ownership is a constitutional right, gun control policy remains controversial as it debates this right versus preventing crime.
Sex vs. Gender
Gender-Based Violence
Kinds of Power
Ecological Model
GBV Forms, Causes and Consequences
Coping Mechanism
Affected Populations
Role of Social Worker
Framing rape culture: Media coverage of sexual assault in the United States a...Shelley Blundell
Media framing of sexual assault influences public perception of the crime. To date, most media coverage of sexual assault places the victim at the center of his or her victimization, and often implies that the victim was complicit in his/her own victimization. Facts-based, unbiased media coverage has the ability to both change public perception and influence public policy. Media coverage examples from both the United States and South Africa are compared and contrasted to support the latter statement.
This document discusses violence as a public health issue and provides an overview of key topics from the WHO's 2002 "World Report on Violence". It defines violence, presents a typology that divides violence into self-directed, interpersonal, and collective categories. Risk factors are examined using an ecological model looking at individual, relationship, community, and societal levels. Prevention approaches can target universal, selected, or indicated groups. A public health approach incorporating multi-level interventions is recommended to address the complex and multifaceted nature of violence.
This document discusses intimate partner violence (IPV) as a global issue that disproportionately affects women. It argues that patriarchal ideology and societal gender roles contribute to the normalization and lack of attention given to IPV. The author examines how patriarchy influences legal systems and proceedings related to IPV, often resulting in the blaming of female victims. The document concludes that addressing the root causes of male entitlement and control, rather than focusing blame on female victims, is needed to properly address the issue of IPV.
Gender Based Violence and the LGBT Community in JamaicaTaitu Heron
Overview of GBV and how it also occurs in the LGBT community; looks at the invisibility and incompleteness of how the LGBT community in how GBV is considered as a public policy issue and as a mater of public health.
By Taitu Heron. Written in capacity as a member of Caribbean DAWN.
This document discusses violence and its effects. It defines violence as acts intended to hurt people, and lists different forms like physical, verbal, emotional, sexual, and economic abuse. It notes that violence can be perpetrated by individuals, groups, states, or the environment. The effects of violence are psychological/emotional like depression or fear, physical like injury, and social like distorted values. The document also discusses how violence is often intergenerationally transmitted as children who witness abuse learn that it is a normal way to resolve conflicts. It concludes that breaking this cycle requires practicing non-violent child discipline.
Domestic violence against men is more prevalent than reported, but often goes unreported due to societal biases that view men as perpetrators rather than victims. Research shows that men face threats of violence, emotional distress, and lack of support services when abused. While women make up a minority of domestic violence arrests, studies show that women commit violence against men for reasons like anger and control, not just self-defense. The lack of resources and tendency not to believe male victims means domestic violence against men remains under-recognized and addressed.
The document discusses gender-based violence in Zambia. It describes Zambia's Anti-Gender Based Violence Act of 2011 which aims to eradicate GBV. It reviews reported GBV cases in Zambia and risk factors for GBV using an ecological framework. It finds that reported GBV cases are increasing, with women and girls most affected. It recommends strategies to prevent GBV including education programs, victim support services, and fully implementing and enforcing anti-GBV laws.
Violence against women has occurred throughout history and in all societies. In India, women have faced both domestic and public violence physically, emotionally, and mentally, despite India giving rise to leaders of non-violence. Violence against women is linked to their status in society, which has declined over time as women lost rights and faced increasing control, objectification, and punishment. Today, violence against women in India has reached alarming proportions and occurs in over 30 forms from female feticide to bride burnings. Addressing the root causes and attitudes that enable this violence will require coordinated efforts from women's groups, lawmakers, and society as a whole.
Gender based violence affects aid workers and those they serve, and presents many complicated issues. It is a human rights violation that communicates some are more valuable than others. Gender based violence is also a public health challenge, as it spreads diseases, and creates barriers to economic and social participation by oppressing and silencing victims. While present across cultures, an estimated one in three women experience forced sex or physical abuse. It is the job of organizations like USAID to recognize victims of gender based violence and take a stand against it, in order to promote rights and stop its negative impacts on development. USAID works to increase awareness, improve victim services, and strengthen prevention.
This document discusses various forms of violence against women including sexual violence, intimate partner violence, rape, domestic violence, stalking, sexual abuse of children, and sexual harassment. It notes that the majority of violence against both men and women is committed by men and is about power and control. It outlines risk factors, common reactions, recovery processes, and actions that can be taken to address these issues including building support networks, safety planning, and changing cultural attitudes around gender roles and male dominance.
The document summarizes key findings from a study by the International Rescue Committee (IRC) examining the nature and drivers of intimate partner violence (IPV) in three refugee camps across three continents. The study found that IPV in humanitarian settings is driven by a complex set of factors including pre-existing gender inequalities that are exacerbated by displacement and changing gender roles. Drivers identified include rapidly changing gender norms, separation from family/community structures, forced marriages, poverty, and substance abuse. Women reported experiencing ongoing severe physical, psychological, sexual, and economic abuse. They navigated safety by first reporting to family/community, and only seeking formal support when other options failed or violence became life-threatening. Women suggested improving prevention and
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. 0
Huntingdon Area High School
Why Does Rape Culture Still Exist In the 21st Century?
by
Grace G. Cook-Huffman
Grade 11 Research paper
Mrs. Moore
February 3, 2017
The issues of sexual assault do not receive enough attention.Out of all western-nations,
2. the United States has the highest rate of sexual assault (Stoltenberg, 2005). In order to decrease
this horrendous incidence, society must understand the culture in which they live. Men have
been raised to believe that women are the subordinate sex and for centuries women have been
torn apart by mens need to overpower them. This rape culture stems from a variety of factors
including masculinity, sexual harassment in schools, the media, and rape on college campuses.
These components have lead to a society where rape is normalized because society believes boys
will be boys (Katz, 2013), and violence is apart of their makeup. Through realization, education,
and action, society can begin to rectify one of the largest injustices that women face in the twenty
first century.
In order to become better informed, society must understand a definition of rape culture.
Rape culture “is a complex of beliefs that encourages male sexual aggression and supports
violence against women. It is a society where violence is seen as sexy and sexuality as violent”
(Buchwald, Fletcher, & Roth, 2005, pXI). Society has normalized rape, portraying it as
something that is accepted as part of a sexual relationship. From 1983 to 2002, the Federal
Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Report documented that 1.8 million women were
raped. In 2002 alone, 19,136 females were raped, 264 per day, or 11 every hour (Buchwald et.
al., 2005). Women are not safe existing in a rape culture because it “condones physical and
emotional terrorism against women and presents it as the norm” (Buchwald, et. al., 2005, p.XI).
Because of the accepted way rape is viewed, a culture of ignorance has developed in the United
States. When society fails to inform people about rape and its severity this ignorance is created.
The idea that rape is acceptable can be seen throughout history with most rape law tracing its
origin to 1736 in Britain (Geis, 2016). In 1736, rape laws did not support the victim. Judges
would tell the jury how hard it was to defend a rape accusation and how easily someone could be
3. convicted, hinting that the victims could easily be lying, which resulted in many guilty men
walking free (Geis,2016). Since the 1700s, women have worked tirelessly to be treated less like
objects and more like human beings. Judges have since become more sympathetic toward
victims of rape, but injustices can still be seen by the short sentences men receive for a crime that
deserves significant punishment. Strides have been made toward understanding what rape is and
what can be done to prevent it, but it will take significant cultural changes before women feel
they have received the justice they deserve and the safety they need.
Not only does one need to understand the definition of rape culture, but how society
understands masculinity. Based on the gender one is assigned at birth, societal expectations
dictate what one should and should not do (Buchwald, 2005,). Men are raised to believe they are
the superior sex, which supports the idea that men rape to assert dominance and power over
women. A man’s identity is fragile and has to fit certain criteria. When boys grow up, they are
taught that their “manhood is measured by power, wealth, and success” (Kimmel, 2005, p.142).
They are given strict guidelines they have to follow and must prove their masculinity or else they
are seen as weak and fragile. This need to feel powerful and masculine through dominance
contributes to why men rape. Some men use their masculinity to humiliate their victims by
urinating or ejaculating on them (Herman, 1984). This dominance fuels men's masculinity and
completes their need to feel superior to the opposite sex. To men, “rape can be viewed as the
logical extension of a cultural perspective that defines men as possessors of women” (Herman,
1984). Men’s need to “rape evolves out of a situation in which normal males feel a need to prove
themselves to be ‘men’ by displaying dominance over females” (Herman, 1984). Men are not
born rapists, but they live in a culture where violence is acceptable and sexuality is violent.
When people think about sexuality they blame humanities sexual desires, but “sexuality is less
4. about biological urges and more about the meaning we attach to those urges” (Kimmel, 2005, p.
142). When men attach violence to sexuality, rape is the inevitable outcome.
The idea that men must overpower women to feel masculine is apparent as early as
elementary, middle, and high school. Even at such a young age, “sexual harassment ranges from
touching, tickling, pinching, patting or grabbing to comments about one's body, sexual remarks,
innuendos, jokes that cause discomfort, obscene gestures, staring, leering, assault, or rape”
(Stein, 2005, p. 65). Sexual harassment in schools causes young boys to believe that treating girls
as objects is acceptable. Furthermore, catcalling and groping contribute to the objectification of
women and the normalization of rape (Herman, 1984). One ongoing issue with rape culture is
that adults choose not to speak out against sexual harassment in schools, which leads to students
having less trust in adults. If students do not believe that adults can help them, they have
nowhere to turn. Students who are sexually harassed are often absent, drop out of school, do not
do well academically, fear being with their peers without an adult present, do not sleep well, or
are depressed (Stein, 2005). To protect students from sexual harassment, one must recognize that
“sexual harassment is a systemic problem; solutions must be systemic as well” (Stein, 2005,
p.69). In order to end sexual harassment in schools, a plan must be established. To eliminate
sexual assault in schools, they must have training programs for staff and students so they can
better understand what sexual harassment is and prevent other students from harassing one
another, supporting conversations through activities and assemblies to further students’
knowledge of sexual harassment, introducing new policies and procedures to the students and
staff so they know what to do when a student is being sexually harassed, and creating positive
role models so students know what respect and kindness looks like (Stein, 2005). Sexual
harassment in schools will not stop until society acknowledges this issue and works to create a
5. safe and friendly environment between male and female students to prevent boys from growing
into men who believe it is acceptable to dominate women.
Rape culture is created and affirmed by a number of factors, but in particular by the
media. The media portrays men’s acts of aggression and the objectification of women as normal.
A media environment full of advertisements that exploit women’s bodies teaches men that
women are sexual objects created to carry out men’s sexual desires. Media also changes the way
aggression and violence are seen. When violent video games like Grand Theft Auto (1997)
allowed players to kill and violate women for points, or when movies show sexual assault as
arousing, people become desensitized to violence towards women and come to see such acts as
another part of life. Because of the way entertainment has desensitized society, violent actions
such as rape and other forms of sexual assault are seen as acceptable. Other forms of media such
as music have also contributed to rape culture. In Robin Thicke’s song, “Blurred Lines,” he sings
about the “blurred lines” between consensual sex and rape. In his song, Thicke sings that men
know what women really want. He sings about a sexual animal inside of women that only men
know how to tame. He argues that even if women deny this sexual animal that , they are not
telling the truth. The lesson of the song is that women are weak and helpless (Buchwald, 2005)
and they should submit to a man’s dominance (Herman, 1984). As people grow up watching
violent shows and playing crude video games, they believe that it is normal for women to be
treated badly. From a young age, boys are told who they are supposed to be and how are they
are supposed to act. Because these actions are supported by the media they are normalized in
society, thus supporting the rape culture in which one lives.
Rape culture leads to a violent and dangerous environment that, in the United States,
significantly affects college campuses. A study done by the Department of Justice in 2000 stated
6. that one in four women have been raped or will be raped in college (Wilhelm, 2015). The most
common form of rape on college campuses is date rape, meaning that women know their rapist.
Men use alcohol and roofies (a date rape drug) to ensure their victims cannot fight back and will
not understand what is happening. In 1985 a study in the Archives of Sexual Behavior collected
data from colleges finding that 76 percent of college rapists used alcohol to weaken and seduce
their victims (Richardson & Shields, 2015). Some men plan their attack and purposefully use
alcohol to seduce their victims. There are fraternities that hold seminars teaching men how to
spike women’s drinks (Kimmel, 2005), but “even when alcohol is not used strategically, it’s
consumption can lead women and men to misinterpret social cues” (Richardson & Shields,
2015). College policies also impact rape culture. Colleges that have fewer rules about alcohol
consumption on campus have higher rates of sexual assaults (between 65 and 100 more reports)
than colleges, which have more rules (Richardson & Shields, 2015). Factors that contribute to
these statistics include whether the campus is dry as well as their visitor policies. A study on
campus sexual assaults shows that between 2011-2013, colleges that banned guests and drinking
on campus saw a 20% increase in sexual assaults; however, campuses with no bans saw an
increase of 47% (Richardson & Sheilds, 2015). The realization of the severity of sexual assaults
on campuses led Barack Obama to start the “It’s on us campaign” (Wilhelm, 2015), in hopes of
bringing awareness of sexual assault onto college campuses and creating safer environments in
which women may live. When women go to college, they should not have to fear roofies in their
drinks or being assaulted by someone they believe to be their friend. Campus communities must
recognize the constant threat of sexual violence that damages women and establish a system to
keep women safe.
So what can one do? Rape culture has been challenged by women and men who see
7. another way to understand sexual relationships. For women, sexuality is often connected to a
sense of safety; women cannot feel safe expressing themselves to men if they fear they will be
overpowered or abused. Men have been told that they must overpower women and control what
women do. Women are challenging men to realize what they believe is wrong. Historically,
women have been viewed as people who make their boyfriends or husbands dinner, do the
housework, and make sure their significant others are always content. Women were not supposed
to be lawyers or politicians (Kimmel, 2005). As women have become equal to men in the
workforce, they are demanding to be equal in all aspects of life. They believe in their right to say
yes or no to sex (Kimmel, 2005), and to be respected by men. Feminists have risen up against
men and are demanding to be treated as equals. Not only do feminists stand up for women's
rights, but they help educate women on how to protect themselves from rapists and other
dangers. Crisis centers have been created, feminists have challenged laws, and protected
women's rights. Feminists have helped to change our legal understanding of rape. The legal
definition of rape is, “sexual intercourse by a male with female, other than his wife, without the
consent of the women and affected by force, duress, intimidation, or deception as to the nature of
the act” (Kimmel, 2005, p.148). Feminists groups pressured states until they changed this law so
that husbands would be held accountable for assaulting or raping their wives (Herman, 1984).
Feminists have also changed the way people approach rape victims. Doctors, police, and other
people involved in the aftermath of a rape have become more sensitive towards the victim. Even
though steps have been taken to help women deal with rape, there are still many psychological
effects that haunt women throughout their lifetime.
Women carry the aftermath of rape with them for the rest of their lives such that “ 31% of
rape victims develop PTSD as a result of their assault” (Dionne & Frey, 2011). Along with
8. developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), women who are raped could be injured before,
during, or after their attack, become pregnant, or contract a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
from their attacker that they may live with for the rest of their life. After women are sexually
assaulted, they feel confused, withdrawn from social events, nervous, cry frequently, or become
angry and paranoid (Dionne & Frey, 2011). Women feel scared and helpless and do not know
who they can trust. That is why some women who are sexually assaulted do not report their
rapes. They are embarrassed and scared, and some feel that they are to blame for what happened.
Because women fear humiliation and embarrassment, only “one in five adult women report rapes
to the police” (Dionne & Frey, 2011). Women are also afraid to talk about their assaults because
so many trials end with the offender walking free. During trials women feel personally attacked,
humiliated, and guilty (Herman,1984). Women do not feel safe talking about their experiences
because judges and juries do not understand or sympathize with how they feel. Until rape is
treated as a real crime and men are punished for this act, women will not feel safe coming
forward nor will they receive the justice they deserve.As herman recounts, “For many women,
the experience of having their account of the events scrutinized, mocked, or discounted continues
in the courtroom” (Herman, 1984). As long as courts treat rape victims as though they have
committed a crime, our culture will stay fixed on the idea that rape is tolerable.
Rape is an ongoing issue in the United States and “sexual assault occurs every two and a
half minutes” (Donovan, 2006). To decrease this statistic, one must work to prevent
rape.Changing rape culture requires a number of different strategies. First, society must change
its conception of masculinity. The best way to change men’s view of women is to start at a
young age by “raising boys to be nurturing fathers” (Miedzian, 2005, p.167). Raising boys to
grow up treating women with the kindness they deserve will eventually lead these boys to grow
9. into men who respect women and can teach their daughters to be strong willed and resilient. One
must also raise “girls to know their own strengths” (Buchwald, 2005, p.221). Teaching girls how
to protect themselves is an essential way to prevent rape and destroy rape culture. Girls must
learn to be independent, expect respect from their peers, and understand how to protect
themselves from unsafe situations (Buchwald, 2005, p. 221). As a culture, one must also stop
blaming females for their inability to resist rape and instead place the blame on the perpetrator
who sexually assaulted them. Society must be educated about the unsafe environments to which
women are exposed and, building on that education, break through the barriers that separate
women and safety.
Throughout history women have fought and are continuing to fight, for an end to sexual
assault. There are over 300 female students that attend Huntingdon Area High School. Out of
these 300 females, 75 of them will experience sexual assault in college, which is one of the most
demeaning and traumatizing events a person can go through. Society has normalized rape
because people in the US have become desensitized to how horrible and damaging it is. Sigmund
Freud stated that women will not achieve happiness in the society they live in now as measured
by his theory of happiness (Buchwald, 2005, p.213). Based on his theory, “what a women wants,
is what Freud knew is held precious by every man: self-determination, autonomy within reason,
life without undue fear, liberty without causing harm to others, and the ability to pursue one’s
happiness” (Buchwald, 2005, p.213).Women can not achieve this theory if they are living in a
constant fear of being sexually harassed. If society continues to live in this rape culture, no
changes will be seen in the near future. Hundreds of women will continue to be raped daily
without justice on their side. Society must start now to reshape the ideologies of masculinity so
that future generations will live in a nation where rape culture no longer exists and women will