This document presents information on road construction. It begins with an introduction to the topic and then provides details on various aspects of road construction under headings like "Introduction", "Marine Pollution", "Pollutants: Sources and Their Effects", "Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution", and "Conclusion". In particular, it discusses how oceans cover 71% of the earth and play an important role, defines marine pollution and its causes, explains different pollutants like sewage, plastic, metals, oil, heat and radioactive waste and their effects, and outlines methods to prevent and control marine pollution like stabilization of ecosystems and removal of pollutants.

1. NGF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PALWAL-121102 [HR]
Presentation on
ROAD CONSTRUCTION
PRESENTED BY :- PRESENTED TO :-
MD NEHAL MR. Vikram Singh
S19CIV014 Asst. prof. of Civil Deptt.
SEM:- 8th sem

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• MARINE POLLUTION
• POLLUTANTS: SOURCES AND THEIR
EFFECTS
• PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF MARINE
POLLUTION
• CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
• Oceans cover about 71% of the
Earth’s surface.
They play an important role in the
chemical and biological balance of
the life on the earth.
They are vital to our food security,
commerce and transportation.
But human activity has troubled
the health of oceans.
The habitats of marine mammals
and fish have been degraded
severely, with pollution responsible
for the mass deaths of fish,
mammals and corals.
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4. MARINE POLLUTION
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It is defined as the discharge
of waste substance into the
sea resulting in harm to living
sea species ,human health and
hindrance to fishery and
impairment of quality for use
of sea water.
Marine pollution is associated
with the physical and chemical
and biological condition of the
sea water.

5. POLLUTANTS: SOURCES AND THEIR
EFFECTS
Pollutants can simply define as the materials which cause
pollution. The following are the important pollutants that
cause the marine pollution.
Sewage
Plastic wastes
Metallic wastes
Oil
Heat
Radioactive waste
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6. SEWAGE
➢ Sewage may be entering the
sea
– By direct drainage
– From inland towns
and industries.
– Tipping at sea from ships.
➢ Detrimentaleffects of
sewage include
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Eutrophication
Deoxygenatio
n
Foul deposits, Reduced salinity,
Infection and toxic residues,

7. PLASTIC WASTES
• The mass of plastic in the oceans may be
as high as one hundred million metric
tons.
Many animals that live on or in the sea
consume flotsam by mistake, as it often
looks similar to their natural prey.
Plastic debris, when bulky or tangled, is
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difficult to pass, and may become
permanently lodged in the digestive
tracts of these animals, blocking the
passage of food and causing death
through starvation or infection.

8. METALLIC WASTES
• Metallic chemical elements have a relatively
high density and toxic or poisonous at low
concentrations. Examples are mercury, lead,
nickel, arsenic, cadmium and so on.
Metallic wastes can be enter the marine
environment naturally
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– through weathering of the earth’s crust.
– from rivers or by direct discharges.
– through the atmosphere also.
– These can enter the sea through oil spill
also.
• The use of antifouling paint on the bottoms of
boats has been implicated as a major source of
heavy metals in waters.
These toxic metals can accumulate in the
tissues of many species of aquatic life.
When we consume such fishes, it will affect
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our nervous system, kidneys, brains,
respiratory system or even it will lead us to
death.

9. OIL
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Oil may enter the sea water by number of
ways as follows;
Cargo tanker washings at sea and international
discharge of oily wastes from tank washings
and accidental spillages pollute the sea water
severely.
• Bilge pumping at sea
• Import oil losses: collisions in port
• Tanker accidents and maritime accidents due
to collision, fire, explosion or grounding also
result in oil release in water.
Oil leakage from pipelines
The blowout of wells, disposal of drilling mud,
accidental damages to offshore drilling rigs add
to oil pollution in water.
Oily wastes from oil fields or refineries near
the coast.

10. Oil pollution in Gulf of Mexico

12. HEAT
The most important sources of thermal
marine pollution are the nuclear power
plants and Thermal power plants.
These power plants use the sea water
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for cooling. This water is generally
returned to the sea at temperatures 11
to 220C (20-400F), which is higher than it
was initially.
Marine life is extremely sensitive to
changes in water temperature. Higher
temperatures can lead to premature
spawning, fish migration, lack of oxygen
or death of marine life.
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13. RADIOACTIVE WASTE
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Radioactive materials enter to the oceans mainly from
following ways:-
From natural background source:
From fallout of nuclear weapons testing.
From operation of nuclear reactors through intentional and
unintentional direct releases.
• Mining and processing of ores to produce radioisotopes.
Emission from the industrial use of
nuclear energy.
Leakage from underground nuclear
detonations.
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• From shipboard reactors.

14. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF MARINE POLLUTION
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Stabilization of the ecosystem
Reutilization, recycling, renovation and
recharge of the waste
Removal of the pollutants
To control the oil pollution, following
methods are used
– Skimming
– By spreading a high density
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powder over the oil patch, it can
be sunk to the bottom.
Biodegradation
Burning
Using a suitable
absorbing material.
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• Heat can be removed from condenser
cooling waters prior to their disposal
into the marine water.

15. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF MARINE POLLUTION
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Removal of phosphorus by electrolysis.
Adopting appropriate methods to remove
heavy metals from the marine water.
Radioactive wastes can be removed or
reduced by the ion-exchange techniques,
precipitation of radio-nuclides.
The impacts of deep sea mining can be
minimize or reduced by using proper mining
techniques.
Creating awareness on marine pollution.
Local communities near sea must protect
sea.
Management by government
Incentives must be offered for conservation.
Industrial units should be equipped with
pollution control instruments.
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16. CONCLUSION
• Oceans cover the earth’s surface about 71% and play
an important role in the chemical and biological
balance of the life on the earth.
These are rich with marine resources like minerals, oil
and marine life and the sea food supplies meet a
substantial food requirement of the world’s population.
If the marine life affected by the pollution and if they
carry pollutants in its biomass, the human population
may get the impact while consuming such resources.
Hence it is necessary to aware about the marine
pollution, and to protect the marine water from the
pollutants. So, necessary to prevent and control this
pollution.
Let us save our oceans and the huge marine ecosystem.
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17. THANK YOU