2. Consent
Acceptance or approval of what is planned or done by
another. Permission, approval, or agreement; compliance.
Political Economy
Political economy is the interplay between economics and
politics.
The political, economic and cultural factors that affect the
production and distribution of wealth.
3. Political economic factors that shape
the news
Political and economic systems of the society in which the
media operate:
Political and economic status of the country
Dominant cultural and social values
Cultural/national alignments or conflicts
4. Political economic influences on the
media
Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky argued in the 1988
that there were five political economic filters through
which news passed before it was presented in the
mainstream media.
These filters are known as “Propaganda Model”.
7. Ownership
• The Media is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a
small number of private companies, owned by wealthy
individuals.
• The pressures of stockholders, directors and bankers are
also powerful forces affecting the content of these
companies' media content.
• Thus "market-profit-oriented forces" .
8. Advertising
• Interests of advertisers come before reporting the news
• the news itself is nothing more than "filler" to get
privileged readers to see the advertisements
9. Advertising
• The media have daily news needs, and thus need a
steady, reliable source of news material.
• Maintaining news reporters at all locations where news
may break is not financially viable.
• As a result, news organizations become reliant on
government PR.
10. Flak
• Negative responses to media content: phone calls,
letters, petitions, law suits, speeches, bills before
Parliament.
• From individuals or groups, politicians, government,
business
• When produced by individuals or groups with large
resources, it can be "both uncomfortable and costly“.
11. Anti-Communism/Anti-Terrorism
• "Fuzzy" concept that can be used against anyone
threatening the interests of the financial elite.
• Downfall of Communism left a gap (the common enemy)
that has now been replaced by Terrorism.
