The document discusses three types of male cancers: prostate cancer, testicular cancer, and penile cancer. It defines each cancer, discusses their causes, signs and symptoms, methods of treatment, prevention strategies, screening procedures, and programs for prevention in the Philippines. Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer and often has no symptoms in early stages. Testicular cancer is most common in younger men and has high cure rates. Penile cancer risk is higher in uncircumcised men and those with poor hygiene.

1. Male Cancers
Presented by:
Jhon Mar Lopez Bellos
AAPD2A – Class ‘10-’11
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

2. Cancer
 classof diseases in which a group of cells
display uncontrolled growth, invasion that
intrudes upon and destroys adjacent
tissues, and sometimes metastasis, or
spreading to other locations in the body
via lymph or blood. These three malignant
properties of cancers differentiate them
from benign tumors, which do not invade
or metastasize.

4. Prostate
Cancer

5. Definition
A cancer that develops in the prostate, a
gland in the male reproductive system.
 Most are slow growing.
 Cancer cells may spread to the other
parts of the body:
 Bones
 Lymph Nodes

6. Etiology
 Factors
implicated in the development of
the cancer:
 Genetics
 Diet
 Viral

7. Signs and Symptoms
 Earlyprostate cancer usually causes no
symptoms.
 Often diagnosed with elevated Prostate-
specific Antigen (Protein).
 Frequent urination
 Nocturia
 Hematuria
 Dysuria

8.  Advanced prostate cancer can spread
and cause additional symptoms:
 Bone pain
 Vertebrae
 Pelvis
 Ribs
 Femur

9. Methods of Control
 Monitoring of tumor progress or symptoms.
 Radical Prostatectomy.
 Radiation Therapy
 Chemotherappy

10. Prevention and Control
 Exercise
 Proper Diet
 More frequent ejaculation (though other
studies have shown no benefit.)
 Having elevated levels of long-chain
Omega-3 Fatty Acids.

11. Program for Prevention
 The Philippine Cancer Control
Program, begun in 1988, is an integrated
approach utilizing primary, secondary
and tertiary prevention in different regions
of the country at both hospital and
community levels. Six leading cancers
(lung, breast, liver, cervix, oral
cavity, colon and rectum) are discussed.

12. Screening Procedure
 Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)
 Usually done first.
 For any man over 50 or 40.
 With urinary problems or not.

13.  You may be asked to bend over a table or to lie
on your side holding your knees close to your
chest. The doctor slides a gloved, lubricated finger
into the rectum and feels the part of
the prostate that lies next to it. You may find
the DRE slightly uncomfortable, but it is very brief.
This exam tells the doctor whether the gland has
any bumps, irregularities, soft spots, or hard spots
that require additional tests. If a prostate infection
is suspected, the doctor might massage
the prostate during the DRE to obtain fluid for
examination under a microscope.

15. Testicular
Cancer

16. Definition
A cancer that develops in the testicles.
 Most common among males aged 15-40.
 Highest cure rates of all cancers.

17. Etiology
 More than 95% are Germ Cell Tumors.
 5% are sex cord-gonadal stromal Tumors.

18. Signs and Symptoms
a lump in one testis which may or may not
be painful.
 sharp pain or a dull ache in the
lower abdomen or scrotum.
 a feeling often described as "heaviness" in
the scrotum.
 low back pain (lumbago) tumor spread to
the lymph nodes along the back.

19.  shortness of breath (dyspnea), cough or
coughing up blood (hemoptysis) from
metastatic spread to the lungs.
 a lump in the neck due to metastases to
the lymph nodes.

20. Methods of Control
 Three Basic Types:
 Surgery
 Radiation Therapy
 Chemotherapy

21. Prevention and Control
 Unfortunately, testicular cancer is a type of
cancer that can't easily be prevented. There
are simply no proven prevention methods.
 With most cancers, the best method of
prevention is to avoid the risk factors. There is
no way to avoid the risk factors for testicular
cancer because most are out of the person's
control, like age, race, and conditions
occurring at birth.

22.  Risk Factors:
 Having had an undescended testicle.
 Having had abnormal development of the
testicles.
 Having a personal or family history of
testicular cancer.
 Having Klinefelter's syndrome.
 Being white.

23. Program for Prevention
 No formal prevention programs exist
for testicular cancer.

24. Screening Procedure
 Generally, patients are checked
frequently by their doctor and have
regular blood tests to measure tumor
marker levels. They also have regular x-
rays and computed tomography, also
called CT scans or CAT scans (detailed
pictures of areas inside the body created
by a computer linked to an x-ray
machine).

25.  Men who have had testicular cancer
have an increased likelihood of
developing cancer in the remaining
testicle. Patients treated with
chemotherapy may have an increased
risk of certain types of leukemia, as well as
other types of cancer. Regular follow-up
care ensures that changes in health are
discussed and that problems are treated
as soon as possible.

27. Penile
Cancer

28. Definition
 Can occur anywhere along the penile
shaft, but most are on the foreskin or head
(glans).
 Usually a slow-growing cancer and is
curable if discovered early.

29. Etiology
A disease of poor hygiene.
 Higher on men who are not circumcised.

30. Signs and Symptoms
 Begins as a raised lump or lesion on the
penis.
 It can begin more as an area of
unexplained change in the color of the
skin.

31. Methods of Control
 Chemotherapy
 SurgicalTherapy
 Lymphadenectomy
 Radiation therapy:
 External beam radiation therapy
 Brachytherapy

32. Prevention and Control
 ProperHygiene
 Circumcision

33.  Risk Factors:
 Smoking increases your risk factor for penile
cancer.
 Age and Gender
 Being infected with AIDS virus

34. Program for Prevention
 Departmentof Surgery and the Philippine
General Hospital (PGH) - Operation Tule
 Not conducted anymore.

35. Screening Procedure
 In order to determine if an abnormality on
the penis is cancer, a biopsy is needed in
which a sample of skin tissues is removed
for laboratory testing. If cancer is
confirmed, tests to determine the extent
of the cancer will be recommended,
including:

36.  Fine needle aspiration. A type of biopsy in which
cells are removed through a thin needle that
has been placed directly into the mass.
 Ultrasound. This procedure uses sound waves to
help determine how deeply a tumor has
invaded into the penis.
 CT Scan or MRI. A CT scan or MRI may reveal
the presence of enlarged lymph nodes - an
indication that the cancer has spread.