China has the second largest economy and is the most populous country. It has experienced rapid economic growth averaging 10% over the last 30 years due to reforms allowing private sector growth and foreign investment. China uses fiscal and monetary policies like government spending on infrastructure, adjusting required reserve ratios, and managing the yuan's exchange rate to influence economic stability and growth. These allowed China to recover quickly from the 2008 financial crisis through measures such as lowering interest rates and enacting a $650 billion stimulus package. While still having some state-owned sectors, China has transitioned significantly from a centrally planned to more market-based economy.
Ppt prowse neo patrimonial developmentalism in malawi - 27-04-12 so [compatib...jdhondt
This document provides an overview of the political economy of Malawi from 1964 to 2011 under three different ruling parties. [1] Under Kamuzu Banda and the Malawi Congress Party from 1964-1994, there was successful development and growth when rents were allocated productively, but this declined over time. [2] Under Bakili Muluzi and the United Democratic Front from 1994-2004, there was limited development despite aid due to lack of strategy and rents being exported. [3] Under Bingu Mutharika's Democratic Progressive Party from 2005-2011, food security was achieved but fiscal discipline eroded and attempts to control tobacco rents failed.
Getting Rntervention Rights Rodrik Korean Economic DevelopmentSievleang Ly
The document discusses the economic growth of South Korea and Taiwan from the 1960s. It argues that their growth was not solely due to export promotion as conventional economics believes. While exports increased, profits from exports alone did not account for the aggregate economic performance. Rather, the main drivers were government intervention to remove coordination failures, investment-stimulating policies, and efficient industrial development. The governments coordinated private investments, encouraged exports through exchange rate policies, and imported capital goods which increased investment and exports together in a virtuous cycle. Initial conditions like education levels and equitable wealth distribution also contributed significantly to the countries' growth trajectories.
Political Economy of a Post-Colonial State; Economic Development of PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
Despite all the ups and downs, Pakistan is now the 26th largest economy in the world in terms of Purchasing Power Parity, (44th largest in terms of nominal GDP). With per capita income of US$ 4550, Pakistan occupies at 140th place on this count in the world, thanks to her burgeoning population of 200 million people. Pakistan is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a potential to become one of the world's large economies in the 21st century. By 2050, with an estimated GDP of $3.33 trillion, Pakistan is expected to become world’s 18th largest economy, according to Goldman Sachs. However, this progress is not as impressive as it looks or should have been keeping her potential. Similarly her dismal social indicators, structural anomalies and income disparities leave much to be desired.
This presentation sums up the development experience—what Pakistan did marvellously, what it did marginally and where it failed miserably during her development journey. It ends with an the lessons other developing countries can learn from this development experience of Pakistan.
Part 6 of the series on the politica economy of Pakistan which examines the global and domestic environment at the time of General Zia's take over,the economic policies pursued by his team during the 1977-88 decade and how these policies affected the process of economic development of Pakistan
The document provides information on macroeconomic indicators of the US economy such as GDP, GDP growth rate, GDP per capita, GNP, inflation rate, and unemployment rate. It discusses that US GDP was $17.9 trillion in 2015, accounting for 28.95% of the global economy. The GDP per capita was $51,486 in 2015, which is 408% of the world's average. It also outlines the Federal Reserve's monetary policy tools including open market operations, reserve requirements, and discount rates. Overall, the summary provides a high-level overview of key macroeconomic statistics and monetary policies related to the US economy.
The document discusses Pakistan's macroeconomic development objectives and performance over decades. It analyzes basic indicators related to population, GDP growth, economic contributions by sector, and human development. Pakistan's economy transitioned from primarily agricultural to greater roles of manufacturing and services. While growth occurred in most decades, Pakistan faces ongoing challenges including high illiteracy and poverty rates, as well as threats to continued growth and stabilization. The document calls for policies to improve competitiveness, reduce corruption and non-productive expenditures.
Session 4 Youth Unemployment China Presentationwbeap
The document summarizes challenges around youth unemployment in China and proposes a 4E strategy to address it: Employment Creation, Entrepreneurship, Employability, and Equal Opportunity. It outlines specific government programs and policies to promote each element of the strategy. Priority groups are college graduates and rural migrant youth. The All-China Youth Federation plays a key role in coordinating efforts through its large network across China. Future plans include advocating for a national youth employment policy and expanding programs to promote entrepreneurship and international cooperation.
China has the second largest economy and is the most populous country. It has experienced rapid economic growth averaging 10% over the last 30 years due to reforms allowing private sector growth and foreign investment. China uses fiscal and monetary policies like government spending on infrastructure, adjusting required reserve ratios, and managing the yuan's exchange rate to influence economic stability and growth. These allowed China to recover quickly from the 2008 financial crisis through measures such as lowering interest rates and enacting a $650 billion stimulus package. While still having some state-owned sectors, China has transitioned significantly from a centrally planned to more market-based economy.
Ppt prowse neo patrimonial developmentalism in malawi - 27-04-12 so [compatib...jdhondt
This document provides an overview of the political economy of Malawi from 1964 to 2011 under three different ruling parties. [1] Under Kamuzu Banda and the Malawi Congress Party from 1964-1994, there was successful development and growth when rents were allocated productively, but this declined over time. [2] Under Bakili Muluzi and the United Democratic Front from 1994-2004, there was limited development despite aid due to lack of strategy and rents being exported. [3] Under Bingu Mutharika's Democratic Progressive Party from 2005-2011, food security was achieved but fiscal discipline eroded and attempts to control tobacco rents failed.
Getting Rntervention Rights Rodrik Korean Economic DevelopmentSievleang Ly
The document discusses the economic growth of South Korea and Taiwan from the 1960s. It argues that their growth was not solely due to export promotion as conventional economics believes. While exports increased, profits from exports alone did not account for the aggregate economic performance. Rather, the main drivers were government intervention to remove coordination failures, investment-stimulating policies, and efficient industrial development. The governments coordinated private investments, encouraged exports through exchange rate policies, and imported capital goods which increased investment and exports together in a virtuous cycle. Initial conditions like education levels and equitable wealth distribution also contributed significantly to the countries' growth trajectories.
Political Economy of a Post-Colonial State; Economic Development of PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
Despite all the ups and downs, Pakistan is now the 26th largest economy in the world in terms of Purchasing Power Parity, (44th largest in terms of nominal GDP). With per capita income of US$ 4550, Pakistan occupies at 140th place on this count in the world, thanks to her burgeoning population of 200 million people. Pakistan is one of the Next Eleven, the eleven countries that, along with the BRICs, have a potential to become one of the world's large economies in the 21st century. By 2050, with an estimated GDP of $3.33 trillion, Pakistan is expected to become world’s 18th largest economy, according to Goldman Sachs. However, this progress is not as impressive as it looks or should have been keeping her potential. Similarly her dismal social indicators, structural anomalies and income disparities leave much to be desired.
This presentation sums up the development experience—what Pakistan did marvellously, what it did marginally and where it failed miserably during her development journey. It ends with an the lessons other developing countries can learn from this development experience of Pakistan.
Part 6 of the series on the politica economy of Pakistan which examines the global and domestic environment at the time of General Zia's take over,the economic policies pursued by his team during the 1977-88 decade and how these policies affected the process of economic development of Pakistan
The document provides information on macroeconomic indicators of the US economy such as GDP, GDP growth rate, GDP per capita, GNP, inflation rate, and unemployment rate. It discusses that US GDP was $17.9 trillion in 2015, accounting for 28.95% of the global economy. The GDP per capita was $51,486 in 2015, which is 408% of the world's average. It also outlines the Federal Reserve's monetary policy tools including open market operations, reserve requirements, and discount rates. Overall, the summary provides a high-level overview of key macroeconomic statistics and monetary policies related to the US economy.
The document discusses Pakistan's macroeconomic development objectives and performance over decades. It analyzes basic indicators related to population, GDP growth, economic contributions by sector, and human development. Pakistan's economy transitioned from primarily agricultural to greater roles of manufacturing and services. While growth occurred in most decades, Pakistan faces ongoing challenges including high illiteracy and poverty rates, as well as threats to continued growth and stabilization. The document calls for policies to improve competitiveness, reduce corruption and non-productive expenditures.
Session 4 Youth Unemployment China Presentationwbeap
The document summarizes challenges around youth unemployment in China and proposes a 4E strategy to address it: Employment Creation, Entrepreneurship, Employability, and Equal Opportunity. It outlines specific government programs and policies to promote each element of the strategy. Priority groups are college graduates and rural migrant youth. The All-China Youth Federation plays a key role in coordinating efforts through its large network across China. Future plans include advocating for a national youth employment policy and expanding programs to promote entrepreneurship and international cooperation.
The Power-point discusses the macroeconomics of china. It discusses the inflation, unemployment in china, fiscal and monetary policy of china and the foreign exchange rate mechanism of china. It also discusses what can be the endgame for china for changing in its policy.
This document outlines the course objectives and topics for a course on Pakistan's economic issues. The course aims to provide students with an understanding of key sectors of Pakistan's economy including agriculture, industry, financial and social sectors as well as current policies. Topics to be covered include the development of Pakistan's economy over the past 50 years, the agriculture, manufacturing and banking sectors, fiscal and monetary policy, the budget, fiscal deficit, and social issues. Recommended textbooks and resources are also provided.
This document provides background information on Ghana's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) implemented in 1983. It discusses Ghana's deteriorating economic situation following independence that led successive governments to seek assistance from international lenders. Ghana was compelled to accept the SAP promoted by the IMF and World Bank to receive loans. The SAP required Ghana to implement free market reforms like privatization, trade liberalization, currency devaluation and cuts to social spending. The document examines the origins and requirements of the SAP as well as its impacts on Ghana's development.
This document outlines China's historical economic growth and challenges to its current growth model. It discusses China shifting from increases in physical and human capital between 1952-1978 to participation of total factor productivity growth after 1978. Key reforms in the 1980s expanded the non-state sector and increased agricultural incentives. China has become the world's second largest economy and largest exporter but faces potential slowing growth as it reaches middle income levels and must transition its growth model to become more sustainable and consumption driven.
AS Macro: Introduction to Economic Developmenttutor2u
This document provides an introduction to economic development. It defines economic development as improving human freedoms and reducing poverty, inequality, and unemployment. The key goals of economic development are outlined in the Millennium Development Goals and are measured by indicators such as the Human Development Index which considers education, life expectancy, and income. However, the HDI has limitations as it does not account for other important factors like political freedoms, income distribution, or qualitative changes over time. Common characteristics of lower income countries are also presented such as lower productivity and incomes as well as higher inequality, which can lead to social and economic costs if left unaddressed.
Vietnam is a fast-growing lower middle income country that has received considerable inward investment in recent years. This revision webinar for A-level Economics looks at the contextual evidence on Vietnam and compares and contrasts their current growth with China. It analyses some of the key growth drivers and evaluates barriers to growth including environmental challenges and vulnerability to external economic shocks.
The document discusses China's economic development and unemployment rate. It notes that China experienced rapid economic growth after economic reforms in 1978. China joined the WTO in 2001 and became the world's factory due to its large labor force and resources. In 2009, China surpassed Japan to become the second largest economy in the world. However, inflation increased to its highest level from 2009 to 2011 despite government efforts. While China has high GDP growth, its average worker income remains below international standards, and economic development has not always benefited workers.
The document analyzes critical constraints to growth in the Philippine economy through a diagnostic approach. It identifies the following as key constraints: tight fiscal situation, inadequate infrastructure (especially electricity and transport), weak investor confidence due to governance concerns, and an inability to address market failures leading to a small industrial base. It also finds constraints to poverty reduction include a lack of productive jobs, inequitable access to opportunities, and inadequate social protection. Infrastructure investment, domestic savings, and human capital development are areas that require further improvement.
Pakistan faces several economic challenges that have hindered its development since its formation. Its economy was initially weak due to the British government making it dependent and India refusing to share capital and resources. Additional challenges include high defense spending due to wars, political instability, foreign debt obligations, low tax revenues, a shortage of electricity, and fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate. While the economy has grown in some areas like exports, long-term economic planning has faced issues achieving targets due to these various economic problems. As a result, Pakistan remains dependent on foreign loans and aid rather than being fully self-reliant.
This document discusses the economy of Pakistan. It defines what an economy is and identifies key factors that affect Pakistan's economy such as growth, investment, agriculture, manufacturing, trade, debt, education, health, population, and employment. It also outlines some of Pakistan's economic challenges including consuming more than saving, importing more than exporting, high government spending, energy and water shortages, and weak governance. The economic history of Pakistan shows it was initially very poor but grew steadily from the 1960s-1980s before slowing in the 1990s. The major sectors of Pakistan's economy include agriculture, industry, automobiles, CNG, cement, IT, textiles, services, communication, and electricity. Key economic measures discussed include consumer
This document provides an overview of China's economic development from 1979 to the present. It discusses how China implemented economic reforms beginning in 1979, including establishing special economic zones, decentralizing economic policymaking, encouraging private businesses and foreign investment. As a result of these reforms, China's economy has grown substantially faster than during the pre-reform period, with an average annual growth rate of around 10% between 1979-2010. China has become the world's second largest economy and largest exporter, achieving unprecedented economic growth and dramatically improving living standards.
The document discusses the relationship between politics and economics in various countries and contexts. It begins by introducing political economy and how politics can influence factors like economic policies, trade, GDP, and inequality. It then examines specific examples, including how wars, disasters, and environmental changes can impact the world economy. Regarding India, it notes how politicians have affected sectors like IT, agriculture, and corporations. It also provides overviews of the politics and economies of Afghanistan and Somalia, highlighting issues like civil war, corruption and famine. The conclusion acknowledges various information sources used in the document.
Structural Adjustment Policies and Africa, November 2013Africa Cheetah Run
Structural Adjustment Policies are economic policies which countries must follow in order to qualify for new World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans and help them make debt repayments on the older debts owed to commercial banks, governments and the World Bank. Most countries in Africa rely on SAP's for economic development and poverty reduction. On the contrary some countries have sighted exploitation by donor countries.
Pakistan faces several economic challenges that threaten its economic stability and growth. After gaining independence, Pakistan's economy was formed weakly by the British and was totally dependent on agriculture. It struggled with the failure of early five-year plans and periods of martial law. Today, Pakistan continues to grapple with issues like electricity shortages, unfavorable trade balances, dependence on loans and aid, a weak revenue system, foreign exchange rate problems, and other challenges such as governance issues, low education rates, civil unrest, and poverty.
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This document presents the assessment for the five year economic development plan of Siniloan, Laguna. It outlines the objectives of the study which are to assess the economic development over five years, determine effective strategies to increase social welfare, and determine residents' awareness of the economic status. It also presents the scope which focuses on the business, agricultural, private and industrial sectors from 2014-2015. The methodology discusses the research design, sampling technique, data collection instruments and procedures which include distributing questionnaires and analyzing the collected data.
Economic development in the contemporary chinaRoddy Sunguro
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. China has been pursuing a modernist vision of rapid economic development by implementing several policy variants.
From the 1950s up to the 1970s, China followed the Soviet model of development. Which meant that industrial production was solely in the hands of the central government whilst agricultural production was controlled by a network of rural collectives.
It was only in 1978 that China started to abandon the planned system and gradually returned to a more market-oriented economy. 1978 marked the beginning of a suite of economic reform policies known as Reform and Opening 改革开放 (gǎigé kāifàng).
Before the reforms, the Chinese economy was dominated by state ownership and central planning. From the 1950s up to the 1970s, Chinese real GDP per capita grew at a rate of only 2.9% per year on average and worse still Starting in 1970, the economy entered into a period of stagnation.
It was then after the death of Mao Zedong that the Communist Party leadership turned to market-oriented reforms to salvage the failing economy.
1) Bangladesh has experienced steady economic growth despite weaknesses in governance, which has been termed a "development paradox."
2) This is attributed to a form of "growth-enhancing governance" characterized by de facto rent sharing across political divides, separation of economic and political rents, and a largely ordered environment for deals across sectors.
3) This ordered deals environment has provided credible commitment from the state and transactional certainty for private actors, enabling steady growth despite weaknesses in other market-enhancing institutions.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Afra Paul Mpabanyanka that summarizes his personal and professional experience. It includes details about [1] his personal information like name, date of birth, and languages spoken; [2] his academic background including a bachelor's degree from Archbishop Mihayo University College of Tabora expected in 2016; and [3] his professional experience including positions as a private entrepreneur, regional coordinator, minister of health, and member of parliament in student governments. It also lists his computer skills, other skills like research and public speaking, and references.
The Power-point discusses the macroeconomics of china. It discusses the inflation, unemployment in china, fiscal and monetary policy of china and the foreign exchange rate mechanism of china. It also discusses what can be the endgame for china for changing in its policy.
This document outlines the course objectives and topics for a course on Pakistan's economic issues. The course aims to provide students with an understanding of key sectors of Pakistan's economy including agriculture, industry, financial and social sectors as well as current policies. Topics to be covered include the development of Pakistan's economy over the past 50 years, the agriculture, manufacturing and banking sectors, fiscal and monetary policy, the budget, fiscal deficit, and social issues. Recommended textbooks and resources are also provided.
This document provides background information on Ghana's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) implemented in 1983. It discusses Ghana's deteriorating economic situation following independence that led successive governments to seek assistance from international lenders. Ghana was compelled to accept the SAP promoted by the IMF and World Bank to receive loans. The SAP required Ghana to implement free market reforms like privatization, trade liberalization, currency devaluation and cuts to social spending. The document examines the origins and requirements of the SAP as well as its impacts on Ghana's development.
This document outlines China's historical economic growth and challenges to its current growth model. It discusses China shifting from increases in physical and human capital between 1952-1978 to participation of total factor productivity growth after 1978. Key reforms in the 1980s expanded the non-state sector and increased agricultural incentives. China has become the world's second largest economy and largest exporter but faces potential slowing growth as it reaches middle income levels and must transition its growth model to become more sustainable and consumption driven.
AS Macro: Introduction to Economic Developmenttutor2u
This document provides an introduction to economic development. It defines economic development as improving human freedoms and reducing poverty, inequality, and unemployment. The key goals of economic development are outlined in the Millennium Development Goals and are measured by indicators such as the Human Development Index which considers education, life expectancy, and income. However, the HDI has limitations as it does not account for other important factors like political freedoms, income distribution, or qualitative changes over time. Common characteristics of lower income countries are also presented such as lower productivity and incomes as well as higher inequality, which can lead to social and economic costs if left unaddressed.
Vietnam is a fast-growing lower middle income country that has received considerable inward investment in recent years. This revision webinar for A-level Economics looks at the contextual evidence on Vietnam and compares and contrasts their current growth with China. It analyses some of the key growth drivers and evaluates barriers to growth including environmental challenges and vulnerability to external economic shocks.
The document discusses China's economic development and unemployment rate. It notes that China experienced rapid economic growth after economic reforms in 1978. China joined the WTO in 2001 and became the world's factory due to its large labor force and resources. In 2009, China surpassed Japan to become the second largest economy in the world. However, inflation increased to its highest level from 2009 to 2011 despite government efforts. While China has high GDP growth, its average worker income remains below international standards, and economic development has not always benefited workers.
The document analyzes critical constraints to growth in the Philippine economy through a diagnostic approach. It identifies the following as key constraints: tight fiscal situation, inadequate infrastructure (especially electricity and transport), weak investor confidence due to governance concerns, and an inability to address market failures leading to a small industrial base. It also finds constraints to poverty reduction include a lack of productive jobs, inequitable access to opportunities, and inadequate social protection. Infrastructure investment, domestic savings, and human capital development are areas that require further improvement.
Pakistan faces several economic challenges that have hindered its development since its formation. Its economy was initially weak due to the British government making it dependent and India refusing to share capital and resources. Additional challenges include high defense spending due to wars, political instability, foreign debt obligations, low tax revenues, a shortage of electricity, and fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate. While the economy has grown in some areas like exports, long-term economic planning has faced issues achieving targets due to these various economic problems. As a result, Pakistan remains dependent on foreign loans and aid rather than being fully self-reliant.
This document discusses the economy of Pakistan. It defines what an economy is and identifies key factors that affect Pakistan's economy such as growth, investment, agriculture, manufacturing, trade, debt, education, health, population, and employment. It also outlines some of Pakistan's economic challenges including consuming more than saving, importing more than exporting, high government spending, energy and water shortages, and weak governance. The economic history of Pakistan shows it was initially very poor but grew steadily from the 1960s-1980s before slowing in the 1990s. The major sectors of Pakistan's economy include agriculture, industry, automobiles, CNG, cement, IT, textiles, services, communication, and electricity. Key economic measures discussed include consumer
This document provides an overview of China's economic development from 1979 to the present. It discusses how China implemented economic reforms beginning in 1979, including establishing special economic zones, decentralizing economic policymaking, encouraging private businesses and foreign investment. As a result of these reforms, China's economy has grown substantially faster than during the pre-reform period, with an average annual growth rate of around 10% between 1979-2010. China has become the world's second largest economy and largest exporter, achieving unprecedented economic growth and dramatically improving living standards.
The document discusses the relationship between politics and economics in various countries and contexts. It begins by introducing political economy and how politics can influence factors like economic policies, trade, GDP, and inequality. It then examines specific examples, including how wars, disasters, and environmental changes can impact the world economy. Regarding India, it notes how politicians have affected sectors like IT, agriculture, and corporations. It also provides overviews of the politics and economies of Afghanistan and Somalia, highlighting issues like civil war, corruption and famine. The conclusion acknowledges various information sources used in the document.
Structural Adjustment Policies and Africa, November 2013Africa Cheetah Run
Structural Adjustment Policies are economic policies which countries must follow in order to qualify for new World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans and help them make debt repayments on the older debts owed to commercial banks, governments and the World Bank. Most countries in Africa rely on SAP's for economic development and poverty reduction. On the contrary some countries have sighted exploitation by donor countries.
Pakistan faces several economic challenges that threaten its economic stability and growth. After gaining independence, Pakistan's economy was formed weakly by the British and was totally dependent on agriculture. It struggled with the failure of early five-year plans and periods of martial law. Today, Pakistan continues to grapple with issues like electricity shortages, unfavorable trade balances, dependence on loans and aid, a weak revenue system, foreign exchange rate problems, and other challenges such as governance issues, low education rates, civil unrest, and poverty.
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
This document presents the assessment for the five year economic development plan of Siniloan, Laguna. It outlines the objectives of the study which are to assess the economic development over five years, determine effective strategies to increase social welfare, and determine residents' awareness of the economic status. It also presents the scope which focuses on the business, agricultural, private and industrial sectors from 2014-2015. The methodology discusses the research design, sampling technique, data collection instruments and procedures which include distributing questionnaires and analyzing the collected data.
Economic development in the contemporary chinaRoddy Sunguro
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. China has been pursuing a modernist vision of rapid economic development by implementing several policy variants.
From the 1950s up to the 1970s, China followed the Soviet model of development. Which meant that industrial production was solely in the hands of the central government whilst agricultural production was controlled by a network of rural collectives.
It was only in 1978 that China started to abandon the planned system and gradually returned to a more market-oriented economy. 1978 marked the beginning of a suite of economic reform policies known as Reform and Opening 改革开放 (gǎigé kāifàng).
Before the reforms, the Chinese economy was dominated by state ownership and central planning. From the 1950s up to the 1970s, Chinese real GDP per capita grew at a rate of only 2.9% per year on average and worse still Starting in 1970, the economy entered into a period of stagnation.
It was then after the death of Mao Zedong that the Communist Party leadership turned to market-oriented reforms to salvage the failing economy.
1) Bangladesh has experienced steady economic growth despite weaknesses in governance, which has been termed a "development paradox."
2) This is attributed to a form of "growth-enhancing governance" characterized by de facto rent sharing across political divides, separation of economic and political rents, and a largely ordered environment for deals across sectors.
3) This ordered deals environment has provided credible commitment from the state and transactional certainty for private actors, enabling steady growth despite weaknesses in other market-enhancing institutions.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Afra Paul Mpabanyanka that summarizes his personal and professional experience. It includes details about [1] his personal information like name, date of birth, and languages spoken; [2] his academic background including a bachelor's degree from Archbishop Mihayo University College of Tabora expected in 2016; and [3] his professional experience including positions as a private entrepreneur, regional coordinator, minister of health, and member of parliament in student governments. It also lists his computer skills, other skills like research and public speaking, and references.
1. Moses M. Stephano is a procurement specialist currently working at Helios Towers Tanzania in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
2. He has a Bachelor's degree in Procurement and Supply Management from Moshi University College of Cooperative and Business Studies and is a Certified Procurement and Supplies Professional.
3. His previous work experience includes positions as a procurement officer for an NGO and local government, and teaching mathematics at secondary schools.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Yamikani Muronya, a Malawian national currently working as the National Training and Development Coordinator for G4S Secure Solutions Malawi Limited. Muronya has over 10 years of experience in human resources, health and safety, and training roles. He holds qualifications in environmental health, human resources management, and training needs assessment. His career objective is to be a leading learning and development practitioner to achieve an informed workforce through business innovations.
Constantine Kimaro has over 8 years of experience in banking, credit operations, and risk management. He holds an MBA in Corporate Management from Mzumbe University and a BCom in Corporate Finance from the University of Dar es Salaam. Currently, he works as a Credit Manager at FNB Tanzania, where he is responsible for the entire credit granting process and portfolio management. He has previously held positions as a Credit Analyst, Business Banker, and Commercial Analyst at various banks in Tanzania. He is a Certified Professional Banker and pursuing further certification in credit operations.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Charles Mashauri. It includes his personal details and contact information. His professional experience consists of roles as the Development Director for the Anglican Diocese of Tarime from 2013-2014, as the Programme Coordinator for the Community Based Rehabilitation Programme from 2003-2013, and as the Clinical Officer In-Charge and Tuberculosis and Malaria Coordinator at Mugana Catholic Hospital from 1999-2002. He is currently pursuing a Master's degree in Project Planning and Management at Mzumbe University and has extensive training and qualifications in areas related to community development, public health, and project management.
Faraja Young Women Development Organization: Handcraft itemsFAYOWODO
The young women of the non-governmental organization (NGO) Faraja Young Women Development Organization (www.thefarajacenter.org) produce handcraft items which are sold to support the center and which the young women can use for income generating activities after graduating from Faraja Center.
Riziki Ous Msemwa's CV summarizes his education and work experience. He received a Bachelor's Degree in Information Technology from the University of Iringa in 2012. He has worked as a teacher, IT department head, and currently serves as an ICT Officer for Ludewa District Council. Msemwa has experience implementing computer networks and websites. He includes referees from his current and past employers who can verify his skills and work history.
Innocent Kayunguya is a Tanzanian citizen seeking experience to serve his community. He has a Bachelor of Commerce with Education from St. John's University of Tanzania and has worked as a teacher at several secondary schools between 2012-2015. His skills include Microsoft Office applications and he conducted research on factors affecting loan repayments for micro-enterprises. He provides referees from his university and is a member of the Youth of United Nations Association.
This curriculum vitae is for Ramadhan Haruna, a Tanzanian male born in 1978. He has over 15 years of experience working in hotel kitchens in various roles such as Commis Chef, Grill Master, Sous Chef, and Executive Chef. His education includes a certificate in hotel management from Bismarck College in 1994. Currently he works as an Executive Sous Chef at Ramada Resort Dar Es Salaam, where his responsibilities include assisting the Executive Chef and supervising kitchen operations. He has received several certificates in food safety, hygiene, and ISO standards. References are provided from past employers at Hyatt Regency and Ramada Resort.
The document outlines Tanzania's Action Plan to reduce chronic child malnutrition and anemia in pregnant women. The Plan seeks to reduce chronic child malnutrition by 15% and anemia in pregnant women by 13% by 2016. It details the country's nutrition challenges and programs already in place. The Plan's specific objectives are to increase access to nutrition services, strengthen coordination of nutrition legislation and policies, and implement high-impact interventions in vulnerable districts. Main actions include finalizing the national nutrition policy and developing a financing program and promotion tools for civil society organizations to participate in addressing malnutrition.
Charles Bundu Mashauri has over 10 years of experience in project planning and management for faith-based organizations, governments, and NGOs in Tanzania. He holds an MSc in Project Planning and Management and a Bachelor's Degree in Economics of Development. His professional experience includes roles as the Development Director for the Anglican Diocese of Tarime, where he coordinated development activities and projects, and as the Program Coordinator for the Community Based Rehabilitation Program of the Diocese of Mara, where he established rehabilitation centers and mobilized resources. He has strong skills in project cycle management, capacity building, strategic planning, monitoring and evaluation, and resource mobilization.
Gadiely Nelison Kayanda is a Tanzanian male seeking a community development position. He has a bachelor's degree in population and development planning from the Institute of Rural Development Planning in Dodoma. He has 5 years of experience facilitating community development projects for organizations like Plan International Tanzania and Peoples Development Forum. His responsibilities have included community mobilization, monitoring and evaluations, training, and reporting. He is proficient in Microsoft Office, SPSS, and has strong communication and project management skills.
Marko Hingi is the founder and director of Tanzania Rural Health Movement. He has led several community projects in Tanzania to help people in need, including tailoring and peer education training programs. He encourages finding partners and mentors to learn from, and continuing education and training to expand one's potential and help more communities across borders. His organization's website and contact information is provided.
Joel Chilambo is seeking a position that utilizes his talents in economic research and analysis. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Ardhi University and has work experience in accounting, teaching economics, and conducting research. His skills include proficiency in Microsoft Office, SPSS, E-View, and Stata. References are available upon request.
The curriculum vitae is for Peter Kalugwisha, a statistician working in the Ministry of Finance and Planning in Tanzania. It provides details about his personal information, education qualifications including a B.A in Statistics from the University of Dar es Salaam, professional skills in computer software and research methods, work experience including his current role as a statistician, duties in his current role related to monitoring, evaluation and reporting, and references.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Finland Bernard that outlines their professional experience and qualifications. It summarizes that Finland has over 5 years of experience working in NGOs, project coordination, human rights, and international affairs. They have a Bachelor's degree in International Relations from the University of Dodoma in Tanzania. Their work experience includes positions as a Project Officer for gender and women's economic empowerment in Uganda, and as Country Coordinator for an anti-poverty campaign and coalition in Tanzania. Their skills include communication, management, and computer/design programs.
This curriculum vitae summarizes Nathan Chepyator Tarus's personal and professional details. It includes his contact information, education history, objectives, work experience at Baker Hughes and Chemelil Sugar Company, computer skills, licenses, referees, and hobbies. His experience involves electrical and instrumentation work, logging while drilling operations, and maintenance roles utilizing various software and controllers.
Tanzania Global Learning Agency (TaGLA) is a Government Executive Agency responsible for capacity building with a role to train middle and senior officials in Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) in the leadership and managerial skills in order to improve public service delivery through the global communications system.
It was established under Executive Agency Act Cap 245 as it takes the responsibilities of the then Tanzania Global Development Learning Centre (TGDLC) which was established in year 2000 as a sub-component under the Public Service Reform Programme (PSRP).
It is a member of Association of African Development Learning Centers (AADLC) and the Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) with over 120 networked development communication hubs globally. Both AADLC and GDLN have core functions that enable decision makers and mid-level professionals and practitioners to access and share the wealth of knowledge and experiences available in the world through the global communication system.
Resolution Insurance Ltd is a medical insurance provider in Tanzania that utilizes managed care principles. It provides access to comprehensive healthcare through its network of over 650 medical service providers across East Africa. Resolution Insurance spreads risk across its over 60,000 members to offer a wide range of benefit plans at affordable premiums. It is well capitalized and fully insured, with professional indemnity coverage to protect members.
Malawi National Industry Policy: Situation analysis: issues and evidence pape...IFPRIMaSSP
Industrial policy has a mixed track record at best, and governments have made costly mistakes. But industrial policy does not always fail. Indeed, government activity in markets is often the critical difference between sectors' growth and competitiveness. In this era of heightened activism as governments seek to restore economic growth, what matters is understanding what approaches are likely to work best, when and where. The worst outcome for governments is failing to do their homework and spending scarce public resources on ineffectual forays into the market. The latest economic literature on industrial policy is based on institutional and evolutionary economics. The former calls for industrial policy to be about the process of setting de facto policy; while the latter calls for it to be about the process of learning by the productive economy. Our assessment is that it should be about policy. Therefore we recommend to the Government of Malawi that the Industrial Policy to be primarily about: [1] getting the process for policy making and programming right, based on identifying and addressing binding constraints through coordinated policies and programs; [2] getting the process for productive economy learning right, based on supporting economic spill-overs and learning activities, networks and incentives; and [3] calling for policy and budgeting decisions (which set de facto policy), that are needed to address current binding constraints to industrialization, as identified in the National Export Strategy, the Diagnostic Trade Integrated Study and the background research for this Issues Paper on Industrial Policy.
POL 190 Globalization and Development Development Poli.docxharrisonhoward80223
POL 190 Globalization and Development
Development Policies
Combinations of economic policies have been used by state officials to foster growth and economic
change. Most state leaders see an interest in fostering economic growth, but this is a challenge that may
not be completely within the control of the leaders of developing countries. In addition, the policy
measures that they take may not actually lead to the desired outcome.
Development policy has been a central element in addressing the gap (in wealth, income, industry,
technology, health/education, life expectancy, etc) between states.
There are two broad approaches: the market/neoliberal/laissez faire, and the state-led/interventionist
approaches. Note the way that these ‘schools of thought’ provide different explanations for the problems
facing developing countries and opposed strategies:
Policy Type Market/Neo-liberal
development policy
State-led/Interventionist
development policy
Does Economic policy matter? Yes
Yes
What causes development? Free markets Strong states/high-quality state
interventions
What causes
underdevelopment?
Too much state involvement Weak or poor/low-quality state
intervention
Main policy recommendation Reduce the state’s economic role Build the state’s economic
capabilities
Cases that confirm the
recommended policy approach
UK, US South Korea, Singapore, Japan
Test case: Why has China been
successful?
After 1979, opening to the market
has led to economic success
After 1979, strong state remains
active in managing China’s
economy
Test Case: Why has sub-
Saharan African been
unsuccessful?
Too much state intervention,
corruption
Weak states, low capacity for
decision making or provision
good public policy
Economic policy has shifted away from the state-led approach towards the market approach since the
1970s. Developing countries have made this shift in economic policy through two processes:
Being pushed/coerced by other states, global corporations and international organizations
Leaders made the decision to ‘shrink’ the state for domestic political reasons
Over the last 40 years, economic policy and differences in economic growth/wealth have also been
profoundly shaped by a larger process: ‘globalization’.
‘Globalization’: Basic Features
Increased Trade: States gradually eliminated barriers to trade
Increased Global Investment Flows: States eliminated barriers to investment and speculation.
Firms became globally mobile/diversified
The increased power of the global corporations. Businesses organize production around global
supply and manufacturing chains
Economic and social problems become ‘globalized’: environment, labor, product standards,
financial risk, etc
How? Historical Process of Contemporary Globalization: 1970s-2000s
The modern global economy is a product of deliberate state policy actions (and is not a ‘natural’ or
inevitabl.
This document discusses governance and systematic transformation in China over two stages from 1978 to the present. It summarizes that China implemented economic reforms without political reforms by decentralizing power to lower levels of government, creating competition and incentives for growth. This "federalism, Chinese-style" allowed for gradual experimentation and learning which supported sustainable market-oriented reforms and rapid economic development, especially through township and village enterprises. The Chinese experience shows that pragmatic, politically feasible reforms can succeed without immediate democratic changes or privatization.
Trapped in Webs of Underdevelopment for Half a Century? Rethinking Malawi’s G...IFPRIMaSSP
Which development fad has Malawi not experimented with since its birth as an independent nation in July 1964? It has not only experimented with almost each and every development fad that has caught the attention of development practitioners but has also been among the pioneering implementers but without much to show for. The findings of the latest Integrated Household Survey (IHS) are a clear indictment of the apparent failure of the country’s efforts to shovel itself out of the webs of underdevelopment half a century later. Poverty remains deep, severe and widespread with half and quarter of the population living below the poverty line and chronically poor respectively. It is against this backdrop that this paper seeks to rethink Malawi’s governance development framework through the political settlement analytical lenses. A political settlement is broadly defined as a common understanding usually forged between and among elites about how power is organized, shared and exercised, which, inter alia, plays a key role in shaping patterns and processes of economic growth, tax capacity, state responsiveness and even access to justice. The main argument of this paper is that although there have been moments of hope and promise of developmentalism throughout the last 50 years, they have not lasted because the country’s political settlement has fundamentally remained the same regardless of the transitions it has undergone over the years. The proposition of this paper is that Malawi’s development governance framework must not only be obsessed with what to do but also how to do it, which requires a great deal of innovative institutional engineering largely outside the prescriptive text book policy toolkits.
Asian Election Stakeholder Forum III (AESF III)
August 22 – 26, 2016
Bali, Indonesia
"Transparency & integrity for Quality Elections"
General Election Commission Republic of Indonesia
and
General Election Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL)
This document discusses the crisis in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It identifies five factors that have led to a loss of focus on socioeconomic transformation: 1) a failure to adequately plan the post-apartheid transition, 2) de-ideologizing the struggle for liberation, 3) the rise of populism, 4) disunity within the ruling alliance, and 5) the alliance becoming disconnected from communities. This has eroded state capacity and stalled economic development. It outlines challenges like population decline, high unemployment, and a shrinking productive sector. Potential solutions proposed include restructuring the economy, strengthening the state, and revitalizing organized labor to refocus on transformation. It calls for bolder economic interventions, risk
The document discusses India's New Economic Policy of 1991 which aimed to liberalize and open up the Indian economy. It was introduced when India was facing an economic crisis in 1991 under the government of P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Manmohan Singh. The key aspects of the new policy included structural reforms, market deregulation, privatization of public sector enterprises, and policies to encourage foreign investment. The goals were to make the economy more market-oriented and increase the role of private sector. The reforms led to liberalization of trade and industry, fiscal reforms, and financial sector reforms. Overall, the new economic policy aimed to shift India towards a globally integrated, free market economy.
The document discusses India's New Economic Policy of 1991 which aimed to liberalize and open up the Indian economy. It was introduced when India was facing an economic crisis in 1991 under the government of P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Manmohan Singh. The key aspects of the new policy included structural reforms, market deregulation, privatization of public sector companies, and policies to encourage foreign investment. The goals were to make the economy more market-oriented and boost economic growth. The reforms led to liberalization of trade and industry, and helped drive increased economic growth, foreign investment, and a more globalized Indian economy over the years.
Namibia gained independence in 1990 after decades of colonial rule. It has pursued mildly nationalistic and pan-Africanist economic policies while remaining generally market-friendly. Namibia has experienced economic success due to sound management and natural resource wealth, but high inequality remains a challenge. Recent growth has been driven by a mining boom, but the economy remains vulnerable to environmental shocks. The government aims to reduce poverty and inequality through job creation and private sector development, though unemployment remains high.
This document provides a summary of the key findings from the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS) conducted from 2006-2014. Some of the main findings include:
1) Rural transformation is occurring in Vietnam as seen through improved infrastructure at the commune level and the increasing commercialization and diversification of agriculture.
2) Access to land, labor markets, technology, and social/political capital influence welfare outcomes. Gaps exist for ethnic minorities in these areas.
3) Overall welfare has improved but vulnerabilities remain for some groups like female-headed households. Continued investment in education and reducing constraints on enterprise growth are recommended to promote inclusive development.
This document provides a summary of the findings from the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS) conducted from 2006-2014. Some key findings include:
- Rural transformation is occurring as seen through improved infrastructure and differences between regions. Agriculture is becoming more commercialized but poorer households are less integrated into markets.
- Non-farm employment is an important source of income diversification but job creation needs to be expanded. Access to technology and education affects households' ability to participate economically.
- Overall welfare has improved but not for all households, and some groups like female-headed households and ethnic minorities remain more vulnerable. Continued investment in human capital is needed to ensure inclusive development.
- Policy recommendations
1. The document discusses how policies can dramatically impact the development of emerging markets, using Latin America as a case study.
2. It outlines two main policy paths in Latin America - the ALBA model of Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Nicaragua and Cuba, which is anti-US, anti-free trade and lacks investment confidence; and the modern democratic center countries that cooperate with the US, support free trade and have greater political stability.
3. The democratic center countries leading investment and growth are Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Peru. The document analyzes some of the main policy challenges still facing countries in the region like improving education and social programs in Peru, and restoring fiscal credibility in Argentina
The document discusses reasons for differences in economic development levels among countries. It explores factors such as imperialism, geography, culture, institutions, and leadership that may help explain why some nations became highly developed while others remained less developed. Geography can provide advantages or disadvantages, but alone does not account for all variations. Imperialism may have allowed some powers to exploit others' wealth. Culture and institutions also influenced economic success, but also require deeper explanation for why some countries established market-enabling frameworks while others did not. Overall, the document examines complex historical forces behind global imbalances in economic development.
Political forces affecting international businessMis bah
Political Forces : Affecting international business
1. Ideological forces
2. Government ownership of business
3. Privatization
4. Government stability
5. Country-Asset risk analysis
The five kinds of freedoms associated with sustainable development are:
(1) political freedoms;
(2) economic facilities;
(3) social opportunities;
(4) transparency guarantees;
(5) protective security.
Development Experience of East Asian Countries.pptxJaafar47
The document discusses lessons that can be learned from the economic development experiences of East Asian countries. It provides 3 common foundations of East Asian economic success: [1] stable macroeconomic environments with avoided large fiscal deficits and stable exchange rates, [2] high national saving and investment rates through stable interest rates and avoidance of inflation, and [3] high-quality human resource development through improved education and literacy. It also examines the use of authoritarian developmentalism in some East Asian countries to rapidly implement growth policies and mobilize resources, while acknowledging criticisms of this approach. Overall, the document analyzes the policy approaches and experiences of East Asian nations that contributed to their significant economic growth.
Family Planning in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Achievements of 50 YearsMEASURE Evaluation
This document summarizes the achievements over 50 years of family planning programs in Latin America and the Caribbean region. It finds that fertility rates and modern contraceptive use have dramatically increased while adolescent birth rates remain high. Key factors in the progress include strong NGO and women's advocacy groups, sustained external support particularly from USAID, and strategic communication efforts. Challenges remain in ensuring access for poor, rural, and indigenous populations and continuing commitment amid decentralized health systems.
Latin America an the Carabbean past and futureAlvaro Uribe V.
Latin America has experienced significant economic growth and transformation since 1980, with emerging markets accounting for a growing share of global GDP. While countries like Brazil, Colombia, Chile and Peru have adopted policies promoting investment, trade, fiscal responsibility and strong institutions, other countries in the region like Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia have weaker institutions, less political stability and pursue more interventionist policies, risking long-term development. Maintaining policies that ensure democratic governance, economic openness, and sustainable social programs will be key for Latin American countries to continue their participation in the emerging markets boom.
this module describes aout the hr role and Excess of consumption and expenditure over revenue resulting in heavy govt. borrowings.
Growing inefficiency on the use of resources.
Over protection to industries.
Mismanagement of the firm and the economy.
Increase in losses for public sector enterprises.
Various distortion like poor technological development, shortage of foreign exchange and borrowing from abroad.
Low foreign exchange reserves.
Inflation
Similar to Malawi case-study-esid-seminar-28-april-2014-cape-town (20)
In this presentation Dale Whittington and Kerry Smith explore the history of the ex-ante economic analysis of large dams through the discussion of six key developments that have occurred since the 1950s:
- adding systems analysis
- incorporating multiple objectives
- incorporating environment and social losses
- incorporating economy-wide linkages
- modelling non-cooperative behaviour
- dealing with uncertainty.
Current best practice in the application of ex ante economic analysis tries to address a subset of these developments, but there are no case studies or guidelines that an analyst can reference to learn how best to incorporate all six developments in the ex-ante appraisal of a new dam. We conclude that current professional practice in the ex-ante assessment of large dams has not yet caught up with the scholarly literature on these six developments and highlight the need for a new era of engagement by scholars and practitioners on this “old” challenging problem.
Related Research:
FutureDAMS working paper 'The ex-ante economic analysis of investments in large dams: a brief history' available at FutureDAMS.org/publications
The FutureDAMS consortium is working to improve dam design, selection, and operation to support sustainable development goals. Over 3,700 new large dams are planned or under construction globally to meet growing energy and irrigation demands, but maximizing benefits while minimizing social and environmental impacts is a challenge. FutureDAMS, led by the University of Manchester, is developing tools and approaches to enable dam projects to support resilient development in a changing climate. The £8 million project involves over 30 researchers and runs until 2021.
The FutureDAMS consortium is working to improve dam design, selection, and operation to support sustainable development goals. Over 3,700 large dams are planned or under construction globally to meet growing energy and irrigation demands, but maximizing benefits while minimizing social and environmental impacts is a challenge. FutureDAMS, led by the University of Manchester and IIED, is developing tools and approaches to enable dam projects to support resilient development in a warming world through world-leading research and high impact applications like case studies in Myanmar, Ghana, and Ethiopia. The £8 million project runs until 2021 and is funded by RCUK to help achieve sustainable development goals.
Professor Aung Ze Ya’s presentation gives an introduction to FutureDAMS, the project’s work in Myanmar and the challenges of the region. HIC training January 2020.
This document provides an overview of dams, their history, impacts and the challenges of planning and assessing them. It discusses how dams were used historically for national development but often had under-estimated costs and over-estimated benefits. It describes past efforts to improve dam planning like the World Commission on Dams and challenges they faced. It outlines the research questions and cross-disciplinary approach of the FutureDams project to help design dams that maximize benefits and minimize conflicts over their social and environmental impacts.
The document discusses Ethiopia's developmental state model and its focus on distribution. It makes three key points:
1. The EPRDF has always been concerned with distribution, not just economic growth. However, population growth and the developmental state model have created new risks requiring different distribution approaches.
2. The developmental state is in tension with real federalism and ethnic politics in Ethiopia. Distribution is increasingly shaped by ethnic concerns.
3. The central challenges facing Ethiopia of providing livelihoods and defining the role of ethnicity in politics are not new, but are manifestations of long-standing issues. The EPRDF was unable to resolve these, and the developmental state model may not be compatible with real
There is a global consensus that infrastructure development can drive economic growth, and countries are engaged in a "race to connect the world" through initiatives like China's Belt and Road Initiative. However, the neglect of infrastructure investment in the 1980s and 1990s, coupled with the 2008 financial crisis, has made many projects too risky for private investment. While the BUILD Act aims to counter China's influence, it does not address the underlying conditions, and other institutions have complemented China's vision with their own investments.
The Global Development Institute Lecture Series is pleased to present Dr Emma Mawdsley, Reader in Human Geography and Fellow of Newnham College to discuss "The Southernisation of Development? Who has 'socialised' who in the new millennium?"
A more polycentric global development landscape has emerged over the past decade or so, rupturing the formerly dominant North-South axis of power and knowledge. This can be traced through more diversified development norms, institutions, imaginaries and actors. This paper looks at one trend within this turbulent field: namely, the ways in which ‘Northern’ donors appear to be increasingly adopting some of the narratives and practices associated with ‘Southern’ development partners. This direction of travel stands in sharp contrast to expectations in the early new millennium that the (so-called) ‘traditional’ donors would ‘socialise’ the ‘rising powers’ to become ‘responsible donors’. After outlining important caveats about using such cardinal terms, the paper explores three aspects of this ‘North’ to ‘South’ movement. These are (a) the stronger and more explicit claim to ‘win-win’ development ethics and outcomes; (b) the (re)turn from ‘poverty reduction’ to ‘economic growth’ growth as the central analytic of development; and related to both, the explicit and deepening blurring and blending of development finances and agendas with trade and investment.
This document discusses institutions and economic development. It summarizes the evolution of thinking around institutions and development, from the Washington Consensus era to the rise of New Institutional Economics and its limitations. More recent frameworks like Acemoglu and Robinson's theory of inclusive vs extractive institutions and North, Wallis, and Weingast's theory of open vs limited access orders are described. The document argues that informal institutions like "deals" between elites and economic actors better explain economic growth and stagnation in most developing countries compared to formal institutional indicators. Shifts between different "deals environments" like disordered to ordered can trigger growth accelerations, while maintaining openness is key for sustained growth, but difficult due to elite resistance.
Zimbabwe’s recent history has been shaped by battles about who speaks for the nation, one fought out in struggles for control of political institutions, the media, and civil society. Sara Rich Dorman will examine the interactions of social groups — churches, NGOs, and political parties — from the liberation struggle, through the independence decades, as they engaged the state and ruling party and track how the relationship between Mugabe’s ruling party and activists was determined by the liberation struggle. She will discuss how both structural and direct violence were deployed by the regime, but also how ad-hoc and unplanned many of their interventions really were.
The Future Dams Research Consortium (originally known as DAMS 2.0) hosted a public lecture by Prof Michael Hanemann of Arizona State University on the economics of water.
The lecture discussed ‘why the economics of water is so hard’ providing a historical and contemporary US overview of the issues that make water challenging to price.
As part of the Global Development Institute Lecture Series and in collaboration with the Post-Crash Economics Society Dr Ha-Joon Chang, University of Cambridge, delivered a lecture entitled: Are some countries destined for under-development?
As part of the Global Development Institute Lecture Series Dr Irene Guijt, Head of Research at Oxfam GB, delivered a lecture entitled: Evidence for Influencing: Balancing research integrity and campaign strategy in Oxfam
When using evidence to influence, what compromises have to be made in different contexts due to practical, political and strategic reasons?
Dr Guijt presents on challenges and successes, using examples of Oxfam research and campaign strategies from across the world.
As part of the Global Development Institute Lecture Series Prof AbdouMaliq Simone discusses collective operations in urban settings.
Despite a flood of knowledge, urban residents increasingly do not know where they are. It’s not a matter of geographical illiteracy or social confusion. Rather, the complexities of urban environments mean that a kind of darkness prevails, with residents unable to come up with a coherent working narrative for their feelings and situations.
Prof Simone will explore the ways in which residents, particularly in Jakarta and Hyderabad, deal with this darkness, where countervailing realities all seem to be equally possible; where the haphazard and brazenly opportunistic expansions of built environments reaffirm or cultivate interiors of care, of people looking out for each other.
The document summarizes master's degree programs in global development offered by the Global Development Institute at the University of Manchester. It provides an overview of 11 degree programs covering topics such as development economics, urban development, project management, organizational change, and ICT for development. It also discusses the institute's research strengths, funding opportunities, application requirements, and career prospects for graduates.
Addressing shelter inequalities: Lessons from urban India
"Housing in the Global South faces a number of challenges, including poor construction quality, citizen exclusion, and (in)appropriate standards, leading to significant inequalities.
What lessons emerge for tackling urban shelter inequalities from experiences in the Global South? Prof Mitlin will share findings from research in India where civil society organisations have been working with municipal and state governments to address housing needs through innovation."
The Global Development Lecture Series brings experts involved in global development to The University of Manchester. It aims to facilitate dialogue and discussion, providing a space for leading development thinkers to share their latest research and ideas.
Este documento presenta información sobre las tendencias demográficas, ambientales y económicas en Perú hasta el año 2030, con el fin de construir escenarios y formular políticas que permitan alcanzar una visión concertada de futuro para el país. Se analizan las proyecciones de población, la fuerza laboral, el cambio climático y la pobreza. Adicionalmente, se propone un marco conceptual y metodológico para actualizar las políticas y planes considerando el contexto nacional e internacional, con el objetivo final de lograr el
Este documento resume la historia de la planificación para el desarrollo en Perú desde la Gran Depresión hasta el presente. Detalla hitos clave como la creación de agencias de planificación en varios países de América Latina en las décadas de 1930-1960, así como crisis económicas mundiales que afectaron a la región. Explica que en Perú, las ideas populistas y estatistas predominaron hasta los años 1990, pero que recientemente ha habido una transición hacia modelos más participativos, descentralizados y enfocados en resultados.
AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed online journal created to encourage and facilitate the study of all aspects (socio-economic, political, legislative and developmental) of Human Mobility in Africa. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence research papers AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of contemporaneous trends, migration patterns and some of the most important migration-related issues.
Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
The Antyodaya Saral Haryana Portal is a pioneering initiative by the Government of Haryana aimed at providing citizens with seamless access to a wide range of government services
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
UN WOD 2024 will take us on a journey of discovery through the ocean's vastness, tapping into the wisdom and expertise of global policy-makers, scientists, managers, thought leaders, and artists to awaken new depths of understanding, compassion, collaboration and commitment for the ocean and all it sustains. The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
1. Malawi Case Study
Political Economy Determinants
of Economic Growth
Effective States for Inclusive Development
Seminar – Cape Town
28th April 2014
Jonathan Said
jonathan@imanidevelopment.com
3. Overview
1. Introduction
2. Malawi’s Growth and Structural Transformation Experience
3. Political History
4. Evolution of Deals Space and Situation Today
5. Political Dynamics of Growth Acceleration
6. Political Dynamics of Growth Maintenance
7. Conclusion
4. Overview
1. Introduction
2. Malawi’s Growth and Structural Transformation Experience
3. Political History
4. Evolution of Deals Space and Situation Today
5. Political Dynamics of Growth Acceleration
6. Political Dynamics of Growth Maintenance
7. Conclusion
5. Introduction
• Study of institutions & growth
• Why do growth-impeding institutions persist in many LDCs
• Inadequate understanding of political dynamics of economic growth
• 3 unanswered questions:
a) some countries initiate episodes of rapid growth while others suffer extended stagnation
b) some countries sustain growth episodes while other episodes revert to stagnation or collapse?
c) what characterises feedback loops between growth & institutions?
• Malawi case study to contribute to literature on political determinants of growth
• Application of conceptual framework developed by Sen (2012) & Pritchett/Werker (2012)
• Qualitative assessment of political factors that explain past & current growth processes in Malawi
• Analyses roles played by product space, structure of rents around product space & incentives of
political & business elite in Malawi’s growth regimes & structural transformation process since 1954
6. Overview
1. Introduction
2. Malawi’s Growth and Structural Transformation Experience
3. Political History
4. Evolution of Deals Space and Situation Today
5. Political Dynamics of Growth Acceleration
6. Political Dynamics of Growth Maintenance
7. Conclusion
7. 3 Structural Growth Breaks since 1955
Source: Penn World tables 7.1 – PPP Converted GDP Per Capita (Chain Series), at 2005 constant prices
Malawi’s GDP per Capita (1955-2010), US dollar prices, and breaks filtered from 4 possible Bai-Perron Breaks
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$700
$800
$900
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
4th Growth
Regime
3rd Growth
Regime
1st Growth
Regime
2nd Growth
Regime
8. First two growth regimes: stagnation then acceleration
• 1954 - 1964: Stagnation
• Final years of British Colonial Rule
• Monetary and Fiscal Policy ill-suited to Malawi. E.g. British Pound too strong
• Infrastructure expenditure focused on South Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
• 1965 – 1978: Growth Acceleration
• Hastings Banda’s dualistic development strategy
• Government intervention:
• construction of hospitals, capital city, schools, universities, roads etc
• 2 Government Companies
• ADMARC to buy agricultural products
• Press Holdings; involved in many sectors eg retailing, wholesaling, tobacco, banking, fuel,
property, transport, pharmaceuticals, estate farming. Accounted for 1/3 of GDP at peak.
• Strategic Partners: targeted private sector investment; i.e. one ‘winner’ (foreign companies)
picked in each key sectors such as tobacco, sugar, tea, cotton, textiles, beverages etc
9. $0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
$600
$700
$800
$900
10
15
20
25
30
35
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Export (% of GDP) GDP
Export-led growth up to 1978…
Source: Penn World tables- PPP Converted GDP per Capita (Chain Series), at 2005 constant prices and World Bank World Development Indicators
Percentage of Exports and GDP per Capita, US Dollar Prices
10. -2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
…and economic complexity increased, before collapsing
Source: The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Dotted lines represent Malawi’s growth breaks. Note: 2.5 represents maximum level of complexity & -2.5 the minimum.
Economic Complexity Index, Malawi
11. 1979 – 2002: Decline
• External shocks triggered decline
• Oil price shock; collapse of commodity prices; structural adjustment programmes
• Exposed underlying structural constraints that gradually developed since 1960s
• Weak & deteriorating state capacity: emergence of predatory state
• Exclusion of majority of population from productive economy due to estate agriculture
• Weak market structures: monopolies & oligopolies
• Aid & debt dependence for social welfare
• Multi-party democracy from 1994 further weakened civil service due to less-centralised corruption at
top, political appointments & poor wages
• Spread of HIV/AIDS & fiscal ill-discipline reduced capacity even further
• Debt undermined spending on public services & infrastructure
• Inability to deal with rain failures, so droughts were common
• Foreign investment, manufacturing, job creation & food security all undermined
• Private investment slowed: lending rate increased from 17% in 1980 to 56% in 2001
12. 2003 – to date: Another Attempt at Growth Acceleration
• New President centralised & controlled rent-seeking behaviour, got macroeconomic policy right &
opened up to private sector
• Change in government served as conducive basis for growth factors to kick in from 2004
• Return of development partners following the ousting of previous Govt
• Debt relief: total aid inflows equalled 93% of GDP in 2006 & 50% in 2007
• Large fertiliser & seed subsidy programme which created maize surplus for 1st time since 1980s
• Health sector improvements
• Good rains & tobacco boom
• Fixed exchange rate above market equilibrium which incentivised consumption & imports
• Caused overvalued exchange rate, structural trade deficit & aid cuts; led to forex crisis in 2011
In conclusion Malawi has failed to structurally transform in past 50 years: remains highly dependent on export of
tobacco (58% in 2010); productive economy still in infancy
13. Overview
1. Introduction
2. Malawi’s Growth and Structural Transformation Experience
3. Political History
4. Evolution of Deals Space and Situation Today
5. Political Dynamics of Growth Acceleration
6. Political Dynamics of Growth Maintenance
7. Conclusion
14. Independence from colonisation in 1964
• 1964 – 1994: Malawi Congress Party led by Hastings Banda
• Created republic & one-party state in 1966
• Opposition leaders & dissenters imprisoned, detained or driven into exile
• In 1980s succession politics emerged, with John Tembo, Banda’s deputy, strengthening his position
• State capacity declined from 1980s due to succession politics & end of active development strategy
• Poverty, drought, economic crisis & limited freedoms led to first multi-party elections in 1994
• 1994 – 2004: United Democratic Front led by Bakili Muluzi
• Former Minister in MCP but had broken away to establish United Democratic Front
• Backed by politicians interested in short-term gains: used state resources, aid & development
process to stay in power & get rich
• Unlike Banda, did not balance development & personal enrichment
15. Dominant party settlement; with big boss competition
• 2004 – 2012: Democratic Progressive Party led by Bingu wa Mutharika
• After failing to get 3rd term, Muluzi chose Mutharika as successor
• Once elected, broke away from Muluzi to establish new party
• Prioritised food security; opened to private sector
• Balanced patronage & short-term growth strategy
• Cut links with private sector in 2nd term & lost interest in development; focused on succession
• 2012 to date: People’s Party led by Joyce Banda
• Vice President when Mutharika died in 2011; had fallen out with Mutharika in 2010
• Only had 1 supporting MP; prior to becoming President but then numerous MPs joined her party
• Some signs of developmental strategy, but priority has been re-election in 2014
• Accused of stealing from state to finance political campaign, as done by 3 preceding Presidents
• May 2014 – elections
• Over 30 parties, but 4 serious contenders: MCP & 3 parties that emerged from it
• Element of competitive clientelist: leaders manage system of patronage & compete for clients
• But no real competition in regime changes: new governments came about by accident
• So its a dominant party settlement with neopatrimonal logic that drives behaviour of ruling elite
• No strong ideology: though strategists point to Hastings Banda’s model as optimal one
16. Overview
1. Introduction
2. Malawi’s Growth and Structural Transformation Experience
3. Political History
4. Evolution of Deals Space and Situation Today
5. Political Dynamics of Growth Acceleration
6. Political Dynamics of Growth Maintenance
7. Conclusion
17. Hastings Banda – patronage & clientelism
• Hastings Banda
• Used patronage to promote loyalty; clients dependent on his largesse (Harrigan, 2001)
• His clientelism was conservative, capitalist, support-the-strong development policy
• Provided benefits like land, credit & training to ‘strategic winners’, based on unfulfilled expectation
that this would create middle class that would develop nation
• Closed but orderly deals; became disorderly in 1980s/early 1990s
• Lack of freedoms & unsustainable macro & micro economic policies led to multi-party democracy
• Lack of openness created negative feedback loop on rent space
• Bakili Muluzi
• Rent space more disorderly but more open – particularly for private traders (importers)
• Rent space also opened up for smallholder farmers, though negligible rents
• Deterioration of rent space caused by:
• Muluzi’s clients being largely importers
• Dismantling of Press Holdings (Hastings Banda’s primary source of rent)
• Lack of growth & development strategy; poor macroeconomic policies
• Loss of control over corruption & rent-seeking activities by government officials
18. Muluzi, Mutharika & Joyce Banda all prioritised clientelism
• Bingu wa Mutharika
• Deals space more orderly & to certain extent more open
• Centralised rent-seeking activities at top of government such that contracts, though corrupt, better
supervised & controlled
• Rampant corruption & creation of rents for patronage purposes
• Companies expected to perform against contracts, unlike in Muluzi’s time, in return for long term
relationship with President who they funded
• In 2nd term deals space closed (as Bingu focused on fewer clients; e.g. Mota-Engil, Mully Brothers &
Chinese); & less orderly as caused forex crisis
• Joyce Banda
• Following similar approach: initially opened up & improved orderliness of deals space; but
disorderliness increased as targeted Govt budget to finance re-election campaign
• Established parallel structures outside of Ministries to meet political goals
• Perception of weak control over government rent-seeking behaviour
• Maintained some of Mutharika’s clients, e.g. mining, Mota-Engil, Chinese
• Wants to follow Hastings Banda’s approach of strategic private sector players in each sector
19. Mapping of Market Rent Matrix today
Rentiers
- Tobacco (54% of exports), 5 main buyers
- Mining (12% of exports)
- Tea (6% of exports), 4 main producers
- Tourism (3% of exports), 2 main players
- Coffee (1% of exports), a few players
- Cotton (2% of exports), 14 ginners
Magicians
- Beverages (juices), 1 new company, social enterprise
- Some small tobacco buyers
- Some 5,000 smallholder tea producers
- Numerous small tourism players
- Some exporters of groundnuts, rice, pigeon peas, paprika etc & some
processing companies who are mainly domestic oriented but also export
Powerbrokers
- Manufacturing (10% of exports, 8% of GDP)
- Farm Inputs (seed, fertiliser) (based on links to government, dependant on
government procurement)
- Beverages (beer, spirits), 1 main company
- Dairy (4 main companies)
- Packaging & Plastics (5 main companies)
- Wheat & maize processing (3 main companies)
- Sugar (4% of exports), 1 main processor
- Oil Seeds (8% of exports), 5 major players
- Electricity (1% of GDP), 1 state company
- Construction (5% of GDP)
- Financial Services (7% of GDP, 12 commercial banks but 3 largest banks
own approximately 65% of total bank assets & profit margins above 50%)
- Telecommunications (4% of GDP)
- Large retailers (supermarkets) (14% of GDP)
- Transport; Fish, Government services, Poultry, Meat, Forestry, Fuel & Car
Imports
Workhorses
- Millions of maize smallholder farmer households, 80% of population
- Some 250,000 smallholder tobacco farmers
- Some small manufacturers of various products e.g. beverages, assembly,
food processing, plastics, pharmaceuticals
- Numerous informal retailers & distributors, close to 800,000
- Some smaller foreign banks that have entered Malawi in past 10 years
- Some small oil seed processors & farmers (inc groundnut, soya, legumes)
- Sugar small smallholder farmers
- Thousands of smallholder farmers growing crops like rice, beans, potatoes,
cassava, pigeon peas etc. Some work in associations such as 100,000-
member National Association of Smallholder Farmers of Malawi
- Some smaller seed & fertiliser importers/producers
- Business & professional service providers
- Numerous smallholder fishermen
- Thousands of smallholder energy providers (charcoal)
- Some 1,000 smallholder sugar producers
20. Nature of deals face by each group & rent sources
• Rentiers
• largely centred on agriculture estate concessions secured under Hastings Banda & mining concessions secured since 1999.
• rents mainly earned from accessing global commodity markets (e.g. tobacco, tea, coffee, uranium)
• no new agricultural concessions recently, limiting scope for deals due to weak land policy
• in tobacco deals also characterised by linkage between smallholder farmers & auction floors
• Magicians
• required for licenses, access to seed, extension services, tax, electricity connection, water access etc.
• more formal than informal
• rents primarily gained from accessing competitive export markets
• Powerbrokers
• centred on securing government contracts; limiting competition & new entrants; securing preferential access to inputs;
securing preferential licenses; extracting income from government
• deals much more informal than formal
• rents large & gained from taxpayers & aid (fertilisers, construction, finance) & domestic market (telecoms, poultry, sugar)
• Workhorses
• characterised by maize subsidy, maize market, farm inputs, securing business permits & evading tax
• mixture of formal & informal deals
• very low rents & includes majority of population
21. Political Interest Sectors & Location in Product Space
Sectors with Political Elite Interest Political Elite Interest Location in Product Space
Government Services (Powerbroker) Access to rents from law enforcement & public service provision Various. Potentially enabling services & regulations that could assist
evolution of product space. But limited capacity to address market
failures means such services not sufficiently conductive to structural
transformation & increased complexity in product space.
Farm Inputs (Powerbroker) Farm inputs generate strongest political-business elite relationship.
Largest market is government-run Farm Input Subsidy Programme,
which accounts for 50% of market. Large political elite interest who.
target such companies to secure patronage base
Complexity depends on specific crops supported & extent to which
those crops are economically complex. Maize is main crop but while
many downstream products can be secured, culture & lack of
capacity to address market failures limit to food crop
Construction (Powerbroker) Mota-Engil primary beneficiary of government contracts; corrupt.
Politicians involved in construction company ownership. Infrastructure
contracts targeted by politicians to prioritise voter areas. Chinese
construction companies increasingly involved
Key enabling sector. High quality of national trunk roads has
supported more complex sectors in product space. But current major
construction projects include many white elephants
Transport & Storage (Powerbroker) Dominated by strong trucking lobby with significant business interests
by politicians. Many politicians & their families own trucking
businesses, include Joyce Banda’s son
Key enabling sector, particularly for linking rural agriculture to
manufacturers (agro-processing). But since political elites do not gain
much rent from agro-processing, transport services failed to serve as
enabler of structural transformation
Poultry (Powerbroker) Largest company lobbies for bans on export of soya which it uses as
chicken feed
Low economic complexity
Meat Industry (mainly beef) (Powerbroker) Meat industry recently linked to political elite. Epitomised by
President’s One Cow One Family project instigated by it
Low economic complexity. Malawi struggles to compete with
regional neighbours that have vast amounts of pasture
Fuel Importation (Powerbroker) Agents for companies have typically held close relationships with
political elite, & appear to secure petrol station licenses very easily
Key input into numerous sectors with both high and low economic
complexity
Financial Services (Powerbroker) Main banks either government owned (Malawi Savings Bank) or
owned by Press Corporation (National Bank). Govt runs micro-finance
agencies – targeted by politicians to transfer funds to secure political
patronage
Key enablers for all sectors, including those with both high and low
economic complexity. But abnormal profits in sector, lack of
coherent government growth strategy & political elite distortions
mean sector does not support productive sectors
22. Matching rent space & product space
• Political elite’s rent space mostly linked to sectors with low economic complexity
• such as sectors dependent on government welfare spending (e.g. maize), mining & import trading
• Elites also tied to construction which is key enabling sector for development.
• yet impact depends on what is built: e.g. white elephants vs power plants
• Elites also extract rents from key enablers: e.g. finance & energy but limited incentive for growth
• Magicians/Workhorses characterised by disconnect between political & business elite rents
• Bottlenecks faced by these sectors not political priorities
• May explain why structural constraints faced in 1990s largely unaddressed since multi-party democracy
• Rent space & product space combination not conducive to long-term growth
• Outcome reinforced by low complexity of main exports & rent earners (tobacco, tea) since 1960s
23. Overview
1. Introduction
2. Malawi’s Growth and Structural Transformation Experience
3. Political History
4. Evolution of Deals Space and Situation Today
5. Political Dynamics of Growth Acceleration
6. Political Dynamics of Growth Maintenance
7. Conclusion
24. What led to Malawi’s acceleration regimes?
• 1964 - 1978
• Independence produced development stance that led to ordered deals after colonial collapse
• Development agenda secured investment needed to support growth acceleration
• Political elites rallied behind Banda in newly independent African country
• 2003 – 2012
• Primarily driven by change in Govt in 2004: led to more orderly & open deals & return of aid
• Lack of growth up to 2002 caused positive feedback loop from lack of growth recorded under
Muluzi to improved institutions
• allowed Mutharika to distance himself from Muluzi & strengthen patronage base
• Mutharika able to consolidate corruption at centre of government & secure commitment of elite
• Mutharika’s development policy in 1st term prioritised fiscal & state reforms driven by President &
top civil servants/ministers
• Allowed economy to benefit from structural adjustment policies of 1980s as previously Govt got
sequencing of economic liberalisation wrong, was fiscally indisciplined & weakened civil service
25. Overview
1. Introduction
2. Malawi’s Growth and Structural Transformation Experience
3. Political History
4. Evolution of Deals Space and Situation Today
5. Political Dynamics of Growth Acceleration
6. Political Dynamics of Growth Maintenance
7. Conclusion
26. Can Malawi enter a growth maintenance regime?
• What does this analysis suggest about Malawi’s next growth regime?
• Acceleration to Maintenance or Acceleration to Stagnation?
• We try to answer this question using mapping of product & rent spaces
27. Product space developing but still in infancy
• Product space expanding (eg plastics, dairy, soya, assembly); but too weak to form growth coalition
• Despite potential for investor continuity under dominant party system, rent space for remains too
heavily tied to powerbroker business elite.
• Little alignment of political rents to magicians, rentiers (except mining & cotton) & workhorses
• Powerbrokers: little incentive to support export oriented policies & competition, leading to little
political interest to drive through economic diversification strategies
• Such interest increasing though only comes about when politicians want growth: stop-and-go support
to development agenda so structural weaknesses no addressed
• Suggests nature of growth going forward will be volatile: a number of booms & crises in short-term
growth backed up by a gradual underlying positive long-term trend.
• While long-term growth likely to remain positive, driven by improvements in technology
(telecommunications, agricultural technology), financial sector development, investment in energy
&slight but strengthening pull of regional integration, unlikely to be strong enough in next 8 years to
overcome increased demands for welfare improvements
28. Rent space leaves little space for development agenda
• Mutharika’s 1st term (2004-2009) led to negative feedback loop in 2nd term:
• landslide election victory in 2009, succession politics & weakness of formal deals & rules led to
more disorderly nature of deals in increasingly closed environment
• Forex crisis of 2010-11 gave Joyce Banda possibility to become President as drove army to take her side
in succession struggle following Mutharika’s death
• Banda opened deals space & initially increased orderly nature of deals through formal deals & rules
• Restored growth, extending acceleration of 2003-2012 into 2013
• But rent space weakened again as priority shifted solely to re-election (in May 2014 elections)
• Alleged to have stolen funds from Govt (cashgate) to finance election campaign giving appearance of
increased & less controlled corruption;
• Election focus also distorted markets & misallocated state resources; no improvement in state capacity
• Suggests another negative feedback loop from growth like that experienced in Mutharika’s 2nd term
29. Growth maintenance regime looking unlikely
• Despite potential for investor continuity under dominant party system, rent space too heavily tied to
powerbroker business elite & product space still underdeveloped
• Malawi seems unable to secure permanent transition to orderly & open deals settlement due to
incentives for political elites created by 5 year term democratic system
• Likely continuation of negative feedback loops of growth, whereby short-term development policies
driven by past political failures lead to boom in growth, but then switch to predatory, patronage
strengthening, personal-wealth-creating policies
• No translation to long-term development strategy; 2nd terms not developmental
• So likely growth trajectory in next 8 years is stagnation
30. Overview
1. Introduction
2. Malawi’s Growth and Structural Transformation Experience
3. Political History
4. Evolution of Deals Space and Situation Today
5. Political Dynamics of Growth Acceleration
6. Political Dynamics of Growth Maintenance
7. Conclusion
31. Conclusion
• Malawi has failed to structurally transform since 1950s
• Rent-earning sectors low in economic complexity
• Political elite rent-seeking activities concentrated in powerbroker sectors
• Lack of political incentive to develop state capacity & improve rent space
• Although increasing number of parties competing for power, Malawi effectively has dominant party
system with clientelist, patronage basis inherited from Hastings Banda’s time
• Dominant party settlement may be good for growth (e.g. 1st 15 years of H. Banda) but Malawi’s
dominant party settlement operates in five-year term democracy that means succession politics &
patronage-seeking tend to take upper hand over growth policies
• This political settlement delivering two types of feedback loops between growth & rent space:
• Negative loops: positive growth leads to worsening of rent space through more disorderly deals
(e.g. H. Banda’s 2nd 15 years; Mutharika’s 2nd term; J. Banda’s 2nd year)
• Positive loops from negative growth or slowdowns: negative growth causes reaction in electorate
because of drought or shortages of supplies. Drives new governments to deliver short-term growth
(e.g. H. Banda in 1964; Mutharika in 2004; J. Banda in 2012)
• Positive feedback loops from negative (or weak) growth too weak to deliver permanent gains in
orderliness & openness of rent space; no translation to long-term development strategy
• Once short-term growth is restored, succession politics & nature of deals between political & business
elites kicks in: no sufficient political interest to address structural constraints that prevent long-term
growth maintenance & structural transformation
32. Influence on Malawi Industrial Policy thought process
ESID Growth Framework influenced industrial policy thinking by:
• Rent space analysis in key growth clusters (oil seeds, manufacturing, sugar cane) & key enabling sectors
(finance, energy, transport, farm inputs) which cause binding constraints
• Identified disconnect between political elite & key growth sectors
• Inability to secure orderly deals so binding constraints remain
• Identified many key enabling sectors as powerbrokers
• Incentive to maintain closed deals, while ensuring order
• Identified strong connection between political elite & powerbrokers, i.e. enabling sectors
33. Key questions raised by ESID Growth framework
• How can rent space among powerbrokers (enablers) be influenced?
• Use of investment policy; competition policy; tax policy, energy policy etc to increase openness
• How can rent space among key growth sectors be influenced to generate growth coalition?
• Exploit Trade Sector Wide Approach & Presidential thinking on strategic partners/forums to create
forums to provide platforms for sectors to influence policy makers/donors & increase orderly nature of
deals/addressing of their binding constraints
• How can understanding of rent space in each sector help improve prioritisation & sequencing of sector or
cross-cutting strategies?
• E.g. in seed reform how can rents earned by resisters to change be maintained while allowing reform?
• E.g. how can distorting transport rents caused by farm input subsidy programme be lowered?
• What type of investor in agriculture/agro-processing should Malawi attract & not attract?
34. Malawi industrial policy framework including ESID thinking
Proposed industrial policy based on:
• Institutional economics (includes ESID growth framework)
• Getting process of policy making right: how to identify & address binding constraints
• Formal public-private dialogue & collaboration (Trade Sector Wide Approach)
• Strong link to Presidential strategy & goals
• Transitioning to developmental state (public sector reform; party funding reform)
• Aid effectiveness & reducing donor policy capture
• Priority sectors: application of produce space model
• Identified achievable clusters that could implicitly allow structural transformation (jumping)
• Identified main export sectors to be low in economic complexity
• Evolutionary economics
• Getting process of learning right
• upskilling; access to technology; quality; education policy; population policy
35. Thank you for your attention
Please contact me:
Jonathan@imanidevelopment.com
Imani Development
Tel: +265 991896366