Malarial fever is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which are transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The most common species that cause malaria in humans are P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. falciparum. The parasite's lifecycle involves stages in both the human host and the mosquito vector. In humans, the parasites infect liver cells and red blood cells, causing symptoms that include fevers, chills, and anemia. Control and prevention of malaria focuses on destroying mosquito vectors, preventing infection through repellents and anti-malarial drugs, and treating infected patients.

1. A brief on malarial fever
and its outcomes
Department of General Medicine
Nimra institute of medical sciences.
Presented by:-
Dr Mohammed Abdul Aziz
PGY1, Dept of Gen medicine.

2. Definition of malaria:-
• It is an infection of hepatocytes and RBC’s caused
by protozoan parasites of genus plasmodium.
• Because of their malaria causing abilities, these
species commonly referred as malarial parasites.

3.  All resides in the RBC
 Mosquitoes are the vectors (most common- female anaphelous)
 species to cause different types of malaria
 P. vivax, P. ovale, P. Malariae, P. Falciparium and P. Knowlesii.
 Geographically distributed in tropical and temperate countries
 P. vivax is most commonly distributed and prevails in the
temperate regions of the world.
The Malarial parasite

6. Life Cycle of P. vivax
• P. Vivax is the most common of the human infecting malaria
fever parasites.
• Causes benign tertian or vivax malaria, characterized by a
48 h cycle b/w first fever and subsequent chills and fever.
• Hosts: diagenetic
a. Man:
asexual cycle in two phases
First in liver – liver schizogony and cryptomerozoites and
metacryptomerozoites are realeased.
Second in RBC – erythrocytic schizogony and forms gametes
b. Mosquito:
Sexual cycle is completed in female anopheles
It involves gametogony and sporogony realeasing sporozoites.

8. Components of the Malaria Life
Cycle
Mosquito Vector
Human Host
Sporogonic cycle
Infective
Period
Mosquito bites
gametocytemic
person
Mosquito bites
uninfected
person
Prepatent
Period
Incubation Period
Clinical Illness
Parasites visible
Recovery
Symptom onset

9. CLINICAL SIGNS
& SYMPTOMS OF
MALARIA
Fever
Chills

10. Symptoms of malaria first appear several
days after the infection of the parasite.
Each attack of fever shows three stages:
1. Cold Stage
• At the onset of malaria patent suffers
from severe shaking chill.
• Cold stage lasts for 20 min
2. Hot stage
• As the chill subsides, the body temp rises
as high as 106°F. and lasts for 1-4 h.
3. Sweating stage
• As the temp lowers down, patent sweats
profusely.
• Fever comes down and temperature
becomes normal

11. Other signs and symptoms:-
• Haemolytic anaemia,
•Jaundice,
• Dark pigmented urine (black water fever),
• Hepatomegaly,
• Spleenomegaly,
• Headache,
• Dry cough,
• Weight loss

12. Plasmodium
falciparum:
Plasmodium
vivax,
Plasmodium
ovale
Plasmodium
malariae:

14.  Malaria fever occurs when schizont in RBC bursts and set free
their merozoites and malarial pigment haemozoin in the plasma.
 Anemia is inevitable due to:
• Destruction of RBC
• Infected RBC become more fragile and rupture easily
• Parasite produce haemolysin- brings haemolysis
• In chronic case- spleen becomes enlarged
Control of Malaria
Control Measures falls into three categories:
1. Elimination or destruction of vector
2. Prophylaxis (prevention of infection)
3. Treatment of infected patents

15. [A]. Destruction of anopheles
Most effective and surest way of controlling malaria and can be
done through
• Destruction of adult mosquitoes: method used are killing of
hands, traps, fumigation, spraying and sterilization .
• Elimination of breeding places: swampy, marshy and water
logging areas are cleared out, bushes and shrubs are cleared
off etc.
• Destruction of larvae and pupae of mosquito through proper
drainage (Flowing water), oil screens, chemical larvicides and
biological methods.
[B]. Prevention of infection
• Through the use of insect repellent, nets, gloves and by
screening bedroom windows.
[C]. Treatment
• Chlorquine and quinine: anti-erythrocytic stage drugs.
• Primaquine and pyrimethamine: anti-exoerythrocytic stage
drugs.