Malaria Disease: Etiology, Treatment, Diagnosis, Pharmacy.
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"Unlock the mysteries of Malaria with this comprehensive and insightful presentation, now available on SlideShare for free! Delve into the intricacies of this global health challenge, exploring its causes, symptoms, prevention methods, and treatment options. Whether you're a student, educator, or simply curious mind, this resource is designed to enhance your understanding of Malaria and contribute to the collective effort in combating this disease worldwide. Dive in today and empower yourself with knowledge to make a difference!"
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Malaria Disease: Etiology, Treatment, Diagnosis, Pharmacy.
- 1. Sourajyoti Goswami MALARIA What is Malaria? "Malaria is a life-threatening disease transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes, causing fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms.“ How Malaria is spread? "Malaria is spread through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, which transmit the malaria parasite into the bloodstream."
- 2. Sourajyoti Goswami MALARIA IS AN INFECTION MAINLY CAUSED BY A PARASITE (SPECIES)- PLASMODIUM Single-cell Parasite Plasmodium Plasmodium enters into female mosquitoes Body Once Plasmodium enters into the blood stream it infects and destroys Liver Cells and Red Blood Cells Death Liver cells and RBC
- 3. Sourajyoti Goswami MALARIA MAINLY AFFECTS 1. Malaria mainly affects tropical and subtropical regions around the world. 2. It disproportionately impacts vulnerable populations, including children and pregnant women. 3. Malaria can lead to severe anemia, organ failure, and death if not promptly treated. 4. The burden of malaria is exacerbated by factors such as poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and limited resources for prevention and control measures.
- 4. Sourajyoti Goswami PLASMODIUM SPECIES The five deadly Plasmodium species that cause malaria are: 1. Plasmodium falciparum 2. Plasmodium vivax 3. Plasmodium malariae 4. Plasmodium ovale 5. Plasmodium knowlesi
- 5. Sourajyoti Goswami THE PATIENTS WHICH ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO MALARIA – SICKLE CELL ANEMIA PATIENTS THALASSEMIA THEY HAVE NATURAL SELECTION OF ADVANTAGES AGAINST MALARIA Sickle Cell anemia patients do not have Duffy Antigen, that’s why Plasmodium parasites can not enter into the RBC
- 6. Sourajyoti Goswami MOSQUITO BITES Plasmodium in its development stages called Sporozoite, Present in Mosquito’s Salivary Gland • Sporozoites enter intro the human blood stream and spread, Sporozoites starts their reproduction to increase their numbers. • This Reproduction process is called as Schizogony
- 7. Sourajyoti Goswami Healthy Liver is Infected By Plasmodium Species over the next 2-3 weeks P. Falciparum P. Malaria P. Knowlesi Here the Sporozoite Converted to Mature Merozoites And This process is happened in Liver P. Vivax P. Ovale Over a months to Years it’s Becomes in sleeping or dormant phase These are called as Hypnozoites They snooze before infections starts
- 8. Sourajyoti Goswami Merozoites comes into blood stream from infected liver. Then, binds to RBC surface receptors P. Falciparum and P. Ovale Infect the Red blood cells of All Ages. P. Vivax only infect the young immature RBCs (Reticulocytes) P. Malariae and P. knowlesi Attacks older RBCs
- 9. Sourajyoti Goswami ERYTHROCYTIC PHASE OF PLASMODIUM • When Merozoite enter into the RBCs It under Asexual reproduction. • It lasts more than 3 days Stage 1 Ring from Trophozoite is formed Stage 3 Grows by digestion of Hemoglobin, and Hemozoin Stage 2 Ring from Trophozoite become late Trophozoite
- 10. Sourajyoti Goswami At Stage 3 • This Replicating parasites called Schizonts • This is called actual Replicating Phase of Plasmodium Parasites in RBCs. This Schizonts are different into Merozoites into the RBCs Merozoites into the RBCs replicated And rupture the RBC and release out into the blood stream
- 11. Sourajyoti Goswami Ruptured Schizont Merozoite Invasion Some Merozoites Pass through Gametogony Merozoites give rise to Gametocytes
- 12. Sourajyoti Goswami GAMETOCYTES STILL INSIDE RED BLOOD CELLS Again the Female Anopheles mosquitoes sucked the infected blood. Again the gametocytes Reach the mosquito’s gut Dokinete Again the Gametocytes Mature and Fused into a Zygote ( Sporogony sexual reproduction ) Docyst That ruptures releasing Sporozoite. Again this mosquito’s bite a human and release this Sporozoites in blood stream
- 14. Sourajyoti Goswami Hemolytic anemia Caused Destruction Of RBCs • Extreme fatigue • Jaundice • Heart Failure P. Falciparum Causes the Worst infection among The other Plasmodium species. P. Falciparum generates a sticky protein that’s coats the Surface of the Infected RBCs. Clump of RBCS into Blood vessels
- 15. Sourajyoti Goswami Blocks the blood flow into the Spleen and into vital organs Organ Failure When Brain affected by malaria it’s called as Cerebral Malaria When liver affected by Malaria Called Bilious Malaria Other Organs Likes Lungs, Kidneys also affected for this SEPSIS like complicated Malaria
- 16. Sourajyoti Goswami DIAGNOSIS AND TEST OF MALARIA
- 17. Sourajyoti Goswami TREATMENT OF MALARIA Suspected Case of Malaria ↓ Confirm Diagnosis through Blood Test (Microscopy or Rapid Diagnostic Test) ↓ Identify Malaria Species (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, etc.) ↓ Assess Severity of Infection and Patient's Clinical Status ↓ Initiate Antimalarial Treatment: - Uncomplicated Malaria: - Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) like Artemether- Lumefantrine, Artesunate-Amodiaquine, etc. - Severe Malaria: - Intravenous Artesunate (preferred) or Quinine, depending on drug availability and patient condition - Supportive care including fluids, electrolyte management, and blood transfusion if necessary - Special Cases (e.g., Pregnant women, children, patients with comorbidities): - Individualized treatment based on guidelines and patient factors Monitor Patient's Response to Treatment: - Clinical improvement - Parasite clearance ↓ Consider Additional Investigations if needed (e.g., Complete Blood Count, Biochemistry tests) ↓ Provide Supportive Care and Management of Complications as necessary ↓ Follow-up Assessments: - Monitor for recurrence - Evaluate for drug resistance ↓ End of treatment
- 18. Sourajyoti Goswami RECURRENT MALARIA Recrudescence Relapse Reinfection In Recrudescence treatment did not clear the infection properly In Relapse Blood was cleared of Merozoites But Hypnozoites persist in liver Again a new infection occurred in Reinfection conditions