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With the aid of diagram (s) Explain the formation of waterfalls ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Meander bend on the River Conwy A B A cross section through a meander River Cliff FEATURE Slip off slope Erosion PROCESS Deposition Deep DEPTH Shallow Fast SPEED OF FLOW Slow CONCAVE CONVEX
2007 Q2 (b) Explain why the meander cross-section has this shape ,[object Object],[object Object]
River features: Ox – bow lakes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What factors increase The risk of flooding? * Impermeable rock * Hard dry soil * Very wet soil *steep slopes * Cutting down trees Building in the drainage basin * Many tributaries
Flood protection *Dams  hold back flood waters *reservoirs  store floodwater *straighten channels Increases speed of flow *Dredging Makes channel deeper so can hold more water *levees and embankments Prevents river from overflowing *land use zoning Restricts development to uses unaffected by flooding *afforestation Increases interception etc, reduces run off
Management of water quality and amenities River pollution *nitrates from fertilisers causes eutrophication Water taken from river for cooling in power stations is returned warmer and de-oxygenates water Poisonous / smelling waste from industrial sites Domestic sewage containing dissolved chemicals such as phosphorous from washing powder
 
2006 Q 7c Kielder Case study   ,[object Object],[object Object],Detailed  elaborated or  linked statements  with  precise reference  to case study exemplar. Must  cover both physical and human  advantages of the location. Expect reasonable balance between the two for full marks. Kielder Water is in the relatively narrow valley of the River North Tyne  so the (linked statement)  size and cost of building the dam was relatively small  (physical).  The local geology is shale,  which is  impermeable  so the (linked statement)  water does not drain away. (physical) The high rainfall of over 1000mm  meant that there (linked statement)  was an ample supply of water. (physical)  The area was sparsely populated  so when (linked statement)  the valley was flooded there was not too much disruption to the local population. (human)  The water could be used in the densely populated industrial areas of North East England which are near by. (human)  The population of the north east could also use the reservoir for leisure pursuits such as fishing (human) . (6 marks)
corries
[object Object],Level 3 Detailed and clearly relates to the formation of the corrie . candidate shows both knowledge and understanding of the processes and the sequence e.g.  abrasion  - material carried in the ice scrapes the rocks on the bed and forms rock flour.  Plucking -  ice freezes to rock pull material away when moves /rocks already shattered.  The snow accumulates in a depression.  Under pressure turns to ice and under gravity moves out of the depression and down the mountain-side.  The semi-rotational movement of the ice turns the depression into a corrie.
Grain silos and combines, crops 11.  Less labour – more mechanised farming 10. More farm labour Larger, regular shape 9. Irregular shaped fields Fewer fields 8. Many fields Amalgamated farms 7.Small farm buildings and farm size Large, modern farm buildings, grain silos, concrete 6.Traditional small farm buildings, stone built Diversification – golf course & carpark 5. All fields Few trees, hedgerows removed 4. Hedges and isolated trees Roads 3.Limited accessibility to farm Tractors, combines 2.Horse pulled cart, plough Much larger fields 1. Small fields 1995 1935
 
Case study – Waterside House Farm Annual rainfall high 2000mm Leaches nutrients Low cloud common – no photosynthesis High  - 2000mm per year Steepnes means it runs off quickly Is high 1476mm per year Water drains down the valley – throughflow and so water table is near surface too wet for growing crops Rainfall Soil is thin, stony and acidic with few plant nutrients Soil is thin and stony in higher areas  sticky acidic soils in lower parts Gravelly and silty so it is well drained Some is a sticky clay which is impermeable and acidic Soil Cliffs Too steep for machinery and to improve vegetation Bare rock common Too steep for machinery Gently sloping so that tractors can be used At lake level – may be boggy Only 4ha are flat  - not enough space for crops Relief Barton Fell – 520m Sheep can be kept on this land  Supports fewer sheep than intake 81ha  160 – 330m rough pasture with many scattered vegetation can only be used for sheep grazing 32ha improved grassland used for growing grass to make silage in summer and to graze sheep in winter Fell land Intake Inbye
 
1. OLD INNER CITY AREA -  Sparkhill ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ROAD PATTERN ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ADVANTAGES OF LIVING HERE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DISADVANTAGES OF LIVING HERE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2004, P1 Study  Figure 2  on the insert which is an aerial photograph of a new urban development on the rural-urban fringe of Bristol.
2004, P1 Study  Figure 2  on the insert which is an aerial photograph of a new urban development on the rural-urban fringe of Bristol. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
(c) What evidence is there in the photograph that this is a planned development? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Uses of the Rural Urban Fringe in Birmingham ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Suburbanisation  and Commuter Villages ,[object Object],[object Object]
Commuter Villages & Commuters! Commuter Villages: Commuter villages: Commuters: Commuters: Disadvantages Advantages
 
Characteristics of footloose industries movie
Factors which have attracted industry to M4 corridor ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
What attracts footloose industry to M4? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],What attracts footloose industry to M4?
 
Advantages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Disadvantages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nearby industrial and domestic demand provide the necessary high head of water Steep upland gradients or former waterfall  Cheap land, sparsely populated Impermeable rock – water does not soak through Narrow valleys are ideal for dam construction and water storage Upland areas where narrow valleys with strong and impermeable rock Large and regular rainfall  Relief rainfall  ( > 1500mm pa)  Low rates of evaporation   provides a constant supply of water Found mainly in the north and west of the UK in upland areas REASON HEP REQUIREMENTS
CASE STUDY -  Cruachan  Scotland ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Wind energy 2004
Textbook pg 57 - 58 The wind speeds are higher in the west of the country  In Britain there are more days when winds blow from the west than from any other direction so there are more days when the wind turbines can be operated. Higher up wind speeds are faster and there are fewer obstacles to block the wind. In areas with high and regular wind speeds. Found in exposed coastal locations or in remote upland areas REASON WIND REQUIREMENTS
Advantages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Disadvantages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CASE STUDY -  Lambrigg wind farm Cumbria. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
H Q3b Study fig 4 which shows the location of some wind farms in the UK Explain why these locations are likely to have been chosen F Q3c Study fig 4 which shows the location of some wind farms in the UK Using figure 4 and your own knowledge, explain the locations of wind farms in the UK

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Make Sure You Know....

  • 1. Just to remind you…
  • 2.
  • 3. Meander bend on the River Conwy A B A cross section through a meander River Cliff FEATURE Slip off slope Erosion PROCESS Deposition Deep DEPTH Shallow Fast SPEED OF FLOW Slow CONCAVE CONVEX
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. What factors increase The risk of flooding? * Impermeable rock * Hard dry soil * Very wet soil *steep slopes * Cutting down trees Building in the drainage basin * Many tributaries
  • 7. Flood protection *Dams hold back flood waters *reservoirs store floodwater *straighten channels Increases speed of flow *Dredging Makes channel deeper so can hold more water *levees and embankments Prevents river from overflowing *land use zoning Restricts development to uses unaffected by flooding *afforestation Increases interception etc, reduces run off
  • 8. Management of water quality and amenities River pollution *nitrates from fertilisers causes eutrophication Water taken from river for cooling in power stations is returned warmer and de-oxygenates water Poisonous / smelling waste from industrial sites Domestic sewage containing dissolved chemicals such as phosphorous from washing powder
  • 9.  
  • 10.
  • 12.
  • 13. Grain silos and combines, crops 11. Less labour – more mechanised farming 10. More farm labour Larger, regular shape 9. Irregular shaped fields Fewer fields 8. Many fields Amalgamated farms 7.Small farm buildings and farm size Large, modern farm buildings, grain silos, concrete 6.Traditional small farm buildings, stone built Diversification – golf course & carpark 5. All fields Few trees, hedgerows removed 4. Hedges and isolated trees Roads 3.Limited accessibility to farm Tractors, combines 2.Horse pulled cart, plough Much larger fields 1. Small fields 1995 1935
  • 14.  
  • 15. Case study – Waterside House Farm Annual rainfall high 2000mm Leaches nutrients Low cloud common – no photosynthesis High - 2000mm per year Steepnes means it runs off quickly Is high 1476mm per year Water drains down the valley – throughflow and so water table is near surface too wet for growing crops Rainfall Soil is thin, stony and acidic with few plant nutrients Soil is thin and stony in higher areas sticky acidic soils in lower parts Gravelly and silty so it is well drained Some is a sticky clay which is impermeable and acidic Soil Cliffs Too steep for machinery and to improve vegetation Bare rock common Too steep for machinery Gently sloping so that tractors can be used At lake level – may be boggy Only 4ha are flat - not enough space for crops Relief Barton Fell – 520m Sheep can be kept on this land Supports fewer sheep than intake 81ha 160 – 330m rough pasture with many scattered vegetation can only be used for sheep grazing 32ha improved grassland used for growing grass to make silage in summer and to graze sheep in winter Fell land Intake Inbye
  • 16.  
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  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. 2004, P1 Study Figure 2 on the insert which is an aerial photograph of a new urban development on the rural-urban fringe of Bristol.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27. Commuter Villages & Commuters! Commuter Villages: Commuter villages: Commuters: Commuters: Disadvantages Advantages
  • 28.  
  • 29. Characteristics of footloose industries movie
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.  
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38. Nearby industrial and domestic demand provide the necessary high head of water Steep upland gradients or former waterfall Cheap land, sparsely populated Impermeable rock – water does not soak through Narrow valleys are ideal for dam construction and water storage Upland areas where narrow valleys with strong and impermeable rock Large and regular rainfall Relief rainfall ( > 1500mm pa) Low rates of evaporation provides a constant supply of water Found mainly in the north and west of the UK in upland areas REASON HEP REQUIREMENTS
  • 39.
  • 41. Textbook pg 57 - 58 The wind speeds are higher in the west of the country In Britain there are more days when winds blow from the west than from any other direction so there are more days when the wind turbines can be operated. Higher up wind speeds are faster and there are fewer obstacles to block the wind. In areas with high and regular wind speeds. Found in exposed coastal locations or in remote upland areas REASON WIND REQUIREMENTS
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46. H Q3b Study fig 4 which shows the location of some wind farms in the UK Explain why these locations are likely to have been chosen F Q3c Study fig 4 which shows the location of some wind farms in the UK Using figure 4 and your own knowledge, explain the locations of wind farms in the UK