The document discusses several methods used to manage flooding and water supply in the UK. Embankments, sluice gates, and preventing development have been used along rivers like the River Irwell to reduce flooding. Kielder Water in Northumberland was constructed in the 1960s-1970s to supply water to growing industries in northeast England through pipes and tunnels. It also helps control flooding downstream and provides hydroelectric power. The water table and permeability of different rock types like sandstone, chalk, and clay influence local water supplies. London obtains water from both underground aquifers and the River Thames.

2. High embankments have been built along both sides of the channel

3. Sluice gates built into sides of the embankment, these can be opened to allow water to escape into low value land such as golf courses & playing fields and water parks.Kielder Water<br />Northumberland<br />!960 & 1970 rapid industrial growth in the North East eg Chemical work<br /> Oil refineries<br /> Steel works<br />Were built on Teeside and engineering works grew on Tyneside & Wearside<br />Due to the high water demand a dam was built in the River North Tyne valley near Fallstone<br />It is 1.2km long & 50m high.<br />Narrow valley – minimise building costs <br />Impermeable shale<br />Pumped through pipes and tunnels into rivers to supply cities on the coast.<br />Used by Nissan, Sunderland and the oil refineries in Middlesborough<br />In the 1980s industry declined and the remaining industry, recycled water to cut costs.The demand for water did not increase as predicted- proposed schemes to transport water to where its need eg Yorkshire and the south of England.<br />Kielder water use to control flow of River Tyne. Store water during storms to reduce flood risk down stream.Water released in time of summer low discharge<br />Dam- used for Hydroelectric, power fed into the national Grid.<br />Dam- Used for Wildlife conservation- Bakethin Arm –conserves wildlife, boating and other noisy activities banned, so a variety of insect, bird and mammals ore encouraged.<br />Leisure activities- picnic areas, nature trails, info centres. All employ local people eg sports instructors and behind counters at info centres<br />Rock types – Sandstone, chalk, and Limestone which are porous and permeable and clay which is porous but impermeable because the pores are not connected.<br />They clay which London is built on is impermeable there is a thick layer of chalk underneath, rain falling on the Chiltern Hills & the North Downs percolates through the chalk & adds to the ground water.<br />The chalk is called an Aquifer because ground water supplies can be taken from it.<br />The water table reaches the surface in places where the water emerges as springs.Some grater London towns e.g. Reigate, Hemel Hempstead were built at these spring in order to have a good water supply.<br />Where the water table is always under the surface a well has to be dug to reach the ground water. The water table rises in water where there is much precipitation & little evaporation or transpiration and falls in summer<br />When the wells were first dug the water table was so high above the bottom of the wells that there was great pressure on the well water and it flowed over the top without being pulled. These are called Artesian Wells<br />Greater London needs for water than the ground water can supply so extra supplies come from the River Thames. Waste water from homes and factories is purified in sewage works<br />