Boron is a chemical element commonly found in the environment in compounds called borates. It is difficult to remove boron from seawater using reverse osmosis (RO) due to its uncharged and nonpolar nature. Multiple configurations can be used to effectively remove boron including double-pass RO systems, single-pass RO combined with ion exchange resins, and multistage RO systems sometimes incorporating ion exchange or acidification steps. The specific configuration used depends on factors like feed water chemistry and the desired permeate quality.