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1. 1. a speech sound made with the vocal
tract open
2. A letter, such as a, e, i, o, u, and
sometimes y in the English alphabet, that
represents a vowel.
 In linguistics, vowel length is the
perceived duration of a vowel sound.

2.  In the English alphabet, there are 5
vowels: A, E, I, O, U. But there are many
more vowel sounds in the English
language. The number of vowels in
English is uncertain, because there are
different varieties of English.
 Examples of vowels:
I i /ɪ/ /aɪ/ "twin" / "twine"
O o /ɒ/ /oʊ/ "not" / "note"
U u /ʌ/ /juː/ "cub" / "cube"

4.  The three long vowel sounds in
Arabic are represented by the
following three letters.
 1. 'Alif ‫األلف‬ ‫حرف‬
 2. Waw - ‫الواو‬ ‫حرف‬
 3. Ya' - ‫الياء‬ ‫حرف‬

5.  The three short vowels sounds in Arabic are
represented using the following symbols
either above or below the letters.
 1. Fatha ‫الفتحة‬ - indicated by a small
diagonal stroke above the consonant. This is
the neutral a vowel sound, such as in the
words, nun and woman.
 2. Kasra ‫الكسرة‬ - indicated by a small
diagonal stroke below the consonant. Similar
to the sound in the middle of the word did.

6.  3. Damma ‫ة‬ّ‫م‬‫الض‬ - written like a miniature
‫واو‬ above the letter. It's pronounced like
the u in bull.
 → Sukun ‫سكون‬ - indicated by a small
circle above the letter. It is used to signify
the absence of a vowel, for example,
‫ت‬ْ‫ن‬‫ب‬ and ْْ‫كن‬.

7.  A diphthong is a combination of two
vowel sounds occurring next to each
other within the same syllable. The two
diphthongs in Arabic are the two sounds:
 1. ay as in the word ‫بيت‬
 2. aw as in the word ‫يوم‬
‫حروفْاللين‬
:
‫هماْالواوْوالياءْالساكنانْالمفتوح‬
ْ‫ما‬
‫قبلهماْمثل‬
":
‫خوف‬
"
ْ‫و‬
"
‫بيت‬
”

8.  Nunation ‫التنوين‬ is found at the end of
nouns and adjectives when they are
indefinite.
 It is indicated using a doubled vowel
sign. With the sounds un (double
damma), in (double kasra), or an
(double fatha).
 When the fatha is doubled, the letter 'alif
is added except when the word end in a
ta' marboota.

9.  A syllable is a unit of sound containing either a
vowel sound alone e.g. eye, you; or a vowel
sound with one or more consonants e.g. not,
stop.
 Examples of two-syllable words: seven, water.
 Stress: when a word has more than one
syllable, one of them is spoken with special
force, called stress. A spoken word is
recognized not only by its pronunciation but
also by its stress pattern. If the pronunciation of
a word is correct, but the stress is wrong then
the word may not be understood e.g.
 Record(n): BrE /ˈrekɔːd/ ; NAmE /ˈrekərd/
 Record(v): BrE /rɪˈkɔːd/ ; NAmE /rɪˈkɔːrd/

10.  The Arabic language is a language of
syllable length, not stress. While reading
Arabic all syllables should be given their full
length, but no effort should be made to
emphasize any syllable at the expense of
the other. The result will sound as if some
syllables are stronger than others, but this is
because of their length.
 In Arabic, there are long and short syllables.
The long syllable is the one that contains a
long vowel preceded by a matching short
vowel (‫)المد‬. The short syllable, on the other
hand, contains a short vowel or a
diphthong.

11. Examples:
 َْ‫َب‬‫ت‬َ‫ك‬ has three short syllables
 ‫كاتب‬ has a long syllable (‫ا‬َ‫)ك‬ and a short
syllable (‫)تب‬
 ‫مكتبات‬ has a long syllable (‫)بات‬ and two short
syllables (‫َك‬‫م‬) and (‫)ت‬
 ‫أوراق‬ has a short syllable (‫)أو‬ and a long
syllable (‫)راق‬
 ‫تكبير‬ has a long syllable (‫)بير‬and a short
syllable (‫)تك‬
 ‫فضة‬ has two short syllables (‫)ف‬ and (‫)ضة‬
 ‫بيت‬ has one short syllable
 ‫خوف‬ has one short syllable

12.  As in the English language, some
abbreviations are used in the
Arabic language, such as ‫الخ‬.

13.  The letters of the Arabic alphabet are
sometimes used for numbering. The order
followed is found in the following line:
ْ‫ابجد‬
ْ‫غ‬ِ‫ظ‬َ‫ض‬ْ‫ذ‬ِ‫خ‬َ‫تْث‬ َ
‫ش‬ِ‫ر‬ُ‫هوزْحطيْكلمنْسعفصْق‬

14.  Indicate how many long syllables and
short syllables are in each of the
following words:
‫أشجار‬
‫قلم‬
‫لوم‬
‫ة‬ّ‫م‬‫ق‬